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Rehearing granted, January 10, 2006 PUBLISHED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT In Re: RICHARD EDWARD CABEY,  No. 04-277 Movant.  On Motion for Authorization to File Successive Application. Argued: May 24, 2005 Decided: November 15, 2005 Before LUTTIG and DUNCAN, Circuit Judges, and Eugene E. SILER, Jr., Senior Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation. Authorization denied by published opinion. Judge Duncan wrote the majority opinion, in which Senior Judge Siler joined. Judge Luttig wrote a dissenting opinion. COUNSEL ARGUED: James Phillip Griffin, Jr., NORTH CAROLINA PRIS- ONER LEGAL SERVICES, INC., Raleigh, North Carolina, for Movant. Clarence Joe DelForge, III, Assistant Attorney General, NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Respondent. ON BRIEF: Roy Cooper, Attorney Gen- eral, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Respondent. 2 IN RE CABEY OPINION DUNCAN, Circuit Judge: Richard Cabey, a North Carolina inmate, moves for authorization, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2244, as amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (the "AEDPA"), Pub. L. No. 104-132, sec. 105, 110 Stat. 1214, 1221, to file a successive habeas corpus application challenging North Carolina’s application of its parole statutes to him. Because Cabey seeks to raise only issues related to his parole that he could not have raised at the time of his prior habeas applications, we hold that he is not required to obtain pre-filing authorization under § 2244(b) before filing the instant peti- tion. Accordingly, we deny authorization to file a successive habeas application as unnecessary and transfer Cabey’s application to the dis- trict court for further proceedings. I. In 1982, a jury in North Carolina convicted Cabey of five counts of armed robbery. See State v. Cabey, 299 S.E.2d 194 (N.C. 1983). The trial court sentenced Cabey to life in prison on the first count fol- lowed by concurrent terms of incarceration of not less than twenty years nor more than twenty-five years on the remaining counts. After exhausting his state remedies, Cabey challenged his convictions and sentence in a federal habeas application under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. His challenge was denied on the merits in 1987. In 1996, Cabey filed a second unsuccessful habeas application, in which he asserted that the North Carolina Parole Commission had miscalculated the amount of good time credits to which he was entitled.1 In 1992, the Parole Commission "paper paroled" Cabey from his life sentence, and Cabey began discharging his remaining concurrent sentences.2 Although a North Carolina court concluded that the Parole 1 Cabey unsuccessfully appealed both the 1987 and 1996 denials. 2 Although the parties have not clarified the term "paper parole," it appears from the documents before the court that a paper parole "re- leases" an inmate from a particular sentence, but the inmate remains in custody in order to discharge time remaining on another sentence. IN RE CABEY 3 Commission lacked the authority to issue "paper paroles" in August 1997, see Robbins v. Freeman, 487 S.E.2d 771 (N.C. Ct. App. 1997), the Parole Commission granted Cabey an unconditional discharge from his life sentence three months later. When the North Carolina Supreme Court affirmed Robbins without discussion in 1998, see Robbins v. Freeman, 496 S.E.2d 375 (N.C. 1998), the Parole Com- mission reinstated Cabey’s life sentence. Cabey challenged the reinstitution of his life sentence by initiating a third round of habeas proceedings in state court. After again exhausting his state remedies, Cabey filed a habeas application under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The district court concluded that Cabey’s latest application constituted an unauthorized successive application under § 2254 and dismissed it without prejudice. Cabey now seeks authori- zation under § 2244(b) to file a successive habeas application. II. A. Under the AEDPA amendments to the habeas corpus statutes, an inmate challenging his confinement in state custody under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 must satisfy specific statutory conditions whenever he files a "second or successive" petition. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b).3 This case pre- 3 Specifically, under § 2244(b)(2), a prospective habeas applicant must obtain authorization from a court of appeals before filing "a second or successive habeas application" in the district court. Felker v. Turpin, 518 U.S. 651, 657 (1996). An inmate may not receive authorization to file an application deemed "second or successive" unless the claim presented (A) . . . relies on a new rule of constitutional law, made retro- active to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable; or (B) (i) the factual predicate for the claim could not have been discovered previously through the exercise of due diligence; and (ii) the facts underlying the claim, if proven and viewed in light of the evidence as a whole, would be suffi- cient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that, but for constitutional error, no reasonable fact- finder would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying offense. