USCA1 Opinion
S e p t e m b e r 2 2 , 1 9 9 4
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT
______________________
No. 93-2376
No. 94-1183
OLGA J. NEGRON-GAZTAMBIDE,
Plaintiff, Appellant,
v.
ZAIDA HERNANDEZ-TORRES, ETC., ET AL.,
Defendants, Appellees.
_______________
ERRATA SHEET
ERRATA SHEET
The opinion of this Court issued on September 15, 1994, is
corrected as follows:
On cover sheet: change "sitting my designation" to "sitting
by designation."
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT
____________________
No. 93-2376
No. 94-1183
OLGA J. NEGRON-GAZTAMBIDE,
Plaintiff, Appellant,
v.
ZAIDA HERNANDEZ-TORRES, ETC., ET AL.,
Defendants, Appellees.
____________________
APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO
[Hon. Juan M. Perez-Gimenez, U.S. District Judge]
___________________
____________________
Before
Selya, Circuit Judge,
_____________
Campbell, Senior Circuit Judge,
____________________
and Lagueux, District Judge.*
______________
____________________
Carlos A. Del Valle Cruz, with whom Ricardo L. Torres Munoz,
________________________ _______________________
was on brief for appellant.
Teresa Medina Monteserin, with whom Manuel D. Herrero
__________________________ ___________________
Garcia, and Miguel A. Pagan-Rivera were on brief for appellees.
______ ______________________
____________________
September 15, 1994
____________________
______________________
*Of the District of Rhode Island, sitting by designation.
____________________
*Of the District of Rhode Island, sitting my designation.
CAMPBELL, Senior Circuit Judge. Olga Negron
______________________
Gaztambide ("Negron"), plaintiff-appellant, was employed by
the Legislative Service Office of the Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico as a librarian in the Legislative Library.1 In late
January or early February 1993, Negron was discharged from
her position. She learned of this action by way of a letter,
dated January 29, 1993, signed by Nelida Jimenez Velazquez
("Jimenez"), Director of the Legislative Service Office.2
On June 22, 1993, Negron sued Jimenez in the United
States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico. Also
named as defendants were Zaida Hernandez Torres
("Hernandez"), President of the House of Representatives of
the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and Roberto Rexach Benitez
("Rexach"), President of the Senate of the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico. Negron claimed that she had been dismissed (1)
because of her political affiliation with Puerto Rico's
____________________
1. The purpose of the Legislative Library is "to make all
kinds of basic reference material available to the members of
[Puerto Rico's] Legislative Assembly and to persons in the
community who may be interested in gathering data on the
legislative proceedings and other governmental activities."
1964 P.R. Laws Act No. 59 (Statement of Motives).
2. Pursuant to P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 2, 424 (1982):
All officers and employees of the
Legislative Library shall form part of
the personnel of the Legislative Service
Office and shall be appointed according
to the procedure established for the
appointment of said personnel.
-3-
Popular Democratic Party in violation of the First, Fifth,
and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution
and 42 U.S.C. 1983 (1988), (2) without a hearing in
violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth and
Fourteenth Amendments, and (3) in disregard of her
handicapped condition in violation of the Americans with
Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. 12101-12213 (Supp. IV 1992).
On August 5, 1993, Hernandez and Jimenez moved to
dismiss Negron's complaint for lack of jurisdiction. They
argued that their decision to discharge Negron was a
legislative act protected by the Legislative Immunity
Doctrine.3 See U.S. Const. art. I, 6 (Speech or Debate
___
Clause); P.R. Const. art. III, 14. On October 14, 1993,
Negron moved for an extension of time within which to oppose
defendants' motion to dismiss. Her motion was denied. On
October 18, 1993, the district court issued the following
order:
Before the Court is the defendants'
unopposed motion to dismiss for lack of
jurisdiction. After fully reading the
same, the Court finds itself in accord
with the legal arguments proffered by the
defendants in support of their motion.
WHEREFORE, for the reasons stated in
defendants' motion, this case is hereby
____________________
3. "The doctrine of absolute [legislative] immunity provides
a complete bar to civil liability for damages, regardless of
the culpability of the actor . . . ." Acevedo-Cordero v.
_______________
Cordero-Santiago, 958 F.2d 20, 22 (1st Cir. 1992).
________________
-4-
DISMISSED pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(6).4 (footnote supplied).
