PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
PHILIP SACCACIO,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
No. 99-1242
BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO &
FIREARMS,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Virginia, at Charlottesville.
Norman K. Moon, District Judge.
(C-98-70-C)
Argued: April 7, 2000
Decided: April 26, 2000
Before LUTTIG, Circuit Judge, Roger J. MINER,
Senior Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit, sitting by designation, and
Patrick Michael DUFFY, United States District Judge
for the District of South Carolina, sitting by designation.
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Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Luttig wrote the opinion, in
which Senior Judge Miner and Judge Duffy joined.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: Richard E. Gardiner, Fairfax, Virginia, for Appellant.
Thomas Mark Bondy, Appellate Staff, Civil Division, UNITED
STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: David W. Ogden, Acting Assistant Attorney
General, Robert P. Crouch, Jr., United States Attorney, Mark B.
Stern, Appellate Staff, Civil Division, UNITED STATES DEPART-
MENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C.; Imelda M. Koett, Associate
Chief Counsel, David C. Lieberman, Office of Chief Counsel,
BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO AND FIREARMS, Washing-
ton, D.C., for Appellee.
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OPINION
LUTTIG, Circuit Judge:
Plaintiff-appellant Philip Saccacio appeals from the district court's
order dismissing his petition for review of defendant-appellee Bureau
of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms' alleged denial of his application
for relief from federal firearms disabilities. Because we conclude that
the district court correctly held that it lacked subject-matter jurisdic-
tion over Saccacio's petition, we affirm.
I.
Appellant Philip Saccacio is prohibited under 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1) from possessing, shipping, transporting, or receiving fire-
arms in interstate commerce, because he was previously convicted of
a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year.1
Two years ago, Saccacio applied for relief from these federal firearms
disabilities. Appellee Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
("ATF") responded by informing Saccacio that it could not "act upon"
his application, J.A. 8a-9a, because the appropriations act for the
Department of the Treasury has, since 1992, provided as follows:
[N]one of the funds appropriated herein shall be available to
investigate or act upon applications for relief from Federal
firearms disabilities under 18 U.S.C. 925(c)[.]
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1 Saccacio was convicted of making a false statement to a federal agent,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001.
2
113 Stat. 430, 434. Saccacio then filed the instant petition for review
of the ATF's alleged denial of his application for relief from federal
firearms disabilities. The district court dismissed Saccacio's petition,
pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1), for lack of subject-matter juris-
diction.
II.
Saccacio argues that the district court erred in dismissing his peti-
tion for review for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Specifically, he
contends that the district court erred in concluding that the ATF's fail-
ure to process his application did not qualify as a denial of his appli-
cation within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 925(c), which provides in
relevant part:
Any person whose application for relief from[federal fire-
arms] disabilities is denied by the Secretary may file a peti-
tion with the United States district court for the district in
which he resides for a judicial review of such denial.
Id. (emphases added). At oral argument, Saccacio conceded that the
ATF did not, merely by failing to act upon it, actually deny his appli-
cation for relief. Nevertheless, he maintained that he had satisfied the
jurisdictional requirement of section 925(c) because the ATF had not
processed his application.
We conclude that the jurisdictional requirement of section 925(c)
is not satisfied merely by the ATF's failure to process Saccacio's
application. As the Ninth Circuit has held, we believe that, as used in
section 925(c), "the word `denial' means an adverse determination on
the merits," rather than merely "a refusal to act." Burtch v. United
States Dep't of the Treasury, 120 F.3d 1087, 1090 (9th Cir. 1997).
Because the ATF's failure to investigate or act upon Saccacio's appli-
cation is not "an adverse determination on the merits," it follows that
the ATF's action does not constitute a "denial of his application"
within the meaning of section 925(c). It may be that Saccacio has not
been afforded the ultimate relief for which he applied, but it is simply
not the case that his application for relief has been denied by the
agency.
3
Saccacio did not cast his argument as one that his application was
"constructively denied," and thus "denied" within the meaning of sec-
tion 925(c). Even if he had so cast his argument, however, we would
be hesitant to conclude that the passage of less than six months -- the
maximum amount of time that elapsed between Saccacio's submis-
sion of his application for relief and ATF's letter in response that it
could not at that time act upon his application-- would, by itself,
qualify as a predicate for a constructive denial. Moreover, were we of
the view that a constructive denial would satisfy the jurisdictional
requirement of section 925(c), we do not believe that Saccacio could
claim such a constructive denial, given that the agency has not acted
for only a relatively short period of time, that the agency informed
Saccacio of its willingness to act upon his application at such time as
funds were made available by the Congress, J.A. 9a, and, that, as a
formal matter, we cannot assume that funds will remain unavailable
to the ATF for the purposes at issue here in perpetuity.
Accordingly, because section 925(c) authorizes judicial review of
only the denial of an application for relief, and the ATF's failure to
process Saccacio's application during the less than six-month period
prior to his filing of this action in district court is not the denial of an
application, the district court correctly concluded that it was without
subject-matter jurisdiction to adjudicate Saccacio's petition for
review. See, e.g., Owen v. Magaw, 122 F.3d 1350, 1354 (10th Cir.
1997) (same); Burtch v. United States Dep't of the Treasury, 120 F.3d
1087, 1090 (9th Cir. 1997) (same); cf. United States v. McGill, 74
F.3d 64, 66-67 (5th Cir.) (affirming dismissal of petition for review
brought under section 925(c) because "it is clear to us that Congress
suspended the relief provided by § 925(c)"), cert. denied, 519 U.S.
821 (1996).2
The district court's order dismissing said petition therefore is
affirmed.
AFFIRMED
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2 In Rice v. United States, 68 F.3d 702, 707 (3d Cir. 1995), the Third
Circuit held that section 925(c) is a judicially waivable exhaustion
requirement, rather than a jurisdictional prerequisite. In so holding, that
court was not obliged to -- and did not -- construe the "denial of appli-
cation" language of section 925(c), which we only construe herein.
4