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2). 4 IN RE CABEY sents us with the question of what "second or successive" means in the specific context of Section 2244. Consistent with our precedent and the overwhelming weight of authority, we hold that Cabey’s peti- tion, which challenges North Carolina’s application of its parole stat- utes to him and raises only new issues that did not exist and therefore could not have been raised at the time he filed his initial Section 2254 petition, is not a "second or successive" habeas petition under Section 2244(b). Accordingly, we remand the petition to the district court with instructions to accept it as an initial Section 2254 petition for habeas corpus. B. In considering the meaning of "second or successive" in In Re: Taylor, 171 F.3d 185 (4th Cir. 1999), we noted that "Congress did ‘not write upon a clean slate’ when it enacted the AEDPA." Id. at 187 (quoting United States v. Texas, 507 U.S. 529, 534 (1993)).4 Instead, "AEDPA ‘codified and extended judicially constructed limits on the consideration of second and successive applications for collateral relief.’" Id. (quoting In re Vial, 115 F.3d 1192, 1194 (4th Cir. 1997)(en banc)). Specifically, as we have opined in the context of a Section 2244(b) motion seeking authorization to file a successive application, AEDPA incorporated longstanding habeas practice such as the "abuse of the writ" doctrine. In Re: Williams, 364 F.3d 235, 239 (4th Cir. 2004). The abuse of the writ "doctrine generally pre- cluded a federal court from considering claims presented in a succes- sive application unless the applicant could demonstrate cause and prejudice." Id. Under the doctrine, codified by AEDPA, "a claim which did not arise until after a prior petition was filed would not be barred as ‘second or successive.’" Taylor, 171 F.3d at 187. We have therefore concluded in prior cases that a petition which "expressly seeks to raise only those issues that originated . . . after [petitioner’s] first § 2255 petition had been granted" is not "second or successive" for purposes of AEDPA. Id. at 187-88; see also Slack v. McDaniel, 4 Taylor involved a petition brought under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Taylor’s discussion concerning the meaning of "second or successive," however, applies to the instant petition filed under Section 2254 because Sections 2254 and 2255 share the same statutory codification of the "second or successive" rule. 28 U.S.C. §§ 2244(b), 2254, 2255. IN RE CABEY 5 529 U.S. 473, 486-87 (2000) (noting that pre-AEDPA law, including the abuse of the writ doctrine, should be used in interpreting the meaning of the term of art "second or successive" in AEDPA); Felker v. Turpin, 518 U.S. 651, 664 (1996) (noting that AEDPA’s restric- tions on second or successive petitions "are well within the compass" of the evolution of the abuse of the writ doctrine). Other circuits that have examined this issue since our decision in Taylor have uniformly agreed with our conclusion. The Eighth Cir- cuit, for example, noting Supreme Court precedent suggesting that "‘second or successive’ remains a term of art that must be given meaning by reference both to the body of case law that developed before the enactment of AEDPA and the policies that prompted AEDPA’s enactment," held that a subsequent Section 2254 petition that raised claims which could not have been brought in the petition- er’s first petition was not "second or successive" for AEDPA pur- poses. Crouch v. Norris, 251 F.3d 720, 725 (8th Cir. 2001). Such petitions do not abuse the habeas process, the court noted, because the petitioner, by definition, could not have raised the claims in his first habeas petition. Id. at 724. In addition, the court noted that public pol- icy concerns about undue delay and the finality of state court convic- tions motivated Congress when it passed AEDPA. Id. at 724. An inmate challenging, at the first possible instance, the application of state parole proceedings against him does not offend these public pol- icy concerns. The petition does not implicate the finality of the con- viction and sentence, nor does it cause any undue delay because the inmate could not have raised the challenge any earlier. See id. Accordingly, reading "second or successive" to include such petitions would not further the purposes behind AEDPA. Upon reviewing the case law and legislative history of AEDPA, the Third Circuit similarly concluded that "a subsequent petition that challenges the administration of a sentence is clearly not a ‘second or successive’ petition within the meaning of § 