NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 04a0131n.06
Filed: November 29, 2004
No. 03-2488
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
CHARLES WINSLOW, ) WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
Before: KEITH, CLAY, and COOK, Circuit Judges.
COOK, Circuit Judge. Defendant Charles Winslow appeals his conviction of using and
occupying National Forest land as part of a group of seventy-five or more persons without a special-
use permit in violation of 16 U.S.C. § 551 and 36 C.F.R. §§ 251.50(a), 261.10(k), and 261.1b.
Winslow argues that the permit requirement, as applied to him, violates the First Amendment, and
that he should not have been convicted because the group did not authorize him to sign a permit
application. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
I. Facts and Procedural History
Winslow is a member of the “Rainbow Family of Living Light” (“Rainbow Family”), an
informal group that meets over several days each year, often in a National Forest, to do such things
No. 03-2488
United States v. Winslow
as pray for peace, discuss environmental issues, and socialize. Rainbow Family meetings draw as
many as 20,000 people. Winslow was among a group of Rainbow Family members who participated
in meetings with a Forest Service officer to discuss site selection and logistics for the Rainbow
Family’s 2002 gathering in Ottawa National Forest. Winslow refused to sign a permit application
for the event, because, he claimed, he had no authorization from the group, and signing on behalf
of the rest of the group would be contrary to the group’s individualist principles.
Because Winslow refused to sign a permit application, the meeting occurred without Forest
Service permission. Winslow was then charged with one count of violating the rules and regulations
of the National Forest, in violation of 36 C.F.R. § 261.10(k). After a bench trial, a magistrate judge
found Winslow guilty. On appeal, the district court upheld the conviction.
II. The Forest Service’s Permit Requirement Is a Valid Time, Place, and Manner Restriction
Under Forest Service rules, groups of seventy-five or more people gathering in a National
Forest for a non-commercial purpose must acquire a special use permit in advance. Winslow argues
that this requirement violates his First Amendment rights to free speech, to peacefully assemble, and
to practice his religion. We find these arguments meritless.
First Amendment jurisprudence allows the government to impose reasonable “time, place,
or manner” restrictions on expressive conduct in a public forum. Clark v. Cmty. for Creative Non-
Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293 (1984). Such restrictions are valid, “provided that they are justified
without reference to the content of the regulated speech, that they are narrowly tailored to serve a
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United States v. Winslow
significant governmental interest, and that they leave open ample alternative channels for
communication of the information.” Id. (citations omitted). Though Winslow disagrees, we view
the Forest Service’s permit requirement as a valid time, place, and manner restriction for the
following reasons.
First, the rule is content-neutral. It applies to any gathering of seventy-five or more people
in a National Forest, whether the gathering intends any speech, and irrespective of topic. See Black
v. Arthur, 201 F.3d 1120, 1123 (9th Cir. 2000).
Second, the rule is narrowly tailored to serve the significant government interest in
“protecting public health and safety, preserving National Forest lands, and allocating space among
different groups and uses.” United States v. Nenninger, 351 F.3d 340, 346 (8th Cir. 2003). Winslow
argues that the Forest Service “had an opportunity to serve any interest it might have claimed,”
because he was generally willing to cooperate; just not willing to sign the permit. But even if that
were true, “restrictions on the time, place, or manner of protected speech are not invalid simply
because there is some imaginable alternative that might be less burdensome on speech.” Ward v.
Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 797 (1989) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Further, the permit requirement serves the government’s interests in a way that informal cooperation
would not:
[R]equiring an individual to sign a special use authorization as a representative of the
group is necessary to ensure that the group will be responsible for the actions of its
members as a whole, to give the authorization legal effect and to subject the group
to the authorization’s terms and conditions.
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United States v. Winslow
United States v. Kalb, 234 F.3d 827, 833 (3d Cir. 2000) (quoting United States v. Masel, 54 F. Supp.
2d 903, 919 (W.D. Wis. 1999)).
Finally, the rule leaves ample alternative channels for communication.
The regulation does not preclude the use of state or private property for Rainbow
Family gatherings. It also does not impinge upon the right of the Rainbow Family
to meet on federal land which does not fall within Forest Service jurisdiction or to
gather in groups made up of fewer than 75 individuals.
Id.
We thus sanction the Forest Service rule as a valid time, place, and manner restriction
presenting no affront to the First Amendment.
