United States v. Brown, Daniel

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†* E  %URZQZDVLQGHHGXVLQJ WKHFRPSXWHUWRmVROLFLWSDUWLFLSDWLRQE\RUZLWKDPLQRULQ VH[XDOO\ H[SOLFLW FRQGXFW IRU WKH SXUSRVH RI SURGXFLQJ 81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$ ; VH[XDOO\H[SOLFLWPDWHULDOl 3ODLQWLII$SSHOOHH   :H$)),50WKHGLVWULFWFRXUW  1R Y  !  '$1,(/ %52:1  'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW  1 $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW IRUWKH:HVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI0LFKLJDQDW*UDQG5DSLGV 1Rn*RUGRQs4XLVW'LVWULFWsXGJH $UJXHG1RYHPEHU 'HFLGHGDQG)LOHGsDQXDU\ %HIRUH5<$1DQG1255,6&LUFXLWsXGJHV('*$5 &KLHI'LVWULFWsXGJH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB &2816(/ $5*8('  5REHUW s 'XQQ %D\ &LW\ 0LFKLJDQ IRU $SSHOODQW  5LFKDUG 6 0XUUD\ $66,67$17 81,7(' 67$7(6 $77251(< *UDQG 5DSLGV 0LFKLJDQ IRU 7KH +RQRUDEOH 5 $OODQ (GJDU &KLHI 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'LVWULFW sXGJH IRU WKH (DVWHUQ 'LVWULFW RI 7HQQHVVHH VLWWLQJ E\ GHVLJQDWLRQ   8QLWHG6WDWHVY%URZQ 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY%URZQ  $SSHOOHH21%5,()5REHUWs'XQQ%D\&LW\0LFKLJDQ 86&† D  NQRZLQJO\WUDQVSRUWLQJRUUHFHLYLQJYLVXDO IRU$SSHOODQW5LFKDUG60XUUD\ $66,67$1781,7(' GHSLFWLRQV RI FKLOG SRUQRJUDSK\ LQ LQWHUVWDWH FRPPHUFH  67$7(6 $77251(< *UDQG 5DSLGV 0LFKLJDQ IRU 3XE/1R6WDW  3XUVXDQWWRWKH $SSHOOHH &RQJUHVVLRQDO GLUHFWLYH WKH 6HQWHQFLQJ &RPPLVVLRQ WKHQ DGGHG FRPSXWHU XVH HQKDQFHPHQWV WR WKH *XLGHOLQHV IRU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB FRQYLFWLRQVXQGHU86&†† F  $ DQG D  7KH&RPPLVVLRQDOVRDGGHGWKHHQKDQFHPHQWDWLVVXHLQWKLV 23,1,21 FDVH866*†* E  ZKLFKLVXVHGIRUFRQYLFWLRQV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB XQGHUUHODWHGVWDWXWHVLQFOXGLQJ86&† D XQGHU ZKLFK%URZQZDVFRQYLFWHG/HJLVODWLYHKLVWRU\FRQWDLQHGLQ ('*$5 &KLHI 'LVWULFW sXGJH  'DQLHO 'XDQH %URZQ WKH +RXVH 5HSRUW GHPRQVWUDWHV WKH QDWXUH RI &RQJUHVVj m%URZQl  DSSHDOV IURP WKH VHQWHQFH KH UHFHLYHG IRU FRQFHUQDERXWFRPSXWHUXVHLQFKLOGSRUQRJUDSK\ SURGXFLQJ DQG SRVVHVVLQJ FKLOG SRUQRJUDSK\  