2244 if the claim had not arisen or could not have been raised at the time of the prior petition." Benchoff v. Colleran, 404 F.3d 812, 817 (3rd Cir. 2005) (emphasis in original) (citing Singleton v. Norris, 319 F.3d 1018, 1023 (8th Cir. 2003)("[A] habeas petition raising a claim that had not arisen at the time of a previous petition is not barred by § 2244(b) . . . ."); Med- berry v. Crosby, 351 F.3d 1049, 1062 (11th Cir. 2003)("[A] petition 6 IN RE CABEY challenging [prison] disciplinary proceedings would not be second or successive where the claim could not have been raised in an earlier petition and does not otherwise constitute an abuse of the writ."); Hill v. Alaska, 297 F.3d 895, 898 (9th Cir. 2002)(noting that § 2244(b) is a modified form of res judicata and, therefore, that a subsequent habeas petition should not be barred as "second or successive" if it raises only claims that could not have been raised in an initial peti- tion) ; In re Cain, 137 F.3d 234, 236 (5th Cir. 1998) (applying com- mon law principles to AEDPA and holding that petitions that "do not present claims that were or could have been raised in . . . earlier peti- tions" are not "second or successive" petitions)). The court noted that "the abuse of the writ doctrine’s ongoing validity as a means of inter- preting ‘second and successive’ has been strongly suggested by the Supreme Court, which has implied that § 2244 is a statutory extension and codification of the equitable principles of the doctrine." Benchoff, 404 F.3d at 817 (citing Slack, 529 U.S. at 486; Felker, 518 U.S. at 664). C. In response to our precedent in Taylor and the supporting case law from other circuits, the Attorney General rather confusingly argues that "there is no per se or categorical rule which mandates that all [subsequent] petitions are, or are not, second or successive." Respon- dent’s Brief at 4. According to the Attorney General, whenever the factual predicate for a new habeas petition arises after the dismissal of a prior petition, the movant will have to satisfy the substantive requirement of Subsection 2244(b)(2)(B)(ii) that "the facts underlying the claim . . . would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that, but for the constitutional error, no reasonable factfinder would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying offense."5 5 The dissent argues that Taylor is distinguishable because "Taylor held only that when a prisoner has been resentenced after a successful first habeas petition and then challenges the new sentence via another habeas petition, the subsequent petition is not a ‘second or successive petition’ under AEDPA." Post at 15 (emphasis in original). The dissent draws a factual distinction which makes no difference to the analysis. Nothing in Taylor, or the precedent from other circuits, suggests that the interpreta- tion of "second or successive" depends on the manner in which the previ- IN RE CABEY 7 This argument assumes away the issue before us. We do not reach the "actual innocence" requirement of Subsection 2244(b)(2)(B)(ii) unless the petition at issue is "second or successive." 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2). The Attorney General glosses over this crucial first step apparently by assuming that Cabey’s petition is "second or succes- sive" simply because it occurred later in time than a previous petition. As explained above, however, courts have almost uniformly rejected that literal reading of "second or successive." This circuit and others have held instead that it is a term of art. Indeed, in many of the cases cited above, the petitioner concedes that he cannot meet the substan- tive requirements of Subsections 2244(b)(2)(A) and 2244(b)(2)(B). See Taylor, 171 F.3d at 187 ("Taylor concedes that he is unable to sat- isfy either of the[ ] criteria to obtain permission to file a "second or successive" [habeas] motion."); Crouch, 251 F.3d at 724 ("Although Crouch’s proposed petition neither relies on a new rule of constitu- tional law nor identifies newly-discovered facts that establish his innocence of the underlying sex offenses, Crouch may nevertheless be free to file his proposed petition in the district court if it is not ‘second or successive.’"); Singleton, 319 F.3d at 1023 ("As Singleton con- cedes, he satisfies neither [Section 2244] exception"); see also Bench- off, 404 F.3d at 817 ("Section 2244’s strict procedural regime and substantive standards only apply if Benchoff’s current petition is ‘sec- ond or successive’ within the meaning of the statute."). In other words, a court must determine whether a petition is "second or suc- cessive" before it examines whether that petition meets the substan- tive requirements of Section 2244. If a petition is not "second or successive," then the substantive requirements of Section 2244 do not come into play. By attempting to conflate the meaning of "second or successive" with the substantive requirements of Subsection 2244, the