NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 04a0170n.06
Filed: December 17, 2004
No. 03-1450
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
v. ) EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
)
OSCAR FLORES, )
) OPINION
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
)
)
Before: BATCHELDER and DAUGHTREY, Circuit Judges; and DOWD, Senior District
Judge.*
PER CURIAM:
I. Introduction.
The issues on this appeal, following a jury conviction for possession of a firearm by a
convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), are directed to the enhanced sentence of 235
months based on the finding that Flores was, as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1), a career criminal
offender.1 The government contended in its enhancement notice that Flores had four prior
*
The Honorable David D. Dowd, Jr., United States District Judge for the Northern District
of Ohio, sitting by designation.
1
The appellant also raises ineffectiveness of his trial counsel, an issue we decline to
consider on direct appeal, see Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 504-05 (2003), and, in his
supplemental brief, a Blakely issue which we find meritless in view of United States v. Koch, 383
(continued...)
(Case No. 03-1450)
convictions that satisfied the requirements for a judicial determination that Flores was a career
criminal offender.2
The statutory requirements for the enhanced sentence for violating § 922(g) require three
qualifying convictions as stipulated in § 924(e)(1) which states:
In the case of a person who violates section 922(g) of this title and has three
previous convictions by any court referred to in section 922(g)(1) of this title for a
violent felony or a serious drug offense, or both, committed on occasions different
from one another, such person shall be fined under this title and imprisoned not less
than fifteen years, and, notwithstanding any other provision of law, the court shall
not suspend the sentence of, or grant a probationary sentence to, such person with
respect to the conviction under section 922(g).
Two of the convictions were for prior drug convictions and no challenge was raised by Flores
as to application of those offenses to the enhancement provisions for an armed career criminal
offender.
The sentencing issue focused on the two other convictions, i.e., the juvenile adjudication for
assault with a knife and the 1987 Michigan conviction for carrying a concealed weapon. The
government contended that both convictions counted.3 The district court did not address the issue
1
(...continued)
F.3d 436 (6th Cir. 2004) (en banc).
2
The § 924(e) notice specifying Flores as an armed career criminal was filed prior to trial
on April 12, 2002. The notice listed a November 2, 1970 juvenile adjudication for assault with a
knife in Saginaw County, Michigan; a Michigan conviction on January 12, 1977 for delivery of
heroin; a December 19, 1987 Michigan conviction for carrying a concealed weapon, which was
listed in the notice as a conviction under § 924(e)(2)(B)(i); and a December 28, 1987 conviction in
U.S. District Court in the Eastern District of Michigan, Northern Division, for distribution of heroin.
3
The government’s sentencing memorandum acknowledged the expungement of Flores’s
juvenile adjudication by operation of state law, but argued that the adjudication still counted under
the teachings of Caron v. United States, 524 U.S. 308 (1998). See JA 130-31.
2
(Case No. 03-1450)
of whether the Michigan conviction for carrying a concealed weapon counted, but agreed with the
government that the juvenile adjudication did count, given the dictates of § 924(e)(2) (C) which
state:
The term “conviction” includes a finding that a person has committed an act
of juvenile delinquency involving a violent felony.
We turn now to examine the question of whether the juvenile adjudication qualifies as a
“violent felony.”
In that context, the § 924(e)(1) reference to a “violent felony” requires examination of the
definition of the term “violent felony” which is set forth in § 924(e)(2)(B):
The term “violent felony” means any crime punishable by imprisonment for
a term exceeding one year, or any act of juvenile delinquency involving the use or
carrying of a firearm, knife, or destructive device that would be punishable by
imprisonment for such term if committed by an adult, that --
has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force
against the person of another; or
is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise
involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.
II. The District Court’s Decision.
Faced with the dispute as to whether either or both non-drug convictions counted as a
“violent felony” to constitute the necessary third conviction under the provisions of § 922(g), the
district court published a brief decision which stated in its entirety as follows:
At the time of defendant’s sentencing the Court included defendant’s juvenile
conviction for assault with a knife in determining that the Armed Career Criminal
enhancement applied. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). Defendant objected to the
enhancement on the grounds the conviction had been expunged as a matter of law,
citing United States v. Merryman, 1994 WL 54430 (6th Cir. Feb. 23, 1994)
(unpublished). The government responded, citing Caron v. United States, 524 U.S.
308, 316-17 (1998), decided after Merryman, where the Supreme Court effectively
held that as long as a conviction carries with it any disability under state law, the
3
(Case No. 03-1450)
fact that it has been expunged nevertheless requires it be considered as a conviction
under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). (Emphasis added).
