United States v. Koch

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RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206 2 United States v. Koch No. 02-6278 ELECTRONIC CITATION: 2004 FED App. 0201P (6th Cir.) File Name: 04a0201p.06 Voorhees, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Covington, Kentucky, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: H. Louis Sirkin, Jennifer M. Kinsley, Jarrod M. Mohler, SIRKIN, UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS PINALES & SCHWARTZ, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellant. Laura K. Voorhees, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT ATTORNEY, Covington, Kentucky, Charles P. Wisdom, Jr., _________________ ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Lexington, Kentucky, for Appellee. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , X Plaintiff-Appellee, - _________________ - - No. 02-6278 OPINION v. - _________________ > , JUDITH M. BARZILAY, Judge. Defendant-Appellant ROBERT KOCH , - Defendant-Appellant. - Robert Koch appeals from his sentence entered on October 3, 2002 in the Eastern District of Kentucky after his conviction N by a jury on drug and firearm offenses. He argues that the Appeal from the United States District Court district court: (1) erred in calculating the amount of drugs for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Covington. involved in the conspiracy; (2) misapplied the sentencing No. 01-00083—Joseph M. Hood, District Judge. guidelines to make a two-level adjustment for possessing a firearm; and (3) improperly granted an upward departure on Argued: April 28, 2004 the minimum 10-year sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(iii). Because the district court did not abuse Decided and Filed: June 29, 2004 its discretion in sentencing Koch, we AFFIRM the district court’s decision on all three points. Before: GUY and GILMAN, Circuit Judges; BARZILAY, Judge.* BACKGROUND _________________ Koch, now twenty-six years old, made his living by buying illegal narcotics from Arizona and selling them in his home COUNSEL state of Kentucky. This case revolves around incidents that took place on two separate dates in 2001: April 27 and ARGUED: H. Louis Sirkin, SIRKIN, PINALES & October 12. SCHWARTZ, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellant. Laura K. Early on the morning of April 27, Koch went to Justin Davis’ trailer home to collect a $5,000 drug debt owed on five pounds of marijuana. Davis was Koch’s “frontman” selling * The Honorable Judith M. Barzilay, Judge, United States Court of drugs. “Fronting” denotes supplying narcotics on credit. International Trade, sitting by designation. 1 No. 02-6278 United States v. Koch 3 4 United States v. Koch No. 02-6278 Koch had been upset about the $5,000 and did not believe and “his boys” had “loaded up for bear,” meaning they had Davis’ claim that the five pounds of marijuana he gave to loaded guns, and went to Davis’ residence. Koch told Ballard Davis had actually been stolen. that in addition to the Colt .45 found at the scene, he was carrying a 9 mm gun which he later stashed in the woods as Koch persuaded three other men, Patrick O’Brien, Robert he was fleeing. Gibson, and Joe Shukler, to accompany him to Davis’ residence. Because Koch was too intoxicated to drive, Approximately six months after the shootout, on Shukler drove Koch’s truck. When the men arrived at Davis’ October 12, 2001, the police searched Koch’s house pursuant home, the truck engine noise and barking dogs woke Davis to a warrant. During the October 12 search, officers and his roommate Luke Hitchner. Koch walked up to the discovered in Koch’s bedroom a loaded 9 mm Beretta house with Gibson while O’Brien and Shukler remained in handgun, night vision goggles, thirty-one rounds of 9 mm the truck. Both Koch and Gibson were carrying firearms. ammunition, over one thousand dollars in cash, and some Koch banged on the door and demanded that Davis and marijuana. Elsewhere in the house officers found marijuana Hitchner come outside. Hitchner opened the door and, drying in a closet, marijuana growing equipment, marijuana suspicious of Koch’s intentions, reached for his handgun. seeds, and marijuana roaches. Hearing Hitchner and Koch argue at the door, Davis also grabbed a gun. According to his girlfriend Courtney Byrnes, after the shootout Koch toned down his drug activities considerably. Moments later, mayhem ensued with guns blazing. It is He was afraid of retaliation by Davis or an investigation by unclear who fired the first shot; it is, however, clear that the police. He stopped large