Attorney ous petition was resolved. To the contrary, the operative question in Taylor was, as it is here, whether the petitioner’s claim "originated . . . after his first [habeas] petition." Taylor, 171 F.3d at 187. In concluding that Cabey’s challenge to North Carolina’s application of its parole stat- utes to him, which did not occur until after his prior petitions, is not sec- ond or successive under Section 2244, we have chosen to apply the analyses adopted by every circuit to have considered the issue— including our own. 8 IN RE CABEY General misses this crucial point. At this juncture, the question before us is simply whether Cabey’s petition is "second or successive" for purposes of requiring pre-filing authorization under Section 2244(b) —not an examination of the merits of that petition. D. Applying the holding in Taylor and the well-settled meaning of "second or successive" to the facts of this case, we conclude that Cabey’s petition is not "second or successive" as that term is used in Section 2244. Previous to the instant petition, Cabey had last filed a habeas petition in 1996. The parole issues of which Cabey complains in the instant petition occurred in 1998. Cabey, therefore, could not have raised these issues related to the administration of his sentence in a previous petition. The current petition, therefore, is not "second or successive." III. In light of the foregoing, we conclude that Cabey’s most recent application for habeas corpus relief is not "second or successive" as that phrase is used in § 2244(b). Accordingly, we deny Cabey’s motion as unnecessary and direct that the § 2254 application appended to Cabey’s motion be transferred to the district court to be treated as an initial application. Muniz v. United States, 236 F.3d 122, 123 (2d Cir. 2001) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1631). AUTHORIZATION DENIED LUTTIG, Circuit Judge, dissenting: The majority holds today that a second or successive habeas peti- tion is not a "second or successive" petition within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 2244 if it is based on "new issues that did not exist and therefore could not have been raised" in a previous section 2254 peti- tion. Created out of whole cloth as it has been, this exception is irrec- oncilable with both the plain meaning of the phrase "second or successive" in AEDPA and even with the understanding of that phrase as it was used in habeas corpus jurisprudence prior to IN RE CABEY 9 AEDPA’s enactment. Needless to say, this wholesale exception for any "new issue" of law or fact that did not exist at the time of a previ- ous petition overrides the carefully-crafted and narrow limitations that Congress imposed on the filing of second or successive petitions in section 2244. I would dismiss the petition before us as a second and successive petition that does not fall within the statute’s circumscribed excep- tions. Accordingly, I dissent. Because of the significance of the majority’s holding to our court’s habeas jurisprudence, I believe that our court should rehear this case en banc upon a petition for rehearing filed by either of the parties. Indeed, I believe the case sufficiently important for our habeas juris- prudence that we should rehear the case even if no petition for rehear- ing is filed. I. A. Congress, in the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), permitted the consideration of second or successive habeas petitions in two circumstances only: where the petitioner relies on a new rule of constitutional law made retroactive by the Supreme Court, id. § 2244(b)(2)(A), or where the petitioner relies on facts that could not have been previously discovered through due diligence and that would, if proven, clearly establish that the petitioner was innocent of the underlying offense, id. § 2244(b)(2)(B). Cabey’s instant habeas petition meets neither of these two statutory exceptions, and neither the majority nor Cabey contends otherwise. A federal court, consequently, is authorized to hear Cabey’s peti- tion only if it is not a "second or successive" petition within the mean- ing of the statute. Obviously, the plain meaning of the phrase "second or successive" forecloses such a conclusion. The phrase "second or successive" qualifies the phrase "habeas corpus applications under section 2254," see id. § 2244(b)(2). Applications in turn are chal- lenges to one’s "custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court," 10 IN RE CABEY id. § 2254(a)(emphasis added). As this is Cabey’s third habeas peti- tion challenging his continuous custody pursuant to the same state court judgment of conviction and sentence (in 1982), it is a second or successive petition barred by AEDPA. The majority concludes that Cabey’s petition is not "second or suc- cessive," holding that a petition that "raises only new issues that did not exist and therefore could not have been raised at the time [peti- tioner] filed his initial