7KH GLVWULFW FRXUWDSSOLHGDWZROHYHOLQFUHDVHIRUREVWUXFWLRQRIMXVWLFH 3HUKDSV WKH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW IXWXUH RI WKLV ELOO LV WKH SXUVXDQWWR866*†&DQGDWZROHYHOLQFUHDVHXQGHU GLUHFWLRQWRWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV6HQWHQFLQJ&RPPLVVLRQWR 866* †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†  D  RQH FRXQW RI SRVVHVVLQJ FKLOG $GGLWLRQDOO\WKHLQFUHDVLQJXVHRIFRPSXWHUVWRWUDQVPLW SRUQRJUDSK\XVLQJPDWHULDOVVKLSSHGLQLQWHUVWDWHFRPPHUFH FKLOGSRUQRJUDSK\VXEVWDQWLDOO\LQFUHDVHVWKHOLNHOLKRRG  86& †  D  %  DQG D IRUIHLWXUH FRXQW  2Q WKDW WKLV PDWHULDO ZLOO EH YLHZHG E\ DQG WKXV KDUP 0DUFKWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWVHQWHQFHG%URZQWRDWRWDO FKLOGUHQ)LQDOO\WKH&RPPLWWHHQRWHVZLWKSDUWLFXODU RIPRQWKVLPSULVRQPHQW7KLVVHQWHQFHZDVZLWKLQWKH FRQFHUQ WKH IDFW WKDW SHGRSKLOHV PD\ XVH D FKLOGjV FDOFXODWHG8QLWHG6WDWHV6HQWHQFLQJ*XLGHOLQHVUDQJH IDVFLQDWLRQZLWKFRPSXWHUWHFKQRORJ\DVDOXUHWRGUDJ FKLOGUHQ LQWR VH[XDO UHODWLRQVKLSV  ,Q OLJKW RI WKHVH VLJQLILFDQWKDUPVLWLVHVVHQWLDOWKDWWKRVHZKRDUHFDXJKW DQGFRQYLFWHGIRUWKLVFRQGXFWEHSXQLVKHGVHYHUHO\ +55HS1RUHSULQWHGLQ86&&$1WK &RQJVW6HVVSS   HPSKDVLVVXSSOLHG  %URZQ JDYH KLV YLFWLPV DFFHVV WR KLV FRPSXWHU  7KRVH  7KH LQGLFWPHQW DQG VXSHUVHGLQJ LQGLFWPHQW PLVWDNHQO\ FLWH YLFWLPV ZHUH WKHUHE\ PDGH DZDUH WKDW RWKHU FKLOGUHQ ZHUH  86& †  D  %   8QLWHG6WDWHVY%URZQ 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY%URZQ  XQGHULQYHVWLJDWLRQDQGFRXOGJRWRSULVRQ7KHGLVWULFWFRXUW ,, SURSHUO\DSSOLHGWKHWZROHYHOLQFUHDVHIRUREVWUXFWLRQXQGHU 866*†& 2EVWUXFWLRQ ,,, 7KLV &RXUW UHYLHZV D GLVWULFW FRXUWjV OHJDO FRQFOXVLRQV UHJDUGLQJWKH6HQWHQFLQJ*XLGHOLQHVGHQRYREXWDFFHSWVWKH &RPSXWHU8VH GLVWULFW FRXUWjV ILQGLQJV RI IDFW XQOHVV WKH\ DUH FOHDUO\ HUURQHRXV8QLWHG6WDWHVYsDUPDQ)G WK %URZQPDGHH[WHQVLYHXVHRIKLVFRPSXWHULQFRPPLWWLQJ &LU 8QLWHG6WDWHVY*RUW'L'RQDWR)G WKHRIIHQVHVRIZKLFKKHZDVFRQYLFWHG$PRQJRWKHUWKLQJV  WK&LU m$ILQGLQJLVFOHDUO\HUURQHRXVZKHQ KHDOORZHGKLVYLFWLPVXQPRQLWRUHGDFFHVVWRWKHFRPSXWHU DOWKRXJKWKHUHLVHYLGHQFHWRVXSSRUWLWWKHUHYLHZLQJFRXUW ZKHUHLQWKH\REVHUYHGWKDWRWKHUFKLOGUHQZHUHEHLQJILOPHG