scale dealing and stopped Davis, Gibson, and Koch each fired multiple times. Koch’s hanging out with the “old crowd.” He sold some of his assets Colt .45 handgun and .45 shell casings were found near the and was being partially supported by his parents and Byrnes. scene. Koch himself apparently fled the scene on foot He continued, however, growing marijuana for personal use without being hit. and for occasional sale to friends. Koch maintains that he went to see Davis that day merely For the events occurring on April 27 and October 12, 2001, to scare him and that he did not intend to harm anyone. Koch was indicted on six counts relating to drug possession, Regardless of Koch’s intentions, however, a serious injury conspiracy, and firearm offenses. At trial, the jury found him and a death resulted from the shootout. As O’Brien and guilty on counts 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 of the indictment, and Shukler were fleeing the scene, speeding off in the truck, acquitted him on count 5. At sentencing, the trial court O’Brien was shot in the back of his head by Davis. departed from the probation officer’s recommendation and the Consequently, O’Brien has lost the use of his left eye and also applicable sentencing guidelines, sentencing Koch to 248 suffers from a balance disorder and short-term memory loss. months in prison. Gibson, who was with Koch at the house, died from a bullet also fired by Davis. In particular, on counts 1, 3, 4, and 6, the district court enhanced the recommended sentence by increasing the base A few weeks after the shootout, Koch went to visit his offense level to 30 (from the recommended 18) because it friend Gary Ballard in prison. According to Ballard, a dealer determined that 2,000 pounds (907 kilograms) of marijuana serving time for drug-related crimes, Koch admitted that he were involved in the conspiracy. Two additional levels were No. 02-6278 United States v. Koch 5 6 United States v. Koch No. 02-6278 added for the “specific offense characteristic” of possession that the district court should have disregarded their testimony of a dangerous weapon (not recommended), and 2 levels for entirely instead of arriving at a compromise figure. See id. at obstruction of justice (recommended). The district court thus 24. The government responds that when “no drugs are seized, sentenced Koch to 60 months in prison on counts 1, 3, 4, and the sentencing court must approximate the quantity,” and 6 to run concurrently. such determination is reviewed for clear error. Pl.’s Br. at 23 (citations omitted). The government argues that the district The district court also granted the government’s motion for court’s determination does not constitute clear error. a six-level upward departure on count 2. Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(iii) (2000), count 2 already carried In this circuit, “a district court's decision on the amount of a ten-year mandatory minimum for using or carrying a [drugs] a defendant is to be held accountable for is a finding firearm (and discharging the firearm) during and in relation to of fact which must be accepted by a court of appeals unless a drug trafficking crime, to run consecutively to any other clearly erroneous.” United States v. Walton, 908 F.2d 1289, sentence. To effectuate the upward departure, the district 1300-1301 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 990 (1990). court used U.S.S.G. §§ 5K2.1 and 5K2.2 (2001) because the “[W]here a fact is crucial to the determination of a defendant's death of one person and a permanent injury to another person guidelines base offense level or criminal history score then it had resulted during the incident in question. The district must be proven” by a preponderance of evidence. Id. at 1302. court’s decision increased Koch’s sentence on count 2 to 188 That is, “the guidelines do not permit the District Court to months (from the statutory minimum of 120). hold a defendant responsible for a specific quantity of drugs unless the court can conclude the defendant is more likely ANALYSIS than not actually responsible for a quantity greater than or equal to the quantity for which the defendant is being held The district court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. responsible.” Id. “If the exact amount cannot be determined, § 3231. This court has jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. an estimate will suffice, but here also a preponderance of the § 3742 and 28 U.S.C. § 1291. evidence must support the estimate.” Id. (1) The base offense level increase. The district court did not err in finding that approximately 2,000 pounds of marijuana was involved in the conspiracy. The base offense level for drug trafficking crimes is Because the jury never determined the amount of drugs determined pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(a) (2001). Koch’s involved, the district court needed to make that factual case falls under subsection (a)(3) and, therefore, his base determination during sentencing. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 cmt. offense level is determined by consulting the provision’s 12. Relying mainly on new testimony given at sentencing, Drug Quantity Table found in subsection (c). the district court arrived at a 2,000 pounds estimate. The 2,000 pounds estimate is supported by a preponderance of Koch argues that the district court erred in finding that evidence. A drug dealer who worked for Koch (Bybbe) 2,000 pounds of marijuana was involved in the conspiracy. testified that he made over eight trips and delivered two to See Def.’s Br. at 23. Koch contends that the witnesses who three hundred pounds at a time for Koch. He also testified testified at sentencing had an incentive to lie in order to that he once saw a “ton” of marijuana in Koch’s house in the minimize their role in the conspiracy and receive a reduced upstairs bedroom. The district court discounted the latter sentence from the prosecution. See id. Koch further argues testimony and interpreted the “ton” figure to mean 1,000 No. 02-6278 United States v. Koch 7 8 United States v. Koch No. 02-6278 pounds. The court multiplied three hundred by eight, and The Sixth Circuit reviews “a district court’s factual findings then added 1,000. The court then reduced the estimate to under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) for clear error.” United States 2,000. The drug quantity estimate was thus conservatively v. Miggins, 302 F.3d 384, 390 (6th Cir. 2002). made. Cf. Walton, 908 F.2d at 1302 (warning that the sentencing court should “err on the side of caution”); United Koch argues that the district court erred in enhancing his States v. Meacham, 27 F.3d 214, 216 (6th Cir. 1994). sentence on the possession of the Beretta on the basis that such increase is unwarranted when a defendant is convicted Moreover, testimony and other evidence revealed that Koch for violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), as he was on Count 2. made his living primarily from drug dealing and supported See Def.’s Br. at 24 (citation omitted). It is clear that the two dependents (although he was not generating large sentencing judge cannot apply a section 2D1.1(b)(1) amounts of money before February 2001, according to enhancement when a defendant is also convicted and Byrnes). He was a central figure in the conspiracy. At least sentenced for a 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) violation on the same two people (Bybbe and Davis) sold drugs he provided. His charge “because to do so would constitute impermissible friend Ballard testified that the drug dealing went as far back double-counting.” United States v. Saikaly, 207 F.3d 363, as 1998. Multiple witnesses mentioned a large shipment from 367 (6th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted). Here, Koch was Arizona. While he may not have had a “lavish” lifestyle as convicted and sentenced for a section 924(c) violation in characterized by the government, Pl.’s Br. at 10, Koch Count 2 with respect to his possession of the Colt .45 during nevertheless lived in a comfortable house and owned two the April 27 shooting incident. The two-level enhancement, vehicles and other assets. He often had large quantities of on the other hand, was imposed for his possession of the cash. That is, it is more likely than not that the amount of Beretta found during the October 12 search, for which he was drugs he was involved with was fairly large (and certainly convicted on Count 6. If the drug offenses on the two dates more than recommended by the probation officer, who by his are the same, under Saikaly, the district court cannot order the own admission was not able to review all the evidence enhancement. However, if they are distinct and separate, no implicated and did not have the advantage of testimony given case cited prohibits the enhancement. at sentencing). Koch contends that when the Beretta was found on (2) The specific offense characteristic increase. October 12, 2001, the drug conspiracy was still ongoing. See Def.’s Br. at 25. In fact, Koch states, while the conspiracy The sentencing guidelines allow a two-level increase “[i]f may have been “taper[ing] off, . . . [l]aw enforcement a dangerous weapon (including a firearm) was possessed” in [nevertheless] found the remnants of the conspiracy when a drug related crime. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1). “The they raided Mr.Koch’s home on October 12, 2001.” Def.’s enhancement for weapon possession reflects the increased Reply Br. at 8. Accordingly, the first question is whether the danger of violence when drug traffickers possess weapons.” drug conspiracy ended on April 27 such that drugs found on U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 cmt. 3. “The adjustment should be applied October 12 gave rise to a separate drug offense. if the weapon was present, unless it is clearly improbable that the weapon was connected with the offense.” Id. The First, the jury found that the drug conspiracy ended on comments give the example of an unloaded hunting rifle April 27, 2001 after the shooting after Davis and Koch had a found in a home, also containing drugs, as falling outside of falling out and all individuals involved went their separate the provision. See id. ways. Further, the jury’s finding is supported by sufficient No. 02-6278 United States v. Koch 9 10 United States v. Koch No. 02-6278 evidence in the record. Koch’s lifestyle changed considerably Cir. 2001) (citation and quotation omitted). At that point, after the April 27 shooting. He stopped associating with the “the burden shifts to the defendant to show that it was clearly others in the conspiracy (except the prison visit to Ballard) improbable that the [firearm] was connected to the offense.” and ceased dealing (except occasional small sales to friends Saikaly, 207 F.3d at 368. for personal use). The others in the conspiracy were either dead, injured, in prison, under investigation, or simply not Here, the Beretta was found in the same room (Koch’s around. Even though the October 12 search recovered some bedroom) as some marijuana. In other parts of the house, “remnants” of the conspiracy (possibly including the Beretta more marijuana and various indicia of a marijuana growing 9 mm), the district judge did not commit a clear judgment of operation were found. Thus, it is more likely than not that the error in determining the end of the conspiracy as April 27.1 Beretta was possessed in connection with drug activity. Furthermore, as the government points out, Koch did not After determining that the conspiracy ended on April 27, present any evidence that the Beretta was not connected to the question then becomes whether the parties met their drug activity. “In fact, he presented no evidence to the district respective burdens of proof under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1). In court to show that it was clearly improbable that the firearm order to “obtain an enhancement pursuant to § 2D1.1(b)(1), was associated with the drug crime.” Pl.’s Br. at 27. the government must show by a preponderance of the Therefore, the sentencing judge did not err in enhancing the evidence that the defendant possessed the firearm during the sentence because of the Beretta. drug-trafficking offense.” Saikaly, 207 F.3d at 368 (citation omitted). Once the government establishes that a firearm was (3) The six-level upward departure. “possessed” and that the firearm was “present,” “a presumption arises that such possession was connected to the With respect to count 2, the sentencing guidelines provide offense.” United States v. Hardin, 248 F.3d 489, 497 (6th that “[i]f the defendant . . . was convicted of violating [18 U.S.C. § 924(c),] the guideline sentence is the minimum term of imprisonment required by statute.” U.S.S.G. 1 T he issue here is not whether the offenses occurred on the same § 2K2.4(a)(2) (2001). This section contains no explicit dates, but whether the two offenses are relevant conduc t. See United authorization for an upward departure. Elsewhere, however, States v. Peveler, 359 F.3d 369 , 378 n.3 (6th Cir. 2004). Here, the district the sentencing guidelines authorize upward departures when court mad e no explicit relevant conduct determination, and no ne is death and “significant” physical injury are present, while not challenged. The two-level enhancement for the Beretta when another conditioning the authorization on the type of underlying count of the conviction involved section 924(c) rests on the district co urt’s finding that the conspiracy ended on the date of the shootout. In any crime. See U.S.S.G. §§ 5K2.1 & 5K2.2. event, the weapo n enhance ment did no t increase Ko ch’s sentence be cause Koch was given a sixty-month mandatory ma ximum sentenc e on counts If a death results, before enhancing the sentence, the 1, 3, 4, and 6. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(D). Regardless of whether or sentencing court must examine accompanying factors, such not the weapon enhancement was applied, the mandatory maximum was as “the defendant’s state of mind, . . . the degree of planning far less than the sentencing range of Koch’s base offense level of 30 plus or preparation, . . . whether multiple deaths resulted, and the the obstruction of justice enhancement. We observe that even if the district court’s grouping of count 1 (which had the related 924(c) means by which life was taken.” U.S.S.G. § 5K2.1. conviction in count 2) and count 4 for the p urpose o f determining the base Furthermore, the increase should be in proportion to “the offense level was error, such error was harmless because it had no impact dangerousness of the defendant’s conduct, the extent to which on the actual sentence he received. Accordingly, no remand is necessary. death or serious injury was intended or knowingly risked, and See Williams v. United States, 503 U.S. 193 , 194 (1992). No. 02-6278 United States v. Koch 11 12 United States v. Koch No. 02-6278 the extent to which the offense level for the offense of heartland of cases in the Guideline.” Koon, 518 U.S. at 98. conviction . . . already reflects the risk of personal injury.” Id. “To resolve this question, the district court must make a refined assessment of the many facts bearing on the outcome, If a physical injury results, the court must examine similar informed by its vantage point and day-to-day experience in factors as in U.S.S.G. § 5K2.1, such as the defendant’s state criminal sentencing.” Id. On the other hand, a case outside of mind or the manner in which the injury was caused, before the “heartland” of cases “will be extremely rare.” U.S.S.G. enhancing the sentence. See U.S.S.G. § 5K2.2. In addition, § 5K2.0 cmt. the increase should be in proportion to “the extent of the injury, the degree to which it may prove permanent, and the In challenging the six-level upward departure from the extent to which the injury was intended or knowingly guidelines, Koch first underlines the sentencing judge’s risked.”2 Id. statement, “I think the jury . . . cut Mr. Koch a break” on count 5 where the jury acquitted him. See Def.’s Br. at 9. We employ a de novo standard for reviewing a “district Koch contends that by increasing the sentence, the judge court’s legal conclusions regarding the application of the “effectively charged, convicted, and sentenced Mr. Koch for sentencing guidelines.” Miggins, 302 F.3d at 390. Mr. Gibson’s death and Mr. O’Brien’s injuries without a Furthermore, the appellate court “review[s] a district court’s grand jury indictment or a trial.” Id. Koch further argues that decision to depart from the Guidelines sentencing range for the ten-year mandatory minimum sentence under section abuse of discretion.” United States v. Chance, 306 F.3d 356, 924(c) adequately takes into account the risk of “violence that 393 (6th Cir. 2002) (citation omitted).3 could result from the commission of the underlying offense.” Id. at 13. Koch thus challenges the district court’s decision “Before a departure is permitted, certain aspects of the case that his case fell outside the heartland of cases covered by the must be found unusual enough for it to fall outside the applicable guideline under Koon. See id. at 14. 2 Koch references cases that explain the reason for the Koch argues that the district court did not take these factors mandatory sentence under section 924(c) being the resultant sufficiently into acco unt and erred beca use the d eath and the injury were risk of violence when drugs and guns come together. For neither intentional nor knowing. See Def.’s Br. at 19-21. The district court, however, found that Koch “intended to create the dangerous, example, in United States v. Zamora, the Ninth Circuit emo tionally charged standoff that ensued following his premeditated, explained that “the mandatory sentencing provisions of boisterous, armed incursion to the very threshold of Justin D avis’ home.” section 924 exist because the possession of a gun during a (App. 33) This indicates that the district court considered the factors drug trafficking offense increases the risk of violence.” 