Section 2254 petition[ ] is not a ‘second or suc- cessive’ habeas petition." See ante at 4. It reasons as follows for this breathtaking expansion of federal habeas review. First, it notes that both the Supreme Court in Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473 (2000), and this court in In re Taylor, 171 F.3d 185 (4th Cir. 1999), have stated that the definition of "second or successive" should be under- stood in light of pre-AEDPA jurisprudence governing such petitions. See Slack, 529 U.S. at 486 (stating that "‘second or successive peti- tion’ is a term of art given substance in our prior habeas corpus cases" and that the Court did not "suggest the definition of second or succes- sive would be different under AEDPA"); Taylor, 171 F.3d at 187. It next explains that a subsequent petition based upon new issues that did not exist at the time of the first petition would not have been dis- missed pre-AEDPA under the "abuse of the writ" doctrine, see Tay- lor, 171 F.3d at 187. It then concludes that, because a petition based upon new issues that did not exist at the time of a previous petition would not have been dismissed, such a petition would not have been defined as a "second or successive" petition pre-AEDPA. Finally, from the fact that such a subsequent petition would not have been defined as a "second or successive" petition pre-AEDPA, the majority concludes that it is not a "second or successive" petition under AEDPA. See ante at 4-5 (citing Taylor, 171 F.3d at 187). The central premise of the majority’s holding is that any subse- quent petition that would not have been dismissed pre-AEDPA, would not have been defined as "second or successive" during that same time period. This critical premise to the majority’s holding is simply false. The version of Rule 9(b) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 cases that was in effect pre-AEDPA stated as follows: "A second or succes- sive petition may be dismissed . . . if new and different grounds are alleged, [if] the judge finds that the failure of the petitioner to assert those grounds in a prior petition constituted an abuse of the writ." 28 IN RE CABEY 11 U.S.C. § 2254 Rule 9(b) (1976) (cited in McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 487 (1991)). The negative inference from Rule 9(b) is that if a second or successive petition was not an "abuse of the writ," it would not have been dismissed. Standing alone, this indisputable inference demonstrates the error in the majority’s fundamental premise: in fact, there were second or successive petitions pre-AEDPA that would not have been dismissed. Indeed, so numerous were such cases pre- AEDPA that their citation is not even necessary. The majority, of course, has asked and answered the wrong ques- tion. The relevant question to be answered is not whether a subse- quent petition raising new issues would have been dismissed but, rather, whether such a petition would have been defined as "second or successive" pre-AEDPA. The Court in Slack said it is "the defini- tion of second or successive" that would not be different under AEDPA, see 529 U.S. at 486 (emphasis added); the Court did not say, nor would it have ever said, that AEDPA did not alter the circum- stances under which second or successive petitions can be heard by the federal courts. The very purpose of AEDPA was to change and limit the circumstances under which successive petitions could be considered. As this court has recognized, "AEDPA codif[ied] and extend[ed] judicially constructed limits on the consideration of sec- ond and successive applications for collateral relief." In re Vial, 115 F.3d 1192, 1194 (4th Cir. 1997) (en banc) (emphases added). For example, under AEDPA, a new rule of constitutional law may be relied upon in a second or successive petition only if it has been made retroactive by the Supreme Court, see 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2)(A), and claims in a second or successive petition based on newly discovered facts must prove actual innocence, see id. § 2244(b)(2)(B). Because neither the "by the Supreme Court" requirement nor the "actual inno- cence" requirement was part of pre-AEDPA "abuse of the writ" doc- trine, see McCleskey, 499 U.S. at 487-88, these added restrictions result in the dismissal of second or successive petitions today that would not have been dismissed pre-AEDPA. In sum, that the majority establishes that the petition before us would not have been dismissed as "an abuse of the writ" pre-AEDPA proves nothing as to whether the petition would have been defined as "second or successive" — pre-AEDPA or post-AEDPA. The majority must prove not that the petition would not have been dismissed pre- 12 IN RE CABEY AEDPA but, rather, that a petition based on issues that did not exist at the time of the initial petition would not have been considered "sec- ond or successive." This, it does not even attempt to do. Nor have any of the other courts upon which the