NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 05a0589n.06
Filed: July 12, 2005
No. 04-5871
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee
v.
DORMINIC THOMAS,
Defendant-Appellant
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
_____________________________________________/
Before: MARTIN and ROGERS, Circuit Judges, and MCKINLEY, District Judge.*
JOSEPH H. MCKINLEY, JR., District Judge. The defendant, Dorminic Thomas, appeals
the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress cocaine seized at the scene of his arrest, after
entering a conditional guilty plea to possession with the intent to distribute in excess of fifty
grams of cocaine base. Thomas also appeals his sentence as a career offender, claiming that he
should not have been sentenced under the career offender provisions of § 4B1.1(a) of the United
States Sentencing Guidelines, as this required findings by the sentencing court that were not
*
The Honorable Joseph H. McKinley, Jr., United States District Judge for the Western
District of Kentucky, sitting by designation.
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Page 2
submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Although we reject Thomas’s appeal
of the denial of his motion to suppress and the appeal of his sentence, we find that the imposition
of the mandatory sentencing guidelines was not harmless error because Thomas was sentenced at
the low end of the guideline range. Accordingly, we VACATE Thomas’s sentence and
REMAND the case for resentencing under the advisory guidelines.
I.
On December 3, 2002, at approximately 5:00 p.m., Memphis Police Officers Oliver and
Adams arrived at an address in Memphis, Tennessee to investigate a report of drug sales at that
residence. The officers intended to conduct a “knock and talk” operation in response to the
complaint; that is, to knock on the door and attempt to question the occupants. While at the
address, the officers observed a blue Mustang pull into the driveway.
Both of the police officers and Thomas testified at the suppression hearing held on
September 11, 2003, and gave very different accounts of the subsequent events. Officer Oliver
and Officer Adams both testified that as they approached the Mustang, the driver’s door was
open, the interior light was on, and the driver, Thomas, was on a cell phone. Officer Oliver
further testified that as he approached Thomas and attempted to speak with him, he observed a
clear plastic bag with a rock-like substance inside, which Thomas attempted to stuff into his
pants. Officer Oliver immediately identified the substance as crack cocaine and proceeded to
arrest Thomas. Thomas, testifying in his own behalf, gave a very different account of the events.
He testified that the car door was closed, the windows tinted, the car unlit, and that the cocaine
was only found after the police had checked his license and pulled him from the vehicle.
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Page 3
The district court denied Thomas’s motion to suppress. Choosing between two
conflicting accounts, the court credited the testimony of the officers, finding that the crack
cocaine was in plain view and that Officer Oliver had sufficient experience to immediately
identify the substance in the bag as contraband. Therefore, the district court denied the motion to
suppress, as Officer Oliver had probable cause to seize the cocaine and arrest Thomas.
Thomas later reached a conditional plea agreement with the Government, allowing him
to appeal the motion to suppress. The details of the plea agreement were stated orally in open
court. At sentencing, the district court found that Thomas was a career offender under §
4B1.1(a) of the United States Sentencing Guidelines based on two prior state court convictions
for controlled substance violations. Thomas’s resulting guidelines range, after a two-point
reduction for acceptance of responsibility, was 292 to 325 months. Thomas objected to the
imposition of the career offender enhancement as unconstitutional, citing Blakely v. Washington,
124 S.Ct. 2531 (2004). The district court rejected Thomas’s constitutional objection to the
guideline sentence and sentenced him to 292 months in prison and five years supervised release,
the low end of the guideline range.
II.
1. Thomas’s Motion to Suppress
We affirm the district court’s denial of Thomas’s motion to suppress. The factual
findings of the district court are reviewed for clear error in the light most favorable to the
government; legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. United States v. Carter, 378 F.3d 584, 587
(6th Cir. 2004) (en banc) (citations omitted).
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Here, the district court denied Thomas’s motion to suppress under the “plain view”
exception to the warrant requirement after a hearing at which the officers and Thomas testified.
Under the “plain view” exception, a Government agent may seize an object without first
obtaining a warrant if the object is: “(1) in plain view; (2) of a character that is immediately
incriminating; (3) viewed by an officer lawfully located in a place from where the object can be
seen; and (4) seized by an officer who has a lawful right of access to the object itself.”
Shamaeizadeh v. Cunigan, 338 F.3d 535, 549 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting United States v. Roark, 36
F.3d 14, 18 (6th Cir.1994)). Although the witnesses gave different accounts, the district court
credited the officer’s testimony. The court found that the crack cocaine was in plain view on
Thomas’s lap as he sat in his car with the door open and that Officer Oliver was at a lawful
vantage point and had lawful access to the object as he was walking up the driveway to knock on
the door of the residence. Viewed in a light most favorable to the government, these factual
findings are not clearly erroneous.
The district court also found that the incriminating nature of the evidence was
immediately apparent to the officer. Thomas contends this finding cannot be supported as a
matter of law in light of U.S. v. McLevain, 310 F.3d 434 (6th Cir. 2002). In McLevain, police
were present in a home while searching for an escaped fugitive. While searching the home,
officers found a twist tie, a cut cigarette filter, a spoon with residue, and a prescription bottle
filled with a clear liquid. Id. at 437-38. This court held that there was nothing “intrinsically
incriminating” about the items and accordingly, the officers should have procured a warrant. Id.
at 442-43.
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Thomas contends that McLevain should guide our analysis in this case. We disagree.
The incriminating nature of a plastic baggie containing a brownish white rock-like substance is
much more apparent than the incriminating nature of a twist tie and a cigarette filter. McLevain
noted that probable cause “does not require that the officers know that evidence is contraband.
Instead, ‘probable cause is a flexible, common-sense standard. It merely requires that the facts
available to the officer would ‘warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief’ that certain
items may be contraband or stolen property or useful as evidence of a crime.’” Id. at 441
(quoting Texas v. Brown, 460 U.S. 730, 742 (1983) (citation omitted)).
We find that this case is more similar to United States v. Turner, No. 94-5080, 1995 WL
63156 (6th Cir. Feb. 14, 1995). In Turner, a police officer’s warrantless seizure of cocaine was
upheld when the officer observed the defendant show a plastic bag containing white powder to
the driver of a parked car in a public lot. When the officer approached, the defendant stuffed the
bag into his shorts. The court upheld the seizure of the object under the plain view exception, as
the officer could “justifiably rely on his training and experience in asserting whether criminal
activity is occurring.” Id. at *2 (citing Texas v. Brown, 460 U.S. at 742-43). Here, the district
court found that Officer Oliver’s experience and the nature of the object were sufficient to give
Officer Oliver probable cause to believe that the brownish white rock-like substance in plain
view was crack cocaine and justified its seizure. We agree.
Thomas’s argument that he was seized without probable cause when the two officers
approached his car is also without merit. Thomas argues that the approach of Officers Oliver
and Adams constituted an arrest because the police show of force and authority left Thomas
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under the reasonable impression that he was not free to leave. See California v. Hodari D., 499
U.S. 621, 625-27 (1991). However, as Officer Oliver noted in his testimony, the events
happened very quickly. As Officer Oliver lawfully approached Thomas, he observed the plastic
bag with a rock-like substance on Thomas’s lap, Thomas stuffed the bag into his pants, and then
attempted to flee. There was no show of authority nor submission to a show of authority
sufficient to constitute a seizure between the approach of Officer Oliver and Officer Adams, the
observation of the plastic bag, and Thomas’s reaction. Thomas’s reaction, coupled with Officer
Oliver’s observation of a rock-like substance, gave Officer Oliver probable cause to seize the
contraband and arrest Thomas. Therefore, the district court did not err in denying defendant’s
motion to suppress.
2. Resentencing
At sentencing, Thomas also argued that Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000) and
Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004) precluded the district court from classifying him
as a career offender. Specifically, Thomas contends that the determination of whether his prior
convictions were “controlled substance offenses” within the meaning of § 4B1.2 of the federal
sentencing guidelines was a question for a jury. This argument is meritless. The Supreme Court
has clearly excepted prior convictions from the Sixth Amendment jury requirement for
sentencing enhancements. U.S. v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). This remains the current state
of the law. U.S. v. Bradley, 400 F.3d 459, 462-63 (6th Cir. 2005); U.S. v. Barnett, 398 F.3d 516,
524 (6th Cir. 2005); U.S. v. Powers, No. 04-5681, 2005 WL 977136 (6th Cir. Apr. 28, 2005).
Nevertheless, Thomas’s sentence must be vacated and the case remanded for
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resentencing in light of United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). First, we find that
Thomas sufficiently preserved for appeal his objection to the mandatory nature of the guidelines.
Even though Thomas’s Sixth Amendment argument is without merit, his objection to the
guideline sentence was broad enough to preserve for appeal his challenge to the sentence based
on Booker. See U.S. v. Schlifer, 403 F.3d 849, 854 (7th Cir. 2005) (raising Blakely at sentencing
sufficient to preserve for appeal the argument that career offender enhancement based on
application of guidelines as mandatory was error); United States v. Labastida-Segura, 396 F.3d
1140, 1142-43 (10th Cir. 2005) (same); see also United States v. Antonakopoulos, 399 F.3d 68,
76 (1st Cir. 2005) (“The argument that a Booker error occurred [i.e. “that the defendant was
sentenced under a mandatory Guidelines system”] is preserved if the defendant below argued
Apprendi or Blakely error or that the Guidelines were unconstitutional.” (emphasis in original)).
Therefore, Thomas has preserved his argument, based on Booker, that the district court’s
application of the guidelines as mandatory requires his sentence to be vacated and the case
remanded. Consequently, we review Thomas’s claim under the harmless error standard.
Finally, Thomas’s sentence must be vacated and the case remanded for resentencing
because the imposition of his sentence, based on a mandatory guideline scheme, was not
harmless error. “Under the harmless error test, a remand for an error at sentencing is required
unless we are certain that any such error was harmless – i.e. any such error ‘did not affect the
district court’s selection of the sentence imposed.’” United States v. Hazelwood, 398 F.3d 792,
801 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Williams v. United States, 503 U.S. 193, 203 (1992)).
Here, the district court sentenced Thomas to the lowest acceptable sentence under the
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Page 8
mandatory guideline range calculation. This Court has recently held that a sentence at the
bottom of the guideline range was sufficient to entitle the defendant to resentencing under a plain
error analysis. See United States v. Trammel, 404 F.3d 397 (6th Cir. 2005). The Seventh Circuit,
in a factually similar case, applied the harmless error standard and remanded for resentencing a
defendant whose sentence was mandatorily enhanced as a career offender. See Schlifer, 403
F.3d at 854-55. The district court’s sentence under a mandatory guideline structure was not
harmless error, and we accordingly remand this case for resentencing in accordance with the
advisory guidelines.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Thomas’s conviction, vacate his sentence, and
remand the case for resentencing.