RQ WKH HQWLUH HYLGHQFH LV OHIW ZLWK WKH GHILQLWH DQG ILUP DQGVH[XDOO\DEXVHGE\DGXOWV FRQYLFWLRQWKDWDPLVWDNHKDVEHHQFRPPLWWHGlsDUPDQ )GDW TXRWLQJ8QLWHG6WDWHVY'L'RQDWR)GDW 866*†* E  SURYLGHVm,IDFRPSXWHUZDVXVHG  FLWDWLRQVRPLWWHG  WRVROLFLWSDUWLFLSDWLRQE\RUZLWKDPLQRULQVH[XDOO\H[SOLFLW FRQGXFW IRU WKH SXUSRVH RI SURGXFLQJ VH[XDOO\ H[SOLFLW 7KH UHOHYDQW IDFWV UHJDUGLQJ WKH REVWUXFWLRQ RI MXVWLFH PDWHULDOLQFUHDVHE\OHYHOVl'HIHQGDQWFRQWHQGVWKDWWKH DGMXVWPHQWDSSOLHGE\WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWDUHQRWLQGLVSXWH,Q FRPSXWHU DGMXVWPHQW E\ LWV WHUPV GRHV QRW DSSO\ EHFDXVH WKH8QLWHG6WDWHV&XVWRPV6HUYLFH m86&6l EHJDQDQ %URZQGLGQRWXVHLWWRVROLFLWSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKDWKHGLGQRW LQWHUQDWLRQDO FKLOG SRUQRJUDSK\ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ  7KH 86&6 YLD WKH FRPSXWHU VSHFLILFDOO\ DVN PLQRUV WR HQJDJH LQ OHDUQHGWKDWSHUVRQVLQVHYHUDOFRXQWULHVZHUHXVLQJFRPSXWHU VH[XDOO\H[SOLFLW FRQGXFW  +RZHYHU DV WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW VRIWZDUHFDOOHG,QWHUQHW5HOD\&KDW m,5&l WRWUDGHLQFKLOG SURSHUO\IRXQGWKH*XLGHOLQHLVQRWVROLPLWHG SRUQRJUDSK\ DQG WKDW D VHFUHW SULYDWH ,5& FKDW FKDQQHO HQWLWOHGm2UFKLG&OXElZDVDOVREHLQJXVHGIRUWKLVSXUSRVH ,Q WKH m6H[ &ULPHV $JDLQVW &KLOGUHQ 3UHYHQWLRQ $FW RI 2QHSDUWLFLSDQWZDVLGHQWLILHGE\WKHFRGHQDPHm6KHHS\l l &RQJUHVV GLUHFWHG WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 6HQWHQFLQJ m6KHHS\l WXUQHG RXW WR EH RQH ,DQ %DOGRFN RI +DVWLQJV &RPPLVVLRQ WR LQFUHDVH WKH *XLGHOLQHV IRU VH[ FULPHV (QJODQG  0U %DOGRFNjV FRPSXWHU ZDV VHL]HG E\ %ULWLVK FRPPLWWHG DJDLQVW FKLOGUHQ VSHFLILFDOO\ IRU RIIHQVHV DXWKRULWLHVRQ2FWREHUSXUVXDQWWRDVHDUFKZDUUDQW FRPPLWWHG XQGHU  86& ††  DQG   ,Q WKLV 7KLV FRPSXWHU FRQWDLQHG DERXW  LPDJHV RI FKLOG OHJLVODWLRQ &RQJUHVV VSHFLILFDOO\ GLUHFWHG WKH 6HQWHQFLQJ SRUQRJUDSK\DQGDVHWRIUXOHVIRUMRLQLQJWKH,5&FKDQQHO &RPPLVVLRQ WR LQFUHDVH WKH EDVH RIIHQVH OHYHOV IRU %URZQjVQLFNQDPHmZDYHMXPSlZDVIRXQGLQDOLVWRIXVHUV FRQYLFWLRQV XQGHU  86& †  F  $  XQODZIXO WR RIWKH,5&FKDQQHO7KHQDPHmZDYHMXPSlDJDLQWXUQHGXS UHFHLYH H[FKDQJH