Judgment was entered on October 29, 1993. Thereafter, on
November 2, 1993, Negron filed a motion to alter or amend the
judgment pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e). This motion was
supplemented by Negron on November 4, 1993, subsequently
opposed by defendants, and ultimately denied by the district
court on November 17, 1993. This appeal followed on November
29, 1993.5 We do not disturb the district court's dismissal
of Negron's claims under the Due Process Clause and the
Americans with Disabilities Act, but we reverse the dismissal
of her 1983 claim.
I.
Although defendants ostensibly brought their motion
to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) ("lack of
____________________
4. The district court observed that defendants' motion was
unopposed. Pursuant to Local Rule 311.5 of the United States
District Court for the District of Puerto Rico, "[i]f the
respondent opposes a motion, [she] shall file a response
within ten (10) days after service of the motion, including
brief and such supporting documents as are then available. .
. ." Failure to so respond renders a party susceptible to
involuntary dismissal, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b), for
failure to prosecute. See Local Rule 313.3 (D.P.R.). Here,
___
however, the district court dismissed for failure to state a
claim, not failure to prosecute, and neither the court nor
appellees suggest that Negron has waived her right to appeal
from the dismissal by initially failing to oppose Hernandez
and Jimenez's motion.
5. Negron filed a second notice of appeal on January 24,
1994, because her Rule 59(e) motion, while denied on November
17, 1993, was not actually entered in the docket until
January 12, 1994.
-5-
jurisdiction over the subject matter"), the district court
granted it pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) ("failure to
state a claim upon which relief can be granted"). For
purposes of this appeal, however, we need not decide whether
defendants' motion is more appropriately cast under one rule
or the other. In either case, we review the district court's
decision granting defendants' motion to dismiss de novo.
Vartanian v. Monsanto Co., 14 F.3d 697, 700 (1st Cir. 1994).
_________ ____________
"We take the allegations of the complaint to be true, and we
will not affirm the district court's dismissal unless it
appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff cannot prove any set
of facts in support of [her] claim which would entitle [her]
to relief." Carney v. Resolution Trust Corp., 19 F.3d 950,
______ ______________________
954 (5th Cir. 1994); e.g., Vartanian, 14 F.3d at 700.
____ _________
Negron's complaint contained the following relevant
allegations. Negron began her employment with Puerto Rico's
Legislative Library on July 14, 1967, as a Librarian Grade
II. She worked continuously for the library until she
learned of her dismissal by way of a letter, dated January
29, 1993, signed by Nelida Jimenez Velazquez, Director of the
Legislative Service Office. During the period of her
employment, Negron's job performance was exemplary. At the
time of her discharge, she was a Librarian Grade V.
On November 4, 1992 prior to Negron's dismissal
Zaida Hernandez Torres and Roberto Rexach Benitez, members
-6-
of Puerto Rico's New Progressive Party, were elected to
Puerto Rico's House of Representatives and Senate,
respectively. On or about January 11, 1993, Hernandez was
elected President of the House of Representatives and Rexach
was chosen to be President of the Senate. On that same date,
Hernandez and Rexach appointed Jimenez, also a member of the
New Progressive Party, Director of the Legislative Service
Office. Less than three weeks later, Negron, who is
affiliated with Puerto Rico's Popular Democratic Party, was
discharged. She was replaced by a New Progressive Party
activist.
II.
Negron argues on appeal that, contrary to the
district court's conclusion, defendants' decision to
discharge her was not a legislative act entitled to absolute
___
legislative immunity from damages under 1983. We agree.
It is established that "state legislators enjoy
common-law immunity from liability for their legislative acts
. . . that is similar in origin and rationale to that
accorded Congressmen under the Speech or Debate Clause."