Following Caron, Michigan law, as argued by the government in the
Government’s Sentencing Memorandum filed February 14, 2003, defendant’s
juvenile conviction, notwithstanding the fact it has been expunged by operation of
law, prevents defendant from obtaining a concealed weapons permit. Because
defendant cannot obtain a concealed weapons permit, his juvenile conviction is,
under Caron, a predicate offense under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). As such, the sentence
enhancement is appropriate. (Emphasis added).
JA at 190.
III. Does the decision in Caron v. United States, 524 U.S. 308, 316-317 (1998) override the
expungement provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20) in view of the fact that Flores, under
Michigan law, is not eligible to obtain a license to carry a concealed weapon?
18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20) provides in relevant part as follows:
What constitutes a conviction of such a crime shall be
determined in accordance with the law of the jurisdiction in which
the proceedings were held. Any conviction which has been
expunged, or set aside or for which a person has been pardoned or
has had civil rights restored shall not be considered a conviction for
purposes of this chapter, unless such pardon, expungement, or
restoration of civil rights expressly provides that the person may not
ship, transport, possess or receive firearms. (Emphasis added.)
In Caron, the defendant was permitted under Massachusetts law to possess some firearms,
but not all firearms. A majority of the Supreme Court concluded that the right in the Commonwealth
of Massachusetts to possess some weapons, i.e., firearms, did not translate to the right to possess
all firearms. Consequently, even though, by reason of the restoration of his civil rights, Caron was
permitted under Massachusetts law to possess rifles or shotguns, he was not permitted to possess a
handgun.
4
(Case No. 03-1450)
Against that factual background, the Caron court rejected the defendant’s argument that his
prior Massachusetts convictions should not count for enhancement purposes, even though the
defendant’s civil rights had been restored. In reaching that ruling, the Caron court analyzed the
“unless” clause of § 921(a)(20) in the following passages:
Aside from the unless clause, the parties agree Massachusetts law has
restored petitioner’s civil rights. As for the unless clause, state law permits him to
possess rifles and shotguns but forbids him to possess handguns outside his home or
business. The question presented is whether the handgun restriction activates the
unless clause, making the convictions count under federal law.
...
The phrase “may not . . . possess . . . firearms,” then, must be interpreted
under either of what the parties call the two “all-or-nothing” approaches. Either it
applies when the State forbids one or more types of firearms, as the Government
contends; or it does not apply if state law permits one or more types of firearms,
regardless of the one possessed in the particular case.
...
Under petitioner’s all-or-nothing argument, federal law would forbid only a
subset of activities already criminal under state law. This limitation would contradict
the intent of Congress. In Congress’ view, existing state laws “provide less than
positive assurance that the person in question no longer poses an unacceptable risk
of dangerousness.” Dickerson, 460 U.S. at 120. Congress meant to keep guns away
from all offenders who, the Federal Government feared, might cause harm, even if
those persons were not deemed dangerous by States. See id., at 119. If federal law
is to provide the missing “positive assurance,” it must reach primary conduct not
covered by state law. The need for this caution is borne out by petitioner’s rifle
attack on the Miller family, in which petitioner used a gun permitted by state law.
Any other result would reduce federal law to a sentence enhancement for some state-
law violations, a result inconsistent with the congressional intent we recognized in
Dickerson. Permission to possess one gun cannot mean permission to possess all.
...
5
(Case No. 03-1450)
As to the possession of weapons, however, the Federal Government has an
interest in a single, national, protective policy, broader than required by state law.
Petitioner’s approach would undermine this protective purpose.
...
In sum, Massachusetts treats petitioner as too dangerous to trust with
handguns, though it accords this right to law-abiding citizens. Federal law uses this
state finding of dangerousness in forbidding petitioner to have any guns.
Caron, 524 U.S. at 313-17.
We find that Michigan’s statutory prohibition on Flores’ right to obtain a license or permit
to carry a concealed weapon does not activate the “unless” provision of § 921(a)(20) as the statutory
prohibition does not relate to shipping, transporting, possessing or receiving firearms. The Michigan
law authorizing its citizens to apply for a license to carry a concealed weapon does not speak to the
possession of firearms as did the Massachusetts law. As a consequence, we reject the district court’s
reliance on the juvenile adjudication for assault with a knife as a “violent crime” within the context
of § 924(e).
The Caron decision refused to divide the concept of possession into lawful and unlawful
divisions; but to extend the Caron decision to denial of a permit to conceal a firearm would extend
the “unless” clause of § 921(a)(20) to the additional act of concealment of a firearm. We find that
extension of the teachings of Caron under the factual setting for this case is not warranted. Thus,
we hold that the juvenile adjudication does not count as a violent felony for the purposes of
enhancement.4
4
The appellant’s brief raised the argument that the juvenile conviction should have been
excluded because the government did not demonstrate that the defendant had counsel. In light of
(continued...)