III. Winslow’s Putative Lack of Authority to Sign a Permit Application Is Irrelevant
Winslow also contends that he should not have been convicted because he did not have the
group’s authority to sign a permit. The undisputed elements of Winslow’s offense are: (1) The
defendant was engaged in a non-commercial activity on National Forest Service land; (2) more than
seventy-five people were engaged in the non-commercial activity either as participants or spectators;
and (3) the group failed to obtain a special use permit in advance of the event. Winslow concedes
that he was engaged in a non-commercial activity on National Forest Land; that he was part of a
group of seventy-five or more people; and that neither he nor anyone else obtained a special use
permit for the event. We need not decide here whether a defendant must also be a group leader or
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United States v. Winslow
contact person to be convicted under the rule because, given that ample evidence supports the
district court’s finding that this defendant acted as a contact person, Winslow himself would satisfy
the additional element he seeks to require.
IV. Conclusion
Winslow having presented no grounds to reverse his conviction, we affirm.
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No. 03-2488
Clay, Circuit Judge, concurring. I concur in the majority opinion, but write separately to
discuss Winslow’s status as a contact person or representative for the Rainbow Family. U.S. Forest
Service regulations require an individual or entity who proposes to occupy National Forest land to
file a written proposal with the Forest Service or to present an oral proposal to the District Ranger
or the Forest Supervisor having jurisdiction over the affected land. 36 C.F.R. § 251.54(b). As
described by the Third Circuit:
The application for a permit is a simple one-page document which essentially
requires the applicant to supply information concerning the location and description
of the National Forest System land upon which the activity will take place, the
facilities that the applicant seeks to use, the estimated number of participants and
spectators, the starting and ending times and dates for the proposed activity, and the
name of an adult who will sign a special use authorization on behalf of the applicant.
United States v. Kalb, 234 F.3d 827, 830 (3d Cir. 2000) (citing 36 C.F.R. § 251.54). The regulations
require the proponent (if not an individual) to designate a contact person and a representative for the
group. See id. § 251.54(d)(1) (proposal for special use must provide “the name and address of the
proponent’s agent who is authorized to receive notice of actions pertaining to the proposal”); id. §
251.54(d)(2)(E) (proposal for special use must provide “[t]he name of the person or persons 21 years
of age or older who will sign a special use authorization on behalf of the proponent”). If the Forest
Service approves the application, the designated representative must sign the special use permit on
behalf of the group. Id. § 251.54(g)(3)(H).
At trial, Winslow admitted to the three elements of a violation of 36 C.F.R. § 261.10(k) as
specified in the majority opinion, but raised a defense that, because he is not an official of the
Rainbow Family, he could not act as a contact person or representative for purposes of securing a
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No. 03-2488
permit for their gathering in Ottawa National Forest on June 22, 2002. He argued that listing himself
as a contact person or a representative on the special use permit application would have amounted
to a false statement and exposed him to a substantial fine and/or imprisonment pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
§ 101. The evidence in the record, however, belies Winslow’s arguments.
Since 1972, Winslow’s role with the Rainbow Family has involved scouting sites and
conferring with the Forest Service. Further, Winslow participated in several meetings with Forest
Service personnel for the purpose of discussing site selection and logistics of the June 22, 2002
gathering. According to the testimony of Thomas Ford, Assistant Forest Supervisor at the Ottawa
National Forest, Winslow dominated much of the discussion at a May 17, 2002 meeting between
the Rainbow Family and the Forest Service. When the Forest Service proposed several sites for the
Rainbow Family gathering, Winslow rejected all of them. According to Ford, Winslow appeared
to act as a leader for the Rainbow Family. These facts support the finding that Winslow was a
representative of the Rainbow Family.
Winslow’s own testimony reveals that he considered himself to be a contact person for the
group. He acknowledged at trial that if the Forest Service had come up with additional proposed
sites after the May 17, 2002 meeting, it could have contacted him and provided him with that
information. Winslow then would have provided that information to the Rainbow Family at its
“Spring Council” meeting.
Because Winslow acted as both a representative and a contact person for the Rainbow
Family, he would not have faced criminal prosecution for making a false statement if he had
submitted a permit application that designated himself as a contact person or a representative for the
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No. 03-2488
group. As noted by the Magistrate Judge, Winslow fails to provide a plausible explanation of the
difference between acting as a contact person for the Rainbow Family in meeting with the Forest
Service and acting as a contact person for the Rainbow Family for a permit application.
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