37 outlined in section s 5K 2.1 and 5K2 .2, such as Koch’s state of mind, in F.3d 531, 533 (9th Cir. 1994) (citation omitted). Another making its finding. T his issue is also tied to the causation issue discussed below. example is an armed robbery case where the Sixth Circuit found that the applicable sentencing guideline adequately 3 Here, Koch argues for a de novo review, while the government took into consideration that bank robbers frequently discharge insists on the abuse of discretion standard. The federal courts, including firearms, and thereby struck down the enhancement. See the Sixth Circuit, employ both standards in departures from guidelines Def.’s Br. at 17 (discussing United States v. Bond, 22 F.3d depending on whether and to what extent the question is legal or factual. 662 (6th Cir. 1994)). As the Supreme Court stated in Koon, not much turns on the label chosen because a district court that made a mistake of law would have by definition abused its discretion. See 518 U.S. at 100 . No. 02-6278 United States v. Koch 13 14 United States v. Koch No. 02-6278 The government counters with three opinions where the present to a degree that makes the case different from the courts found that death or serious injury takes the offense ordinary case where the factor is present.” Id.4 outside the heartland of cases covered by section 924(c) and the applicable guideline. See Pl.’s Br. at 18-19. In United Death and serious physical injury are “encouraged factors” States v. Scheetz, the sentencing court authorized a departure for enhancement under U.S.S.G. §§ 5K2.1 and 5K2.2. The for the discharge of a firearm during a conspiracy to distribute applicable sentencing guideline 2K2.4(a)(2) (2001), however, marijuana (less than 50 kilograms) when a death and physical points to section 924(c) without mentioning death or physical injury resulted, even though the defendant’s culpability was injury. Section 924(c) in turn provides a mandatory minimum found to be “at the low end of the spectrum.” 293 F.3d 175, for using, carrying, and discharging a firearm during a drug 191 (4th Cir. 2002). In United States v. Philiposian, 267 F.3d offense, but does not indicate what the sentence should be if 214 (3d Cir. 2001), the court found that a two-level upward a death or physical injury occurred. departure for permanent injury was warranted when the nature and extent of injuries (including psychological injuries) took Here, the district court stated that “[s]ince Section 2K2.4 the case “outside the heartland” of “permanent or life provides no sort of enhancement for the physical injuries and threatening injuries” in an aggravated assault charge for death that resulted from the defendant’s actions, the court causing permanent injury. Additionally, in Philiposian, the finds that this case is outside . . . the heartland of cases defendant randomly picked a mail carrier as his victim in a covered by this guideline.” (App. 258A.) In arguing that this sniper attack with an AK-47, a high-capacity, semiautomatic case is within the heartland, Koch indicates that Zamora (and weapon. See 267 F.3d at 215. In United States v. Bazile, 30 other cases) explained that “the mandatory sentencing Fed. Appx. 830, 2002 WL 203342 (10th Cir., Feb. 11, 2002), provisions of section 924 exist because the possession of a the court upheld an upward departure in a section 924(c) gun during a drug offense increases the risk of violence.” sentence when the defendant shot and physically injured two 37 F.3d at 533. The issue therefore is whether the section 924 victims. mandatory minimum adequately takes into account the possibility of violence. To allow a departure from the guidelines, the first question is whether a particular case falls outside the heartland of cases There is no case cited by either party directly on point. In (brought under and implicating 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) and the cases cited by Koch (Zamora and Bond) no death or U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4(a)(2) (2001)), making it an “unusual” case. physical injury resulted. Here, the violence was not merely Chance, 306 F.3d at 393 (citing Koon). The district court risked, but it actually occurred, causing a death and a serious may not depart from the guidelines if the case is a “heartland” injury. In the cases cited by the government (Scheetz, case. The second question is whether the special factor (such Philiposian, and Bazile) on the other hand, the defendant was as the existence of death or physical injury) is an the person who fired the shots that caused a death or physical “encouraged” factor to warrant an enhancement under the guidelines. “If the special factor is an encouraged factor, the sentencing court may depart if the applicable Guideline does not already take the factor into consideration.” Id. If the guideline already takes the special factor into consideration, “the sentencing court should depart only if the factor is 4 In this