PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
No. 96-4541
KEITH BERNARD JOHNSON, a/k/a Bonji
Denard Crane,
Defendant-Appellant.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
No. 97-4596
KEITH BERNARD JOHNSON, a/k/a Bonji
Denard Crane,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Western District of North Carolina, at Charlotte.
Robert D. Potter, Senior District Judge.
(CR-93-268-P, CR-93-29-P)
Argued: December 5, 1997
Decided: March 4, 1998
Before WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge, WILSON, Chief United States
District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, sitting by
designation, and MORGAN, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.
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Affirmed by published opinion. Chief Judge Wilson wrote the opin-
ion, in which Judge Williams and Judge Morgan joined.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: Thomas Norman Cochran, FEDERAL PUBLIC
DEFENDER'S OFFICE, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellant.
Brian Lee Whisler, Assistant United States Attorney, Charlotte, North
Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: William E. Martin, Federal Pub-
lic Defender, John Stuart Bruce, Deputy Federal Public Defender,
Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellant. Mark T. Calloway, United
States Attorney, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
WILSON, Chief District Judge:
Keith Bernard Johnson appeals the revocation of his supervised
release and the resulting consecutive sentences imposed by the court
based on two separate convictions, one for producing counterfeit birth
certificates in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028 and the other for failing
to surrender for service of his sentence in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 3146(a)(2).1 Johnson makes three arguments. First, Johnson main-
tains that, when it initially sentenced him, the district court improp-
erly required drug screening, made inadequate findings concerning
his ability to pay a fine and the costs of court-appointed counsel, and
unconstitutionally delegated the fine payment schedule to the proba-
tion office. Second, Johnson argues that the district court improperly
imposed consecutive sentences when it revoked his supervised
release. Third, he contends that the district court could not reimpose
the balance of the fine and costs of court-appointed counsel in the
written judgment order revoking his supervised release after it failed
to reimpose them in open court. We find that the proper time for
Johnson to have challenged the district court's drug screening order
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1 Johnson was indicted for, and pleaded guilt to, violating § 1028 under
the name Bonji Denard Crane.
2
and the imposition of the fine and costs of court-appointed counsel
would have been in the appeal of the judgment of conviction rather
than in this appeal of the district court's revocation order, that the dis-
trict court properly imposed consecutive sentences, and that the dis-
trict court did not err when it reimposed Johnson's fine and
reimbursement obligation. Accordingly, we affirm.
I.
In April 1993, Johnson pled guilty in the United States District
Court for the Western District of North Carolina (Case No.
3:93CR-29-01, hereinafter "CR-29") to producing counterfeit birth
certificates in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028(a)(1). The court sen-
tenced Johnson to five months imprisonment and three years of super-
vised release, and assessed a $500 fine to be paid on an installment
schedule prepared by the probation office. The district court also
imposed the standard conditions of supervised release as well as vari-
ous special conditions, including drug screening as directed by the
probation office, the payment of unpaid fines, and reimbursement for
the costs of court-appointed counsel. Johnson did not appeal.
After Johnson failed to surrender for service of his sentence, the
grand jury indicted him (Case No. 3:93CR-268, hereinafter
"CR-268") for violating 18 U.S.C. § 3146(a)(2).2 A jury found John-
son guilty, and the court sentenced him to sixteen months imprison-
ment, to run consecutively with his earlier sentence, and two years of
supervised release. The court also imposed the standard conditions of
supervised release and various special conditions, including drug
screening as directed by the probation office, the payment of unsatis-
fied fines, and the maintenance of lawful employment. Johnson
appealed on several grounds. He did not raise any of the grounds he
raises in this appeal. This court affirmed in part and remanded with
instructions to consider, under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, an ineffective assis-
tance of counsel claim raised by Johnson in the appeal.
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2 Section 3146(a)(2) states: "Whoever, having been released under this
chapter knowingly . . . fails to appear before a court as required by the
conditions of release . . . shall be punished as provided in [§ 3146(b)]."