6
(Case No. 03-1450)
IV. Does Flores’ Michigan conviction for carrying a concealed weapon qualify as a
“violent felony”?
However, there exists an unresolved issue as to whether the December 19, 1987 Michigan
conviction for the crime of carrying a concealed weapon counts as a violent felony. If so, the
enhanced penalty imposed by the district court would still constitute a valid sentence. As indicated,
the government argued that Flores’ prior Michigan conviction for carrying a concealed weapon
qualified as a “violent felony” under the enhancement provisions of § 924(e)(1). The district court
did not make a definitive ruling on that claim. There is a division of opinion on this issue by our
sister circuits.5 We find that this issue should initially be considered by the district court after the
parties have the opportunity to fully brief the issue.
The conviction for the violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) is affirmed, but the sentence to a term
of 235 months is vacated, and this case is remanded to the district court for further proceedings on
4
(...continued)
our decision that the juvenile adjudication does not count as a violent felony for the purposes of
enhancement, we need not address this separate argument.
5
United States v. Hall, 77 F.3d 398, 401-402 (11th Cir. 1996) concluded that a conviction
for carrying a concealed weapon constituted a “violent felony.” The Hall court focused on §
924(e)(2)(B)(ii) which spotlighted “conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury
to another” and opined that “carrying a concealed weapon is conduct that poses serious potential risk
of physical injury and, so, falls under the definition of violent felony.” United States v. Whitfield,
907 F.2d 798, 800 (8th Cir. 1990) reached a different result, holding that a prior state conviction for
carrying a concealed weapon did not constitute a “violent felony.” The Whitfield court declared:
“(A)lthough carrying an illegal weapon may involve a continuing risk to others, the harm is not so
immediate as to ‘present [ ] a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.’” The Whitfield
court cited as authority United States v. Johnson, 704 F.Supp. 1403, 1407 (E.D. Mich. 1989), aff’d
per curiam, 900 F.2d 260 (6th Cir. 1990). As the Sixth Circuit decision in the Johnson case is
unpublished, we are not bound by that decision.
7
(Case No. 03-1450)
the issue of whether the defendant’s prior state conviction for carrying a concealed weapon qualifies
as a violent felony.
8
(Case No. 03-1450)
MARTHA CRAIG DAUGHTREY, dissenting. Because I conclude that the district
court was correct to apply Caron v. United States, 524 U.S. 308 (1998), to the facts of this
case, I respectfully dissent.
As the majority notes, in determining whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(e)(1) applies in this
case, we are interpreting federal law and must seek to carry out the intent of Congress in
its decision to increase the punishment of armed career criminals. Congress has made it
clear that we are to count as a “violent felony” the offense committed by Flores as a
juvenile, unless, as 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20) provides, that conviction has been pardoned
or expunged. In this case, the juvenile conviction was expunged by operation of state law,
but under the applicable Michigan statute, Flores is nevertheless prevented from obtaining
a permit to carry a concealed weapon. Thus, the inquiry shifts to the exception carved out
in subsection (a)(20), the so-called “unless clause.”
That exception provides that the ameliorative effect of a pardon, expungement, or
restoration of civil rights is inoperative if the “expungement . . . expressly provides that the
person may not . . . transport [or] possess . . . firearms.” 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20). Just as
the Caron court determined that permission to possess rifles or shotguns but not handguns
was sufficient to bring the defendant within the exception to § 921(a)(20), see Caron v.
United States, 524U.S. at 316-17, it seems clear to me that a prohibition against
transporting or possessing concealed weapons is the sort of limitation that Congress must
have intended in adding the “unless clause” to § 921(a)(20). The purpose of the clause is
to “keep guns away from all offenders who, the Federal Government feared, might cause
9
(Case No. 03-1450)
harm, even if those persons were not deemed dangerous by States,” Caron, 524 U.S. at
315, especially where, as in this case, Michigan’s juvenile expungement provision
expressly limits the right to carry a concealed weapon and is an obvious example of “state
laws [that] ‘provide less than positive assurance that the person in question no longer
poses an unacceptable risk of dangerousness.’” Id. (quoting Dickerson v. New Banner
Inst., Inc., 460 U.S. 103, 120 (1983)).
Here, the proof is in the pudding. Just how high is the risk of dangerousness
involved in the possession of a concealed weapon? Certainly, it is high enough to cause
the majority to remand this case to have the district court determine whether a conviction
for carrying a concealed weapon constitutes a “violent felony” for purposes of § 924(e). It
seems to me that the further inquiry ordered by the majority is unnecessary and that the
district court should simply be affirmed.
10