No. 04-3005
File Name: 05a0798n.06
Filed: September 21, 2005
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
SIDDIQ ABDUL HAMID, ) DISTRICT OF OHIO
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
Before: NELSON and SUTTON, Circuit Judges, and ZATKOFF, District Judge.*
DAVID A. NELSON, Circuit Judge. This is an appeal from a judgment of conviction
and sentence in a criminal case. The defendant challenges his convictions on grounds of
insufficiency of the evidence, erroneous exclusion of testimony, and ineffective assistance
of counsel. He challenges his sentence on the ground that his classification as a “career
offender” under the United States Sentencing Guidelines was both incorrect and
unconstitutional. For the reasons set forth below, we shall affirm the defendant’s convictions
but vacate his sentence and remand the case for re-sentencing.
*
The Honorable Lawrence P. Zatkoff, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Michigan, sitting by designation.
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I
The defendant, Siddiq Abdul Hamid (a/k/a Andre Lindsay), was a member of a group
identified in his brief as the Black Stone Rangers Street Gang. In May of 2002 Mr. Hamid
and other Black Stone Rangers made plans to rob a man whom they thought would have
large quantities of cocaine, marijuana, and cash. Armed with a sawed-off shotgun and
several handguns, the would-be robbers drove in two cars to the house of the intended victim.
He was not at home, and the robbery never took place.
On their way back from the aborted robbery, Mr. Hamid and his associates were
noticed by a Cleveland, Ohio, police officer who “observed two autos driving erratically in
and out of traffic at a high rate of speed.” The officer, Joseph Sedlak, saw that the occupants
of the cars were all dressed in black. His suspicions aroused, Officer Sedlak stopped one of
the vehicles, a Plymouth driven by Mr. Hamid. The Plymouth sped away when the officer
got out of his cruiser. A chase ensued. The occupants of the Plymouth eventually abandoned
their vehicle and escaped on foot, but one of them was apprehended later that night, as were
the three occupants of the second car. Mr. Hamid was arrested subsequently and was
identified as the driver of the Plymouth.
A federal grand jury charged Mr. Hamid and four alleged co-defendants with
conspiracy to possess cocaine and marijuana with intent to distribute the drugs, carrying
firearms during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime, and possession of an unregistered
sawed-off shotgun. Hamid was also charged with being a convicted felon in possession of
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firearms. A jury found him guilty on all counts. The jury specifically found that the drug
conspiracy of which Hamid was a part involved 500 or more grams of cocaine.
Mr. Hamid was classified as a “career offender” under § 4B1.1 of the sentencing
guidelines. This classification, coupled with statutory minimum sentence provisions, resulted
in a guideline sentence range of imprisonment for 382 to 447 months. The district court
expressed the view that the guideline range was “grossly disproportionate” to the crimes, but
held that a downward departure was not warranted. Mr. Hamid was sentenced to 382
months, and he has perfected a timely appeal.
II
Mr. Hamid claims first that his convictions for conspiracy and carrying firearms
during a drug trafficking crime are not supported by sufficient evidence. Our task is to
decide whether, “after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979).
A
The “essential elements” of a drug conspiracy are “(1) an agreement to violate drug
laws, (2) knowledge and intent to join the conspiracy, and (3) participation in the
conspiracy.” United States v. Gibbs, 182 F.3d 408, 420 (6th Cir.) (internal quotation marks
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omitted), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1051 (1999). Mr. Hamid acknowledges that the evidence
was sufficient to establish his knowing participation in a conspiracy. He maintains, however,
that the object of the conspiracy was not shown to extend beyond armed robbery.
We disagree. Two of Mr. Hamid’s co-conspirators testified that the group planned
to sell the cocaine and marijuana that they hoped to obtain in the robbery. On the strength
of that evidence, a reasonable jury could find that a purpose of the conspiracy was to possess
controlled substances with the intent to distribute them — a violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a).
B
The elements of a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) are: (1) carrying or use of a firearm
(2) during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime. See United States v. Warwick, 167 F.3d
965, 971 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1151 (1999). “A defendant carries a firearm when
he conveys or moves the firearm, including via a vehicle, and when there is ‘personal agency
and some degree of possession’ over the firearm.” Gibbs, 182 F.3d at 426 (quoting
Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 134 (1998)). The “during and in relation to”
element is satisfied where “the firearm furthered the purpose or effect of the [drug
trafficking] crime” and “its presence or involvement was not the result of coincidence.”