18 U.S.C. § 3146(a)(2).
3
Johnson did not fare well on supervised release. Most pertinent to
this appeal, Johnson refused to work, falsified work records, made no
discernible serious effort to pay his fine, and failed to submit to drug
screening on eight occasions. Predictably, the probation office peti-
tioned the court to revoke Johnson's supervised release in both CR-29
and CR-268. At the July 1996 revocation hearing, the district court
found that Johnson had violated five of the special conditions of his
supervised release in CR-29, including the special condition that
Johnson submit to drug screening and the special condition that John-
son pay his fine. The district court also found violations of two of the
special conditions of Johnson's supervised release in CR-268, the spe-
cial condition that Johnson submit to drug screening and the special
condition that Johnson maintain lawful employment. The court
revoked Johnson's supervised release in each case and sentenced
Johnson to consecutive terms of imprisonment, eleven months in
CR-29 and ten months in CR-268.
The court entered its written revocation orders on July 15, 1996,
imposing the consecutive terms of imprisonment. Additionally, the
revocation order in CR-29 noted: "[b]alance of CAC will remain in
effect pursuant to SRT Violation Hearing July 1, 1996" and "[f]ine
will remain in effect pursuant to SRT Violation Hearing held July 1,
1996." The court did not reimpose supervised release.
II.
We conclude that we lack jurisdiction over Johnson's first argu-
ment challenging various special conditions of his supervised release.
Rule 4 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure requires the defendant to
file his notice of appeal "within 10 days after the entry either of the
judgment or order appealed from, or a notice of appeal by the Gov-
ernment." Fed. R. App. P. 4(b). The district court imposed the chal-
lenged special conditions in CR-29 in July 1993, and in CR-268 in
March 1994. If Johnson found those conditions objectionable, he
should have raised his objections in a timely appeal of that initial sen-
tence. An appeal from the revocation order will not suffice. See
United States v. Nolan, 932 F.2d 1005, 1007 (1st Cir. 1991); United
v. Stine, 646 F.2d 839, 844-45 (3d Cir. 1981). 3 Consequently, we
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3 In United States v. Taylor , this court permitted the defendant to chal-
lenge the revocation of his probation for non-payment of his fine despite
4
decline to review the merits of Johnson's challenges to the special
conditions of supervised release imposed by the initial judgements of
conviction.4
III.
Johnson argues that 18 U.S.C. § 3624(e) and Chapter 7 of the Sen-
tencing Guidelines do not authorize consecutive sentences for "simul-
taneous violations of supervised release," and that, even if they do
authorize consecutive sentences, the district court abused its discre-
tion when it failed to explain why it imposed them. In arguing that
§ 3624(e) precludes consecutive sentences, Johnson makes essentially
the same argument rejected by the Eighth Circuit in United States v.
Cotroneo, 89 F.3d 510, 512-13 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 533
(1996), an argument we also reject. According to that argument,
because the plain language of § 3624(e) requires terms of supervised
release to run concurrently, terms of imprisonment following revoca-
tion also must run concurrently.5See Cotroneo, 89 F.3d at 513. We
also reject Johnson's contention that the district court abused it discre-
tion by not demonstrating on the record that it had considered the rel-
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his failure, in an earlier appeal, to challenge the fine based on his inabil-
ity to pay. See 321 F.2d 33, 341-42 (4th Cir. 1963). Taylor is clearly dis-
tinguishable. In that case, the defendant did not challenge the imposition
of his fine. See id. Instead, he challenged the propriety of the revocation
based upon his failure to pay a fine he allegedly was unable to pay. See
id. (noting that the defendant's challenge was based "upon his impecu-
nious state in 1963 when defaulting, not in 1961 when probationed").
4 The government contends that the mandate rule precludes these chal-
lenges. Unless there are exceptional circumstances, the mandate rule pre-
cludes relitigation of issues expressly or impliedly decided on appeal or
waived because not presented in the district court. United States v. Bell,
5 F.3d 64, 66 (4th Cir. 1993). However, because we conclude that we are
without jurisdiction, we do not address this contention.
