USCA1 Opinion
[NOT FOR PUBLICATION]
United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
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No. 96-2327
CAPE ANN CITIZENS ASSOCIATION, ET AL.,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
v.
CITY OF GLOUCESTER, ET AL.,
Defendants - Appellees.
____________________
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. William G. Young, U.S. District Judge]
____________________
Before
Torruella, Chief Judge,
Bownes and Cyr, Senior Circuit Judges.
_____________________
Philip H. Cahalin for appellants.
Madelyn Morris, Assistant Attorney General, Environmental
Protection Division, with whom George B. Henderson II, Assistant
United States Attorney, was on brief for appellees Commonwealth of
Massachusetts and the United States.
Linda Thomas Lowe , General Counsel, Legal Department, City of
Gloucester, for appellee City of Gloucester.
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August 13, 1997
____________________
TORRUELLA, Chief Judge. In 1979, the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts ("the Commonwealth") sued the City of Gloucester
("the City") for violating the Massachusetts Clean Water Act, Mass.
Gen. Laws ch. 21, SS 26-53. The City agreed to the entry of a
final judgment that required it, inter alia, to prepare a
facilities plan to identify and remedy the pollution in North
Gloucester.
In 1989, the United States brought an action in federal
court, alleging that the City was in violation of the Clean Water
Act, 33 U.S.C. S 1252 et seq. (CWA). The Commonwealth intervened
as a party plaintiff and alleged that the City was violating both
the state and federal clean water acts. The complaints in federal
court alleged, inter alia , that the City was discharging pollutants
into the waters of the United States and the Commonwealth, in
violation of its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
("NPDES") permit, issued by the Environmental Protection Agency
pursuant to the Clean Water Act.
In 1991, the City agreed to the entry of a consent
decree. The agreement included a schedule for the design and
construction of an extension of the sewer system to North
Gloucester. The decree was amended several times thereafter. In
1993, it was amended to give the City discretion to use Septic Tank
Effluent Pump ("STEP") sewers rather than a combination of
conventional gravity sewers and pressure sewers.
A STEP sewer system includes STEP tanks located on the
household's property. Household sewage flows into the STEP tank
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The City decided to use STEP sewers in the Annisquam and
Lane's Cove areas in January 1994. The City initially intended to
install all the STEP pumps, tanks, and ancillary equipment needed
to connect individual properties to the collection system. The
decree was amended in 1995 to reflect this decision. When some
homeowners refused to grant the City the easements necessary to
allow the City to install the septic tanks and pumps, the City
offered them the option of doing the work themselves.
As of October 28, 1996, the City had completed the
construction of the main and lateral lines of the STEP sewers in
Annisquam and approximately seventy percent of the lines for Lane's
Cove.
Plaintiffs-appellants, the Cape Ann Citizens Association,
initiated suit in Massachusetts Superior Court in February 1996.
After the suit was brought, the City amended its regulations to
allow individual owners to install and maintain their own STEP
tanks without conveying an easement to the City.
The City removed the action to federal district court.
The Commonwealth and the United States intervened as defendants.
Treating the matter as a case stated on the pleadings, the district
where it receives primary treatment, essentially consisting of the
sludge's settling to the bottom of the tank and being digested by
bacteria. The sludge-reduced liquid effluent then flows under
pressure to the STEP sewer line and to the city treatment plant.
The sewer lines serving STEP sewers are narrower than the lines
serving conventional gravity sewers. Conventional gravity sewers
convey wastewater, including both liquids and solids, to the
treatment plant by means of gravity. Pressure sewers include pumps
that grind the sewage before it is transported under pressure to
the collection system.
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court ruled for the City. The plaintiffs now appeal on a variety
of grounds. We affirm.
I. Validity of Consent Decree
Appellants present several theories in an attempt to have
the 1991 consent decree declared void. None of their arguments are
persuasive.
First, they claim that they have standing to challenge
the consent decree under federal law. We need not decide the
standing issue as the government agrees that appellant has
standing. Assuming arguendo that appellants have standing, we
would normally turn to examine the substance of their claim
regarding the consent decree. They have, however, failed to put
forward a federal claim for relief. They argue only the standing
issue, omitting any discussion of a substantive federal claim.