majority relies for its analysis. And the reason is obvious. A subsequent petition that raises issues that did not exist at the time of the previous petition has always been consid- ered second or successive. B. The exceptions to section 2244’s bar on federal habeas review included by Congress in section 2244(b)(2) highlight both the gravity and the sweep of the majority’s misinterpretation. Under today’s holding, AEDPA’s restrictions on the filing of second or successive habeas petitions simply do not apply to any petition that raises "new issues that did not exist" at the time of the first application because such petitions are not second or successive at all. Yet AEDPA’s bar on consideration of second or successive petitions operates precisely in these circumstances — when the subsequent petition is based on "new issues" of law or fact — permitting review in an exceedingly narrow subset of such petitions. Thus, turning to section 2244’s limitations on the reviewability of new issues of law, whereas AEDPA permits consideration of a second or successive petition raising a new rule of law only if the new rule is constitutional in nature, was previously unavailable, and has been made retroactive by the Supreme Court, see 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2)(A), under today’s holding petitions raising claims that rely on "new issues" of law that did not exist need not satisfy the requirements of section 2244(b)(2)(A) at all because they are not even "second or successive" petitions. The "new issue" of law need not arise from an interpretation of the Constitution; it may come in the form of a new regulation or statute, or even a new interpretation of such by any court or any interpretive body. And neither must the new law have been made retroactive by the Supreme Court. AEDPA’s limited exception for the presentation of a new issue of law is effec- tively rendered a nullity. Because of the almost-incomprehensible reach of the court’s hold- ing, the temptation will be to try to read the opinion as encompassing IN RE CABEY 13 only subsequent petitions based on new issues of fact that did not exist, and not (as the opinion reads) "new issues" of law or fact that did not exist. But such a reading of the opinion would be not only indefensibly disingenuous because that is not what it says, but also demonstrably at odds with the opinion’s own reasoning. For claims predicated upon new issues of law that did not exist at the time of a previous petition could not have been raised any more than claims predicated upon new issues of fact that did not exist at that time. In other words, not only by its terms but also by its own reasoning, there is no basis for reading the majority’s opinion as distinguishing between a subsequent petition raising a claim based upon a new issue of law that did not previously exist and a subsequent petition raising a new issue of fact that did not previously exist. Neither claim, in the words of the majority, "could have been raised" in the prior petition. The majority’s holding, therefore, is, and can only be, properly understood to authorize federal habeas review over second or succes- sive petitions raising new issues of fact and law that did not exist at the time of a previous petition. Indeed, that the majority refuses to recognize that the phrase "second or successive" in AEDPA would even admit of a distinction between fact and law in this regard is per- haps the only aspect of the opinion that is textually or otherwise ana- lytically defensible. Turning to the majority’s holding with respect to section 2244’s limitations on the reviewability of new issues of fact, just as it autho- rizes habeas review in federal court of vastly more claims based on new issues of law than does AEDPA, so also does it authorize review of vastly more claims presenting new issues of fact than does AEDPA. AEDPA permits consideration of a second or successive petition based on new facts only when those facts could not have been previ- ously discovered through the exercise of due diligence, and then only if those facts would clearly establish actual innocence. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2)(B). By contrast, the majority holds that a petition raising any "new issue" of fact that did not exist is not a second or successive petition at all and thus does not have to satisfy any of the require- ments of section 2244(b)(2). 