opinion, only those parts of the Chance test that are pertinent to this case are discussed. No. 02-6278 United States v. Koch 15 16 United States v. Koch No. 02-6278 injury.5 Koch, however, did not directly cause the death or them. They arrived at Davis’ residence at dawn, startling the the injury here. Koch urges that there must be a “stronger inhabitants. Koch banged on the door, and demanded that link [than found by the district court] between Koch’s conduct Davis and his roommate come out. As a result of Koch’s and the death and physical injuries.” Def.’s Br. at 19 (citation actions, the inhabitants reached for their guns and armed omitted). The district court explained its decision as follows: themselves. Even though Koch did not kill or injure anybody directly, he is nevertheless responsible for the death and the Koch’s actions were the catalysts that set off the gun injury as the primary instigator of the violence that inevitably battle that resulted in Bob Gibson’s death and Pat ensued. The district court was correct that it should have O’Brien’s serious physical injuries. Although he may been reasonably foreseeable to him that his actions could lead not have fired the fatal shot, Robbie Koch no doubt to an injury or even death. intended to create the dangerous, emotionally charged standoff that ensued following his premeditated, Neither the applicable sentencing guideline nor section boisterous, armed incursion to the very threshold of 924(c) adequately contemplates the events that took place at Justin Davis’ home. But for Mr. Koch’s aggressions, the Davis’ residence on April 27, 2001. Section 924(c) merely shootout would never have taken place. prescribes a mandatory minimum for the risk of violence that may result from carrying a firearm during a drug offense. Cf. (App. 33.) Zamora, 37 F.3d at 533. The mandatory minimum does not preclude the imposition of a higher sentence when actual In other words, the district court authorized the upward violence occurs and individuals are killed or seriously hurt. departure because it found that Koch’s actions were the “catalysts” that led to the death and the injury. Because this case is outside the heartland of the cases envisioned by section 924(c) and because Koch’s conduct led We agree. The district court’s enhancement was justified to the death and physical injury, we sustain the upward by the facts of this case. But for Koch’s actions, the tragedy departure on Koch’s sentence. As in Scheetz, there is “no at Davis’ house would never have taken place. Koch, who basis for foreclosing a departure under U.S.S.G. § 5K2.1 or was at the center of the drug conspiracy, was upset about the U.S.S.G. § 5K2.2 when a defendant helps put into motion a prospect that his frontman Davis was cheating him. To chain of events that risks serious injury or death, even when collect the money or to intimidate Davis or both Koch an intent to harm is entirely absent and the defendant was not apparently thought a show of force was necessary. To that directly responsible for the death.” 293 F.3d at 191. end, Koch recruited three other men to come with him to Davis’ residence. Koch and the men took weapons with With respect to the magnitude of the increase, the district court “elect[ed] to employ a six-level increase similar to the increases for permanent or life threatening bodily injury 5 found at sentencing guideline Section 2A2.2, aggravated The government argues that Scheetz controls this case because the defendant there did not fire the shot that led to the death of one victim. assault; Section 2B3.1, robbery; and Section 2B3.2, extortion However, the defendant in Sch eetz admitted that he fired shots at another by force.” (App. 259.) In U.S.S.G. § 2A2.2 (b)(3)(C), a six- victim who w as injure d. Even though we find the Scheetz court’s level increase is provided for a “permanent or life-threatening pronouncement on causation helpful in o ur ultimate dec ision to uphold bodily injury.” This is two levels higher than the increase the departure, Scheetz cannot control this ca se because Ko ch did not fire level provided for “serious bodily injury.” In sections any of the shots that caused either the injury or the death. No. 02-6278 United States v. Koch 17 2B3.1(b)(3)(C) and 2B3.2(b)(4)(C), the same increase is provided for the same injury. Here, the district court counted only O’Brien’s injuries and not Gibson’s death in the six- level departure by not increasing the level above six. Thus, the magnitude of the increase for both the death and the injury is reasonable. CONCLUSION For all the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.