In the absence of a federal claim, we consider the state
law claim advanced by appellants. The only state law claim
presented is based on Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 40, S 53. In relevant
part, the statute reads:
If a town . . . [is] about to raise or
expend money or incur obligations
purporting to bind said town for any
purpose or object or in any manner other
than that for and in which such town has
the legal and constitutional right and
power to raise or expend money or incur
obligations, the supreme judicial court
may, upon the petition of not less than
The district court also agreed that appellants had standing to
challenge the consent decree on the grounds that the defense of
lack of standing was waived when the case was removed to federal
court.
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ten taxable inhabitants of the town,
determine the same in equity, and may,
before the final determination of the
cause, restrain the unlawful exercise or
abuse of such corporate power.
Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 40, S 53.
Appellants' claim fails because it has been brought too
late. It is well settled that Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 40, S 53 is
preventative. "The statute does not authorize the correction of
wrongs wholly executed and completed. It is not retroactive."
Fuller v. Trustees of Deerfield Academy & Dickinson High Sch. , 252
Mass. 258, 259 (1925). Actions under the statute must be brought
before obligations are incurred. Kapinos v. Chicopee, 334 Mass.
196, 198 (1956). In Kapinos, the court found that petitioners were
not entitled to relief under Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 40, S 53 because
"the construction companies had practically completed their work
under the contract when this petition was brought." Id. at 199.
The construction of the sewers required under the consent
decree is similarly advanced. It is undisputed that of
approximately 510 homes that must be connected, approximately 450
had been connected as of September 1996. Of those that remain,
some will not need to be connected because they have adequate on-
site systems. Appellants do not dispute that the sewer system is
almost completed. We find, therefore, that Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 40,
S 53 does not offer appellants an avenue for relief.
Appellants next claim that the consent decree was void on
the ground that it was entered into by the mayor ultra vires . The
district court disagreed, stating that "under the city charter of
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the City of Gloucester, the mayor of the city as the city's chief
executive officer was empowered, at least on its face, to enter
into the consent decree." Transcript of Hearing, October 28, 1996,
at 56.
We need not decide the issue, however, because, although
appellants discuss their standing to bring such a claim, they fail
to argue the merits of their ultra vires claim.
It is well settled that this court will consider only
those arguments that have been properly briefed and put before it.
[I]ssues adverted to in a perfunctory
manner, unaccompanied by some effort at
developed argumentation, are deemed waived
. . . . It is not enough merely to
mention a possible argument in the most
skeletal way, leaving the court to do
counsel's work . . . . Judges are not
expected to be mindreaders. Consequently,
a litigant has an obligation to spell out
its arguments squarely and distinctly, or
else forever hold its peace.
Willhauck v. Halpin, 953 F.2d 689, 700 (1st Cir. 1991) (citations
omitted); see also Ramos v. Roche Prods. , 936 F.2d 43, 51 (1st Cir.
1991) (brief must contain full statement of issues presented and
accompanying arguments). Appellants have failed to provide us with
argument that supports their ultra vires claim and, accordingly, we
consider that claim to have been waived.
II. Did the Consent Decree Violate the CWA?
The federal and state clean water acts are administered
through a permitting system called the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System ("NPDES"). Under this system, owners of point
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sources must obtain an NPDES Permit. Pursuant to the Clean Water
Act, 33 U.S.C. S 1251-1387, the EPA issued the City an NPDES
permit.
Appellants claim that the consent decree is inconsistent
with the Clean Water Act because the NPDES permit conditions
governing the Gloucester storm drains were not developed in
conformity with the Act's regulatory scheme. Because the effluent
limitations in the NPDES permit were based upon water quality
standards rather than the effluent limitations guidelines
promulgated by the EPA, appellants argue that the limits in the
permit are unenforceable.
Appellants' argument is that "reliance on water quality
data alone to enforce the construction of a sewer was inconsistent
with the enforcement scheme carefully developed under the Clean
Water Act and deprived the district court of jurisdiction of the
enforcement action." Appellants' Brief at 11. In other words,
appellants argue that only specific effluent limitations stated in
A "point source" is "any discernible, confined and discrete
conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel,
tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock,
concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating
craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged." 33 U.S.C.
