NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 05a0645n.06
Filed: August 2, 2005
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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
ANDRE WHITE, ) EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
Before: DAUGHTREY and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges, and SARGUS,* District Judge.
PER CURIAM. The defendant, Andre White, pleaded guilty to being a felon in
possession of a firearm and received a prison sentence of 76 months, to be followed by
three years of supervised release. Before this court, White contends that the district court
erred in applying a four-level enhancement under § 2K2.1 of the relevant edition of the
United States Sentencing Guidelines, arguing that the facts do not support such an
enhancement. In light of the Supreme Court’s pronouncements in United States v. Booker,
543 U.S. ___, 125 S.Ct. 738 (2005), and our recent decisions interpreting that case, we
conclude that the defendant’s sentence must be vacated and the case remanded for re-
sentencing, because the district court treated the guidelines as mandatory. But given the
*
The Hon. Edmund A Sargus, Jr., United States District Judge for the Southern District of Ohio, sitting
by designation.
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evidence in the record, we also conclude that the district court correctly determined that a
§ 2K2.1 enhancement is proper in this case.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The defendant and the government do not dispute the underlying facts of this case.
As summarized by the United States Probation Office in the pre-sentence report:
On April 7, 2003, a State of Michigan search warrant was executed at 14870
Blackstone, Detroit, Michigan by DPD officers. Prior to entering the home,
an officer observed the defendant sitting at a table, holding a lotto wrap
containing suspected narcotics. Once the officers announced their presence,
the defendant dropped the lotto wrap on the table and opened the front door.
The lotto wrap was found to contain loose cocaine (.3 grams).
A search of the home revealed an unloaded Rohm .22 caliber revolver, Serial
No. 106361, confiscated from the chair next to where the defendant was
seated, under a coat. In the garage, officers located a Smith and Wesson,
Model 59, 9mm handgun, Serial No. A407975, with an infrared scope, loaded
with 15 live rounds. On the defendant, officers located a key to the front
door.
The defendant admitted that he was aware of the cocaine located in the
residence, and that he brought the .22 caliber weapon to the residence. After
it was determined the defendant had a prior felony conviction, the case was
transferred for federal prosecution.
AFT [sic] agents later determined that the 9mm handgun (found in the
garage) had been stolen in 1998, from a residence in Whitmore Lake,
Michigan. However, there was no evidence that the defendant was aware
of this gun, as the house was often used by others for selling drugs.
In light of the evidence against him, White entered a guilty plea with the district court
and submitted to investigation by a probation officer. The resulting pre-sentence report
recommended that White be classified as a level 17, criminal history category V, offender
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subject to a prison term of 46-57 months. More than two weeks after the deadline for filing
objections to that report, however, the government asserted that White’s offense level
should be increased an additional four levels because the .22 caliber firearm constructively
possessed by the defendant was “used . . . in connection with another felony.” UNITED
STATES SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 2K2.1(b)(5) (2003). Specifically, the United
States claimed that White’s possession of .3 grams of cocaine qualifies as a state felony
offense, despite the small amount of illegal substance involved, because such possession
is punishable under Michigan law by incarceration of up to four years. See MICH. COMP.
LAWS ANN. § 333.7403(2)(a)(v).
The district judge concurred in the government’s assessment and determined that
the defendant should be subjected to a sentencing range of 70-87 months as an offense
level 21, criminal history category V, offender. The court then imposed a prison term of 76
months, a three-year term of supervised release, and a $100 special assessment. White
now appeals, challenging the propriety of the four-level increase in the applicable offense
level.
DISCUSSION
After the completion of briefing in this matter, the United States Supreme Court
released its opinion in Booker. In that case, the Supreme Court held:
[T]he Sixth Amendment forbids judicial determination of “[a]ny fact (other
than a prior conviction) which is necessary to support a sentence exceeding
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the maximum” sentence – i.e., the upper extreme of the guidelines sentence
range – “authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a jury
verdict . . . .”
United States v. McCraven, 401 F.3d 693, 700 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Booker, 125 S.Ct.
at 756).
Because the defendant admitted at his plea hearing that he possessed the unloaded
.22 caliber firearm and the .3 grams of cocaine found or seen near him, all facts necessary
to support application of the enhancement discussed in § 2K2.1(b)(5) of the guidelines
were established in this case without need for “judicial determination.” White’s sentence
thus does not violate the Sixth Amendment as construed in Booker, and White is not
“entitled to have a jury second-guess his guilty plea.” McCraven, 401 F.3d at 700.
Nevertheless, “the remedy ordered by the Court in Booker had the effect of altering
the Sentencing Reform Act to make the guidelines advisory rather than mandatory.” Id.
Consequently, “we believe that it would be prudent to accord the district court an
opportunity to take another look at the sentence in light of the new dispensation. See
United States v. Barnett, 398 F.3d 516 (6th Cir. 2005).” Id. (footnote omitted).
Even though Booker “severed and rendered inapplicable 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553(b)(1)
and 3742(e), which made adherence to the Guidelines mandatory, the Booker Court also
explained that sentencing courts should continue to consider the recommended Guideline
sentence. See Booker, 125 S.Ct. at 764; see also 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” United States v.
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McDaniel, 398 F.3d 540, 550-51 (6th Cir. 2005). Hence, we must now undertake to
examine the applicability of the challenged guideline enhancement in this case. As in
McDaniel, “[w]e emphasize, however, that our discussion of th[is] Guidelines provision[ ]
should not be construed as requiring the district court to impose a sentence reflecting th[is]
enhancement[ ] or as speaking to the ultimate reasonableness of the sentence[ ] the district
court orders on remand.” Id. at 551 n.9.
Despite admitting that he possessed both a firearm (albeit unloaded) and .3 grams
of cocaine, White argues that the § 2K2.1(b)(5) enhancement cannot properly be applied
to this situation because the record contains insufficient evidence that the gun was used
“in connection with” the Michigan state law felony of possession of cocaine. The defendant,
citing United States v. Hardin, 248 F.3d 489, 495 (6th Cir. 2001), and United States v. Clay,
346 F.3d 173, 179 (6th Cir. 2003), insists that the mere “presence of drugs in a home does
not ipso facto support the application of a § 2K2.1(b)(5) conviction.”
In making the statement referenced by White, however, the court in Hardin was
discussing the hypothetical situation “where a defendant arrested at his residence has an
unloaded hunting rifle in the closet.” Hardin, 248 F.3d at 501. In contrast, White was not
in his own residence and, although his gun was unloaded, he had it within his reach,
presumably to give the impression that he was willing to use the weapon should anyone
attempt to interfere with his possession or use of the illegal narcotics at the site. Thus, the
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appellate record indicates that the district court did not err in its application of § 2K2.1(b)(5)
to the determination of the defendant’s sentence.
CONCLUSION
Although we hold that the sentence enhancement imposed in this case was
appropriate, because the district court considered the guidelines to be mandatory rather
than discretionary, the sentence must be VACATED and the case REMANDED to the
district court for re-sentencing in conformity with Booker.
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