5 Section 3624(e) provides that"[t]he term of supervised release . . .
runs concurrently with any Federal, State, or local term of probation or
supervised release or parole for another offense to which the person is
subject or becomes subject during the term of supervised release." 18
U.S.C. § 3624(e).
5
evant factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) when sentencing Johnson.
We address Johnson's arguments in turn.
A.
We reject Johnson's contention that § 3624(e) controls the imposi-
tion of terms of imprisonment upon revocation of supervised release.
Its plain language lends no support for the notion that it governs any-
thing other than "[s]upervision after release." See 18 U.S.C. 3624(e).
Instead, § 3584, which governs "[m]ultiple sentences of imprison-
ment" and which is not limited by its language to terms of imprison-
ment imposed in the initial judgment of conviction, controls. See 18
U.S.C. § 3584. According to § 3584(a),"[i]f multiple terms of impris-
onment are imposed on a defendant at the same time, . . . the terms
may run concurrently or consecutively." 18 U.S.C.§ 3584(a). United
States v. Cotroneo is instructive.
In Cotroneo, the defendant was serving concurrent terms of super-
vised release for credit card fraud and escape. See 89 F.3d at 513. The
district court revoked the defendant's supervised release and sen-
tenced him to twenty-four months consecutive imprisonment on each
conviction. See id. at 512. The defendant appealed and made the same
argument Johnson makes here. See id. at 512-13. The Eighth Circuit
concluded that "[b]ecause § 3584(a) is not limited, in terms, to the
imposition of sentence at the conclusion of trial (as distinguished
from the imposition of sentence after revocation of a defendant's
supervised release) . . . the District Court retains discretion to impose
either concurrent or consecutive sentences after revocation of a defen-
dant's supervised release." Id. at 513. In contrast, the court continued,
§ 3624(e) "governs the trial court's initial imposition of terms of
supervised release, not its subsequent sentencing discretion upon
revocation of that supervised release." Id. Accordingly, the Eighth
Circuit held that § 3624(e) does not preclude consecutive terms of
imprisonment upon revocation of supervised release. See id. Instead,
the court concluded, "§ 3584(a) allow[s] the District Court to impose
consecutive rather than concurrent sentences upon revocation of . . .
concurrent terms of supervised release." Id. We agree. Accordingly,
we hold that the district court had the authority to impose consecutive
sentences upon Johnson when it revoked his supervised release.
6
B.
Section 3584(a) gives district courts discretion in choosing concur-
rent or consecutive terms of imprisonment. See 18 U.S.C. § 3584(a).
In exercising that discretion, § 3584(b) directs only that sentencing
courts consider the factors set forth in § 3553(a). See 18 U.S.C.
§ 3584(b). Those factors include: the nature and circumstances of the
offense; the history and characteristics of the defendant; the need for
the sentence imposed to reflect the seriousness of the offense, pro-
mote respect for the law, provide just punishment, afford adequate
deterrence, protect the public, and provide the defendant with needed
educational or vocational training, medical care or other correctional
treatment in the most efficient manner; the kinds of sentences avail-
able; pertinent guidelines; pertinent policy statements; the need to
avoid unwanted sentence disparities; and the need to provide restitution.6
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6 The sentencing court's discretion is necessarily proscribed in part,
however, in order to implement "the statutory mandate to the Sentencing
Commission to promulgate guidelines to be used by courts in determin-
ing whether to sentence concurrently or consecutively." United States v.
Rogers, 897 F.2d 134, 137 (4th Cir. 1990). USSG§ 5G1.3 directs that
some sentences run consecutively. We have reconciled this guideline
with § 3584(a) by applying a departure analysis. See Rogers, 897 F.2d at
137. For example, if the district court follows the appropriate procedures
for departing and properly justifies its departure, the district court may
exercise its discretion and depart to impose a concurrent sentence when
a consecutive sentence is called for by the guidelines. See id.