S 1362(14).
The permit was originally issued in 1975 and was reissued in
1985.
Effluent limitations refer to restrictions on the quantities,
rates and concentrations of pollutants which are discharged from a
point source. Water quality based standards limit discharges based
on the desired conditions of a particular waterway. See Arkansas
v. Oklahoma, 503 U.S. 91, 101 (1992).
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the NPDES permit, and not water quality data, can be enforced by
courts. In support of this argument, appellants cite Northwest
Environmental Advocates v. City of Portland, 11 F.3d 900, 906-10
(9th Cir. 1993). That case, however, was subsequently vacated by
the Ninth Circuit in Northwest Environmental Advocates v. City of
Portland, 56 F.3d 979, 981 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 116 S.
Ct. 2550 (1996). In the latter opinion, the Ninth Circuit
concluded, in light of PUD No. 1 of Jefferson County v. Washington
Department of Ecology , 511 U.S. 700 (1994), that "[b]y introducing
effluent limitations into the CWA scheme, Congress intended to
improve enforcement, not to supplant the old system." Northwest
Environmental Advocates , 56 F.3d at 986. "[N]owhere does Congress
evidence an intent to preclude the enforcement of water quality
standards that have not been translated into effluent discharge
limitations." Id. Furthermore, in PUD No. 1 of Jefferson County ,
the Supreme Court held that the Clean Water Act allows states to
enforce broad water quality standards. Id. at 713-21.
In an attempt to rescue their claim, appellants' seek to
demonstrate that the CWA is intended to take into account the costs
of eliminating the discharge of pollutants. Even assuming that
appellants' view of the goals of the CWA is correct, they have
nevertheless failed to demonstrate that the consent decree violated
the Act. Appellants fail to show that it is impermissible for
consent decrees to consider water quality standards. They have
also failed to show that the goals of the CWA were ignored when the
consent decree was established. We do not believe, as appellants'
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position would require, that a consent decree must enumerate the
objectives of the CWA and state that it has taken each into
account. Thus, appellants offer little more than a vacated case,
Northwest Environmental Advocates, 11 F.3d at 906-10, and a
generalized discussion of the goals of the CWA. We find this
insufficient to establish that the consent decree violates the CWA.
III. Connection to Common Sewer
Appellants' next argument alleges that the City's Board
of Health lacked the authority to order a landowner to connect to
the STEP sewer unless and until the City had installed the STEP
tank on the landowner's property.
The Board of Health is explicitly granted the authority
to order connection to a common sewer:
The board of health of a town may require
the owner or occupant of any building upon
land abutting on a public or private way,
in which there is a common sewer, to
connect the same therewith by a sufficient
drain . . . .
Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 83, S 11.
Appellants argue that the STEP sewer system is not a
"common sewer" for the purpose of section 11 because the sewer
system requires, in order to function, the pressure supplied by the
individual STEP tanks and requires the pretreatment of sewage
provided by these tanks. Accordingly, the argument goes, the STEP
tanks are an integral part of the STEP sewer and must be installed
before the board of health is empowered to order connection under
section 11.
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In the absence of relevant Massachusetts case law, we
find that this argument runs counter to the common sense reading of
the term "common sewer." The requirement of pretreatment certainly
cannot undermine the authority to order connection under section
11. It is no less a "common sewer" merely because some treatment
takes place in the STEP tank -- sewage is still sent through a set
of shared pipes to a treatment plant. Similarly, the fact that
pressure from the STEP tanks is required for the sewage system to
operate does not render it something other than a "common sewer."
No authority is cited by appellants for the proposition that the
need for pressure from the STEP pumps implies that there is no
"common sewer" prior to the STEP tank connection. A sound
interpretation of "common sewer" would include the STEP sewer
system at issue in which a set of common pipes transport sewage
from individual properties to a common treatment facility.
Without any support for appellants' argument, we are
unwilling to accept their creative interpretation of state law,
which would add unprecedented nuances to the plain meaning of the
statute. See Doyle v. Hasbro, 103 F.3d 186, 192 (1st Cir. 1996)
(stating that this court must exercise caution when considering a
new application of state law, and that we will not do so without a
strong argument in favor of the desired application).