14 IN RE CABEY Under this holding, federal courts in our circuit are now authorized to review countless petitions the review of which is expressly forbid- den by AEDPA. Under AEDPA, second or successive petitions that either rely on facts that were already extant but that could have been discovered with due diligence or that do not show actual innocence are barred. Under the majority’s holding, however, a petition will be cognizable if it raises even a new issue of fact; in other words, a peti- tion will be cognizable if it raises a new issue as to a fact that was extant at the time of a previous petition. The fact need not have arisen since the filing of the subsequent petition. And a petition raising such a claim will be cognizable whether or not the new issue of fact proves that the petitioner is actually innocent. For example, if, after a peti- tioner files his first habeas petition, he files a subsequent petition alleging that a new witness has come forward and proffered testimony that tends to exculpate the petitioner or that a witness who testified at trial has changed his testimony in a way that tends to exculpate the petitioner, the petition in many instances, even if not in every instance, will have presented a "new issue" of fact that did not previ- ously exist, even though the facts that gave rise to that new issue were in existence before the first petition was filed. And such a petition would be cognizable in federal court on habeas, contrary to section 2244(b)(2)(B), even if the facts underlying the new testimony could have been discovered with due diligence and even if they do not clearly establish actual innocence. Even if the majority had narrowed its holding merely to claims based on facts arising after the filing of the first petition, rather than to new issues of fact that did not exist at the time of the first petition, the holding would be no more reconcilable with the statute, or even more analytically satisfying. Such a narrower holding would ensure that petitions based on facts that had already arisen would be consid- ered second or successive, as obviously contemplated by section 2244(b)(2). But it would leave unexplained (and unexplainable) why a claim that could not have been brought because the predicate facts had not come into existence at the time of the first petition is not "sec- ond or successive" but a claim that could not have been brought because the predicate facts had come into existence but were not dis- coverable is a "second or successive" petition. The claims in the latter petition could no more have been raised than those in the former, but under the majority’s holding, the latter petition would remain subject IN RE CABEY 15 to section 2244(b)(2)(B)’s actual innocence requirement while the former would not. The reason for this seemingly inexplicable consequence is, it bears repeating, easily explained: The majority has completely misinter- preted AEDPA’s phrase "second or successive" petition to mean any petition that could not have been considered pre-AEDPA. C. Though the majority thinks otherwise, Taylor is plainly insufficient authority upon which to ground its extraordinary decision. To be sure, Taylor relied upon the same flawed premise that the majority invokes here, namely, that if a new petition would not have been barred pre- AEDPA, it is not second or successive under AEDPA. And Taylor is almost surely wrong for this reason. But Taylor held only that when a prisoner has been resentenced after a successful first habeas petition and then challenges the new sentence via another habeas petition, the subsequent petition is not a "second or successive petition" under AEDPA. 171 F.3d at 187-88. Such a holding does not dictate the con- clusion reached by the majority in this case. Reasonable minds could differ over whether a successive petition filed after an appeals-court- ordered resentencing is a challenge to a different judgment, namely, a judgment comprising the old conviction and the new sentence. However, where, as here, the subsequent petition challenges the very same conviction and the very same sentence originally challenged, it is not even arguable that a different judgment is being challenged. Taylor should never be extended to such a case, and that is unques- tionably what the majority has done, albeit unwittingly. II. It would be difficult to overstate the significance of today’s holding for our court’s habeas jurisprudence. The majority vastly expands the number of second or successive petitions that federal courts will now be authorized to entertain. Under the majority’s holding, habeas peti- tioners filing subsequent applications can now rely on any "new issue[ ] that did not exist" at the time of the first application, whether based upon new rules of regulatory, statutory, or constitutional law, and whether or not such rules have been made retroactive by the 16 IN RE CABEY Supreme Court. As well, they may now rely upon new facts that could have been discovered with due diligence, and new facts that do not clearly establish actual innocence. As such, today’s holding is not an interpretation of AEDPA. It is a wholesale rewriting of that legislation that does not merely embark the federal courts upon a return to pre-AEDPA habeas jurisprudence, it returns us to that jurisprudence fully. I dissent. The instant petition satisfies neither of AEDPA’s congressionally-imposed exceptions. I would dismiss the petition as a second or successive petition — as AEDPA, by its terms, requires.