The advisory Chapter 7 policy statements of the guidelines apply to
the revocation of supervised release. They also specify circumstances
under which sentences imposed upon revocation should run concurrently
or consecutively. A close reading of the pertinent provisions--USSG
§ 7B1.3(f), Application Note 4, and the "Introductory Commentary" to
Chapter 7 (1995 Guidelines Manual)--reveals no official policy favoring
or disfavoring running terms of imprisonment, resulting from terms of
supervised release that are revoked together, consecutively to each other.
This is in contrast to the clear policy that "any sentence of imprisonment
for a criminal offense that is imposed after revocation of probation or
supervised release be run consecutively to any term of imprisonment
imposed upon revocation," or that a sentence imposed upon revocation
be run consecutively to an undischarged term of imprisonment. USSG
§ 7B1.3, comment. (n.4) (emphasis added); see United States v. Puckett,
61 F.3d 1092, 1098 (4th Cir. 1995).
7
See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). We presume in non-departures, unless some
contrary indication exists, that a district court properly considered the
pertinent statutory factors.
Statutory changes and the sentencing guidelines have dramatically
altered the sentencing landscape. Congress never intended, however,
for sentencing to become a hyper-technical exercise devoid of com-
mon sense. The district court heard each of these cases (a plea in one
and a jury trial in the other); reviewed a presentence report in each
case before initially sentencing Johnson; had the benefit of the two
petitions to revoke Johnson's supervised release and the supervised
release revocation reports recommending consecutive sentences; at
the revocation hearing, patiently listened to testimony of Johnson's
obstinacy, to Johnson's counsel, and to Johnson during allocution;
and, finally, imposed a sentence that is consistent with the guidelines
and policy statements. We are convinced that the district court prop-
erly considered the nature and circumstances of Johnson's offense, his
criminal history, and all other relevant factors when it sentenced
Johnson to consecutive terms of imprisonment. See United States v.
Davis, 53 F.3d 638, 642 (4th Cir. 1995) (sentencing court need not
engage in a "ritualistic incantation in order to establish its consider-
ation of a legal issue"). Like the Eighth Circuit, we do not believe that
a district court errs when it fails "to explain a revocation sentence that
is consistent with all applicable policy statements." United States v.
Caves, 73 F.3d 823, 825 (8th Cir. 1996).7
IV.
In addition to imposing eleven months confinement, the district
court's revocation order in CR-29 stated that the unpaid portions of
Johnson's fine and reimbursement costs for his court appointed coun-
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7 We express no opinion on the obligations imposed on the district
court by § 3553(c) or on whether it complied with those obligations. Sec-
tion 3553(c) requires district courts to "state in open court the reasons for
its imposition of the particular sentence." See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c). John-
son argues that the district court erred because it did not demonstrate its
compliance with §§ 3584 and 3553(a) on the record. But Johnson did not
raise the independent issues accompanying § 3553(c), and we, therefore,
will not address them.
8
sel "remain in effect." Johnson argues that the district court could not
reimpose those obligations in the written judgment order revoking
Johnson's supervised release when it failed to reimpose them in open
court in the revocation hearing. See United States v. Layman, 116
F.3d 105, 108 (4th Cir. 1997) (holding that sentence is imposed when
the district court orally pronounces it). We find that those obligations
existed regardless of the court's statements in the revocation hearing
or written order. Their inclusion in the revocation order was nothing
more than a reminder and, therefore, was proper.
At the time of the revocation hearing, the district court's original
judgments of conviction remained final and binding. In the original
judgment of conviction in CR-29, the district court fined Johnson and
ordered him to reimburse the government for the costs of his court-
appointed counsel. Those obligations survived the revocation of his
supervised release. See United States v. Eicke , 52 F.3d 165, 166-67
(7th Cir. 1995). "Reminding him that he still owes the United States
this money is not akin to imposing a new fine. No additional punish-
ment has been assessed." Id. at 166. Because the district court's revo-
cation order imposed no additional punishment, it did not implicate
the well-established rule that the sentence orally imposed in open
court takes precedence over a later written conflicting order. Accord-
ingly, Johnson's challenge fails.
V.
For the reasons stated, the judgments of the district court are
affirmed.
AFFIRMED
9