IV. The Takings Claim
Appellants argue that the regulations requiring the grant
of an easement to the City in exchange for the City's installation
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of the STEP tanks on homeowners' properties violate the Takings
Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
The Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment, made
applicable to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment, see
Chicago, B. & Q.R. Co. v. Chicago, 166 U.S. 226, 239 (1897),
provides: "[N]or shall private property be taken for public use,
without just compensation." One of the purposes of the Takings
Clause is "to bar Government from forcing some people alone to bear
public burdens which, in all fairness and justice, should be borne
by the public as a whole." Armstrong v. United States, 364 U.S.
40, 49 (1960).
On the other hand, the authority of state and local
governments to engage in land use planning has been sustained
against constitutional challenge. Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. , 272
U.S. 365 (1926). "Government hardly could go on if to some extent
values incident to property could not be diminished without paying
for every such change in the general law." Pennsylvania Coal Co.
v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393, 413 (1922).
It is within the power of government to enact land-use
regulation, and such regulation does not effect a taking if it
"'substantially advance[s] legitimate state interests' and does not
den[y] an owner economically viable use of his land." Nollan v.
California Coastal Comm'n , 483 U.S. 825, 834 (1987) (quoting Agins
v. Tiburon, 447 U.S. 255, 260 (1980)). "States have broad
authority to regulate housing conditions." Loretto v. Teleprompter
Manhattan CATV Corp., 458 U.S. 419, 440 (1982). It follows that
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the state is entitled to regulate the disposal of sewage in order
to protect the public health and to prevent conditions that amount
to a nuisance. See Town of Holden v. Holden Suburban Supply Co.,
343 Mass. 187, 187 (1961). Every community must find some
mechanism to dispose of its sewage. To do so effectively, a sewer
system of some form is required, and connection to that system can
be mandated without there being a taking.
In the instant case, the City's regulation governing the
disposal of sewage can be satisfied in one of three ways. First,
the homeowner can demonstrate that the sewage treatment on his or
her property provides no point source pollution and is in
compliance with municipal and state regulations governing sewage
systems. Second, the homeowner can install a STEP system at his or
her own expense. Third, the homeowner can allow the City to
install and maintain the STEP system at its expense upon the
granting of an easement allowing the City to come upon the land.
In Loretto, the Supreme Court found a taking where New
York law required a landlord to allow the installation of cable
facilities on his premises. The basic rule applied in Loretto is
that "a permanent physical occupation authorized by government is
a taking." 458 U.S. at 426. The Court added that "[s]o long as
the[] regulations do not require the landlord to suffer the
physical invasion of a portion of his building by a third party,
they will be analyzed under the multifactor inquiry generally
applicable to nonpossessory government activity." Loretto, 458
U.S. at 440 (citing Penn Central Transp. Co., 438 U.S. 104). By
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implication, where there is a permanent physical invasion by the
government or a third party, there will normally be a taking.
The instant case, however, does not fall under the
permanent physical invasion rule of Loretto. The important
distinction is explained in footnote 19 of Loretto, which states:
If S 828 required landlords to provide
cable installation if a tenant so desires,
the statute might present a different
question from the question before us,
since the landlord would own the
installation. Ownership would give the
landlord rights to the placement, manner,
use, and possibly the disposition of the
installation. The fact of ownership is,
contrary to the dissent, not simply
"incidental," it would give a landlord
(rather than a CATV company) full
authority over the installation except
only as government specifically limited
that authority. The landlord would decide
how to comply with applicable government
regulations concerning CATV and therefore
could minimize the physical, esthetic, and
other effects of the installation.
Moreover, if the landlord wished to
repair, demolish, or construct in the area
of the building where the installation is
located, he need not incur the burden of
obtaining the CATV company's cooperation
in moving the cable.
Id. at 440 n.19.
In the instant case, the homeowner has the option of
installing and owning the STEP tanks if the homeowner does not want
the City to do so. This option distinguishes the case from
Loretto. Because the City could simply order homeowners to connect
to the sewer, which would not be a taking, giving them the
additional option of having the City perform the installation does
not render the regulation a taking.