EX\ SURGXFH GLVSOD\ GLVWULEXWH RU LQWZRRWKHUFRPSXWHUVLQWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRPEHORQJLQJWR UHSURGXFHDQ\YLVXDOGHSLFWLRQRIFKLOGSRUQRJUDSK\ DQG LQGLYLGXDOV WUDIILFNLQJ LQ FKLOG SRUQRJUDSK\  ,Q HDUO\ sXO\  %ULWLVK DXWKRULWLHV DGYLVHG 86&6 RIILFLDOV RI mZDYHMXPSlDQGLWZDVOHDUQHGWKDWmZDYHMXPSlKDGEHHQ  FRQQHFWHG WR WKH ,5& WKURXJK 7ULWRQ 7HFKQRORJLHV ,QF %URZQ DOVR PDGH RWKHU XVH RI WKH FRPSXWHU +H XVHG LW WR WUDQVPLW FKLOG SRUQRJUDSK\ WR RWKHU ORFDWLRQV ,PDJHV ZKLFK KH SURGXFHG ZHUH m7ULWRQl  DQ ,QWHUQHW VHUYLFHV SURYLGHU LQ *UDQG 5DSLGV IRXQG IRU H[DPSOH RQ FRPSXWHUV LQ WKH 8QLWHG .LQJGRP +H DOVR XVHG 0LFKLJDQ,WZDVODWHUGHWHUPLQHGIURPFRPSXWHUUHFRUGVWKDW LW WR LQYLWH RWKHU SHGRSKLOHV WR YLVLW KLP DQG SDUWLFLSDWH LQ mVOHHSRYHUVl RQsXO\DQGZKLOHLQDFKDWURRPmZDYHMXPSl ZLWK YLFWLPV  8QLWHG6WDWHVY%URZQ 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY%URZQ  %URZQ OHDUQHGRIm6KHHS\jVlDUUHVWDQGZDVDGYLVHGWKDW 7KH LVVXH KHUH LV KRZHYHU ZKHWKHU %URZQ ZLOOIXOO\ 6KHHS\KDGQRWHQFU\SWHGKLVFRPSXWHU%URZQWKHQUHSOLHG REVWUXFWHGMXVWLFHGXULQJWKHFRXUVHRIWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQRI m*RG , KRSH KH GRQjW KDYH DQ\ RI P\ SULYDWHV RQ WKHUHl WKH LQVWDQW RIIHQVH RI FRQYLFWLRQ  %URZQ DUJXHV WKDW WKH %URZQZDVUHIHUULQJWRKLVSULYDWHYLGHRFROOHFWLRQRIFKLOG REVWUXFWLRQDGMXVWPHQWGRHVQRWDSSO\EHFDXVHDWWKHWLPHKH SRUQRJUDSK\ PDGHWKHWKUHDWWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQKDGQRW\HWIRFXVHGRQKLP SUHVXPDEO\ EHFDXVH KH KDG QRW \HW EHHQ LGHQWLILHG DV 2Q$XJXVW86ODZHQIRUFHPHQWRIILFHUVILUVW mZDYHMXPSlDQGKHGLGQRWOHDUQWKDWKHZDVWKHIRFXVRIWKH LGHQWLILHG%URZQDVmZDYHMXPSl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mZDYHMXPSl ZRXOG SXW D EXOOHW LQ KHU KHDG ZKHQ KH JRW RXW RI SULVRQ XQGHUZD\EHJLQQLQJLQHDUO\sXO\7KH\HYHQWXDOO\XVHG 7KLVYLFWLPDOVRVDLGWKDW%URZQUHSHDWHGO\WKUHDWHQHGWRVWDE WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ WR LGHQWLI\ %URZQ  &OHDUO\ ZKHQ %URZQ KHU7KHVHDUFKRI%URZQjVUHVLGHQFHWXUQHGXSMXVWVXFKD PDGH KLV WKUHDWV LQ $XJXVW  DQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI WKH JXQ LQVWDQWRIIHQVHRIFRQYLFWLRQZDVLQSURJUHVV 6HFWLRQ&RIWKH6HQWHQFLQJ*XLGHOLQHVSURYLGHV 7KHREVWUXFWLRQDGMXVWPHQWGRHVQRWKRZHYHUDSSO\XQOHVV %URZQ DFWHG mZLOOIXOO\l  ,W KDV EHHQ VDLG WKDW WKH WHUP 2EVWUXFWLRQ RU ,PSHGLQJ WKH $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ RI mZLOOIXOlKDVmQRIL[HGPHDQLQJl6PLWKY:DGH86 sXVWLFH Q   5HKQTXLVWsGLVVHQWLQJ +RZHYHUWKH ,I $ WKHGHIHQGDQWZLOOIXOO\REVWUXFWHGRULPSHGHGRU WHUPJHQHUDOO\FRQQRWHVVRPHNLQGRIGHOLEHUDWHRULQWHQWLRQDO DWWHPSWHGWRREVWUXFWRULPSHGHWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRI FRQGXFW/RJLFDOO\%URZQjVDFWLRQVFDQQRWKDYHEHHQZLOOIXO MXVWLFH GXULQJ WKH FRXUVH RI WKH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ XQOHVV KH KDG VRPH LGHD WKDW KH ZDV EHLQJ LQYHVWLJDWHG SURVHFXWLRQ RU VHQWHQFLQJ RI WKH LQVWDQW RIIHQVH RI 2WKHUZLVHWKHDGMXVWPHQWZRXOGVHUYHQRGHWHUUHQWSXUSRVH FRQYLFWLRQDQG % WKHREVWUXFWLYHFRQGXFWUHODWHGWR :HWKHUHIRUHMRLQWKH)LIWKDQG(LJKWK&LUFXLWVLQKROGLQJ L  WKH GHIHQGDQWjV RIIHQVH RI FRQYLFWLRQ DQG DQ\ WKDW WKH REVWUXFWLRQ DGMXVWPHQW DSSOLHV ZKHUH D GHIHQGDQW UHOHYDQW FRQGXFW RU LL  D FORVHO\ UHODWHG RIIHQVH HQJDJHVLQREVWUXFWLYHFRQGXFWZLWKNQRZOHGJHWKDWKHRUVKH LQFUHDVHWKHRIIHQVHOHYHOE\OHYHOV LVWKHVXEMHFWRIDQLQYHVWLJDWLRQRUZLWKWKHmFRUUHFWEHOLHIl WKDWDQLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHGHIHQGDQWLVmSUREDEO\XQGHUZD\l 7KHUH LV QR GRXEW WKDW %URZQjV WKUHDWV WR D SRWHQWLDO 8QLWHG6WDWHVY/LVWHU)G WK&LU 8QLWHG ZLWQHVV VXEVWDQWLYHO\ DPRXQW WR REVWUXFWLRQ RI MXVWLFH 6WDWHVY2SSHGDKO)G WK&LU  $SSOLFDWLRQ1RWH D WR866*†&SURYLGHVDVDQ H[DPSOH RI FRQGXFW WR ZKLFK WKH REVWUXFWLRQ DGMXVWPHQW ,QWKLVFDVH%URZQjVFKDWURRPFRPPHQWm*RG,KRSHKH DSSOLHV WKH IROORZLQJ  mWKUHDWHQLQJ LQWLPLGDWLQJ RU GRQjWKDYHDQ\RIP\SULYDWHVRQWKHUHlPDGHLWFOHDUWKDWKH RWKHUZLVHXQODZIXOO\LQIOXHQFLQJDFRGHIHQGDQWZLWQHVVRU NQHZLQsXO\WKDWKHSUREDEO\ZDVXQGHULQYHVWLJDWLRQ MXURU GLUHFWO\ RU LQGLUHFWO\ RU DWWHPSWLQJ WR GR VRl  %\ 0RUHRYHU WKH QDWXUH RI WKH WKUHDWV KH PDGH WR KLV \RXQJ WKUHDWHQLQJ RQH RI KLV YLFWLPV D SRWHQWLDO ZLWQHVV %URZQ YLFWLPLQ$XJXVWFRQILUPKLV NQRZOHGJHWKDWKHZDV GHILQLWHO\HQJDJHGLQREVWUXFWLYHFRQGXFW