Supreme Court of Va. v. Consumers Union of the United States,
____________________ _____________________________________
Inc., 446 U.S. 719, 732, 100 S. Ct. 1967, 64 L. Ed. 2d 641
____
(1980). In Tenney v. Brandhove, 341 U.S. 367, 71 S. Ct. 783,
______ _________
95 L. Ed. 1019 (1951), the United States Supreme Court
"concluded that Congress did not intend 1983 to abrogate
-7-
the common-law immunity of state legislators." Supreme Court
_____________
of Va., 446 U.S. at 732. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court
______
"has been cautious in recognizing claims that government
officials should be free of the obligation to answer for
their acts in court." Forrester v. White, 484 U.S. 219,
_________ _____
223-24, 108 S. Ct. 538, 98 L. Ed. 2d 555 (1988). Legislators
are absolutely immune only from claims that stem from their
legitimate legislative activities. E.g., Supreme Court of
____ _________________
Va., 446 U.S. at 732; Roberson v. Mullins, No. 93-1618,
___ ________ _______
F.3d , 1994 WL 322560, at *1 (4th Cir. July 8, 1994); see
___
Forrester, 484 U.S. at 227 ("[I]mmunity is justified and
_________
defined by the functions it protects and serves, not by the
_________
person to whom it attaches." (emphasis in original));
Acevedo-Cordero v. Cordero-Santiago, 958 F.2d 20, 23 (1st
_______________ ________________
Cir. 1992) ("Under current legal theory, immunity attaches or
does not attach depending on what kind of action was
performed rather than on who performed the action."). Acts
undertaken by legislators that are administrative in nature
do not "give rise to absolute immunity from liability in
damages under 1983." Forrester, 484 U.S. at 229; Acevedo-
_________ ________
Cordero, 958 F.2d at 23; Gross v. Winter, 876 F.2d 165, 170-
_______ _____ ______
73 (D.C. Cir. 1989).
The issue is thus whether defendants were acting in
a legislative or administrative capacity when they discharged
-8-
Negron. In Cutting v. Muzzey, 724 F.2d 259 (1st Cir. 1984),
_______ ______
we spoke of
two tests for distinguishing between
legislative and administrative activity.
The first test focuses on the nature of
the facts used to reach the given
decision. If the underlying facts on
which the decision is based are
"legislative facts," such as
"generalizations concerning a policy or
state of affairs," then the decision is
legislative. If the facts used in the
decisionmaking are more specific, such as
those that relate to particular
individuals or situations, then the
decision is administrative. The second
test focuses on the "particularity of the
impact of the state action." If the
action involves establishment of a
general policy, it is legislative; if the
action "single[s] out specifiable
individuals and affect[s] them
differently from others," it is
administrative.
Id. at 261 (quoting Developments in the Law Zoning, 91 Harv.
___ _______________________________
L. Rev. 1427, 1510-11 (1978)); e.g., Roberson, No. 93-1618,
____ ________
F.3d , 1994 WL 322560, at *2 ("[A] local governmental
body . . . acts in a legislative capacity when it engages in
the process of `adopt[ing] prospective, legislative-type
rules.'" (quoting Front Royal & Warren County Indus. Park
__________________________________________
Corp. v. Town of Front Royal, 865 F.2d 77, 79 (4th Cir.
_____ _____________________
1989))). Under either of these purported tests, defendants'
decision to replace Negron a member of the Popular
Democratic Party with a New Progressive Party activist
was administrative. E.g., Forrester, 484 U.S. at 229
____ _________
(holding that state-court judge acted in an administrative
-9-
capacity when he demoted and discharged a subordinate
probation officer, allegedly on account of her sex, and,
therefore, was not absolutely immune from a suit for damages
under 1983); Roberson, No. 93-1618, F.3d , 1994 WL
________
322560, at *2 (holding that members of a county board did not
act in a legislative capacity when they terminated the public
works superintendent, allegedly on account of his political
affiliation, and, therefore, were not absolutely immune from
a suit for damages under 1983); Gross, 876 F.2d at 170-73
_____
(holding that councilmember acted in an administrative, not
legislative, capacity when she discharged a legislative
researcher, allegedly on account of her religion, and,
therefore, was not absolutely immune from a suit for damages
under 1983); c.f. Rateree v. Rockett, 852 F.2d 946, 950
____ _______ _______
(7th Cir. 1988) (finding absolute legislative immunity under
the circumstances, but agreeing with plaintiffs "to the
extent that employment decisions generally are
administrative, regardless [of] whether [they are] made by a
judge or a legislature"). The district court erred,
therefore, when it dismissed Negron's 1983 claim on the
grounds that defendants were shielded by absolute legislative
immunity.6
____________________
6. We do not reach the issue of whether defendants may be
entitled to qualified immunity, see Forrester, 484 U.S. at
___ _________
230; Gross, 876 F.2d at 173 n.12, "which provides a bar to
_____
liability for damages only where the immune actor can show
that his actions were reasonable," Acevedo-Cordero, 958 F.2d
_______________
-10-
III.
The district court's dismissal of Negron's 1983
claim is reversed, and we remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion. As Negron does not argue on
appeal that the district court erred in dismissing her claims
brought pursuant to the Due Process Clause and the Americans
with Disabilities Act (i.e., Counts 2 and 3), we do not
____
disturb the district court's dismissal of those counts.
So ordered.
__________
____________________
at 22.
-11-