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Appellants make much of their claim that even if the
system is privately installed, "ownership" of the tanks remains
with the City. In fact, appellants appear to concede that there is
no taking if the object placed on the homeowner's property is owned
by the homeowner. "The critical distinction in Loretto between use
regulations, which are ordinarily noncompensatory, and a 'permanent
physical occupation of property,' which is always compensatory, is
the ownership and control of the object placed on the homeowner's
property." Appellants' Brief at 14.
Appellants' argument that the STEP tanks are not
privately owned is as follows:
The only practical difference between STEP
tanks which are considered privately owned
. . . and maintained and those which are
not is in the identity of the installation
and maintenance people. It would seem
more would be required to distinguish
ownership and control. The tanks clearly
perform a public function. The tanks are
integral components in the city's sewer.
The city's sewer cannot perform its
function without the tanks.
Appellants' Brief at 14.
Appellants have not, however, offered any practical
method for distinguishing a privately owned installation and a
publicly owned one. We are not convinced by appellants' claim that
STEP sewers are different from other sewers because the STEP tanks
are required for the system to operate. It is true that the STEP
tanks perform the necessary function of allowing solids to settle
out of the wastewater before the latter is discharged into the
collection system. This function, however, is for the benefit of
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the homeowner alone. The tank is simply a requirement imposed on
the homeowner so that the homeowner's property can be connected to
the sewer system. As such, it is not a taking. Rather, it is a
reasonable requirement without which the property could not be
connected to the sewer.
We believe that the option of installing and maintaining
the STEP system oneself provides the homeowner ownership of the
STEP tank. As discussed in footnote 19 of Loretto, the homeowner's
ability to install the system himself or herself grants the
homeowner "full authority over the installation except only as
government specifically limited that authority." Id. at 440 n.19.
For this reason, and consistent with Loretto, we find
that the regulations do not work a taking.
V. The Easement
Appellants claim that even if there is no taking, there
is no need for the City to demand an easement in exchange for one
dollar in order to install the STEP tanks. In support of this
claim, they cite Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 83, S 1, which allows a city
to take an easement by eminent domain if necessary for the
construction and maintenance of common sewers. The STEP tanks,
however, are not part of a "common sewer," as required by Mass.
Gen. Laws ch. 83, S 1. Rather, they are part of a "particular
sewer" which is governed by Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 83, SS 3 and 24.
See P & D Service Co. v. Zoning Board of Appeals of Dedham, 359
Mass. 96, 101 (1971) (stating that the line connecting a building
to a municipal sewer system is a "particular sewer"). The sewer
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system is, as discussed supra, a common sewer. The STEP tank,
however, is more accurately characterized as part of the line
connecting a property to the municipal sewer. Sections 3 and 24 do
not authorize municipalities to take an easement by eminent domain
for the construction of particular sewers. Furthermore, appellants
appear to admit that an easement is required. "Early on it became
apparent that easements would be necessary for the installation and
maintenance of city-owned utilities on private property."
Appellants' Brief at xii.
VI. Vagueness
Finally, appellants claim that the regulations are void
for vagueness. Having reviewed the regulations, we find this
argument to be without merit. In our view, a person "of ordinary
intelligence" is able to understand the meaning of these
regulations. United States v. Batchelder, 442 U.S. 114, 122
(1979); Doe v. Superintendent of Schs. of Worcester , 421 Mass. 117,
134 (1995).
VII. State Law Issues
Two additional issues are raised by appellants: First,
that the most the Board of Health can fine a landowner for failure
to obey an order to connect to the sewer is $200 and, second, that
the City must install the STEP tanks when requested to do so by the
homeowner. These issues were not reached by the district court.
In its ruling from the bench, the district court stated that "as to
any aspects of the case not adjudicated by the declaration from the
bench . . . the cause is remanded to the Massachusetts Superior
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Court." Judgment of the District Court, October 28, 1996. Because
appellants do not challenge the propriety of the remand order, we
will not consider their arguments on the merits. Accordingly, we
leave these issues to the Massachusetts Superior Court.
VIII. Conclusion
For the reasons stated herein, we affirm the judgment of
the district court. Costs to appellees.
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