Gibbs, id.
There was substantial evidence that Mr. Hamid had a .45-caliber handgun on his
person when he was at the house of the intended victim and that a sawed-off shotgun was in
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the Plymouth while Hamid was driving the vehicle. (Mr. Hamid does not challenge the
sufficiency of this evidence to establish the first element of a § 924(c) violation.) There was
also evidence that the firearms furthered the purpose of a drug trafficking crime. The
conspiracy in which Mr. Hamid participated was plainly a “drug trafficking crime” within
the meaning of § 924(c). See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(2) (defining “drug trafficking crime” as
“any felony punishable under the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.) . . .”);
21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(B) and 846 (providing that conspiracy to possess 500 grams or more
of cocaine with intent to distribute it is punishable by imprisonment for a minimum of five
years). As we have seen, a rational jury could find that one purpose of the conspiracy was
to obtain and sell controlled substances. And there was testimony that the conspirators’
firearms were intended to assist in that endeavor. In the words of one conspirator, the plan
“was to bring guns . . . so that we could obtain the stuff without no confrontations.” The jury
was thus justified in finding that both elements of the § 924(c) crime had been established.
III
Mr. Hamid’s next argument is that the district court abused its discretion by not
allowing testimony as to whether one of the co-conspirators was an informant for the Federal
Bureau of Investigation and, if so, whether that conspirator received favorable treatment from
the government. We see no abuse of discretion in this respect.
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“The Supreme Court has recognized the government’s privilege not to reveal the
identity of persons who furnish information regarding violations of the law.” United States
v. Jenkins, 4 F.3d 1338, 1341 (6th Cir. 1993) (citing Roviaro v. United States, 353 U.S. 53
(1957)), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1034 (1994). The privilege is not absolute, however. “Where
the disclosure of an informer’s identity . . . is relevant and helpful to the defense of an
accused, or is essential to a fair determination of a cause, the privilege must give way.”
Roviaro, 353 U.S. at 60-61.
Here, as we see it, evidence that one of Mr. Hamid’s co-conspirators was an informant
for the FBI would not have been particularly relevant or helpful to Hamid’s defense. Such
evidence was certainly not essential to a fair determination of the case. The conspirator in
question, William Wilson, did not testify, so his status as an informant (and a recipient,
perhaps, of favorable treatment) could not have been used for impeachment purposes. We
are hard-pressed to see how Mr. Wilson’s status could have been probative of Mr. Hamid’s
guilt or innocence. Hamid suggests only that Wilson “may have been a critical witness for
the defense” and “would have shed light on the true intent of the conspirators.” But the
defense was free to call Mr. Wilson as a witness and to question him about the conspirators’
intent without disclosing that Wilson might have been a government informant. In short, Mr.
Hamid has not persuaded us that his defense was prejudiced by the challenged evidentiary
rulings.
IV
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Mr. Hamid claims next that the assistance rendered by his trial counsel was
ineffective. We normally decline to consider ineffective assistance claims on direct appeal,
preferring to let the factual bases for such claims be developed in connection with a motion
brought under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. See United States v. Wagner, 382 F.3d 598, 615 (6th Cir.
2004). We are not persuaded that a departure from that general rule is warranted in the case
at bar.
V
Finally, Mr. Hamid challenges his sentence on the grounds that he was erroneously
classified as a “career offender” under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 and that a jury, not the district court,
should have determined whether the classification was proper.
Under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, a defendant is a career offender if (1) he was at least 18
years old at the time of the offense of conviction, (2) the offense of conviction is a felony and
either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense, and (3) the defendant has at least
two prior felony convictions for either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a) (2002). Mr. Hamid does not dispute that the first two criteria are met
here. His argument is that his two prior felony convictions were “related cases” within the
meaning of U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2 and could not, therefore, be counted separately for purposes
of § 4B1.1.
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“The provisions of § 4A1.2 . . . are applicable to the counting of convictions under §
4B1.1.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2, comment. (n.3) (2002). Accordingly, convictions in “related
cases” must be counted as a single conviction for purposes of the career-offender
determination. See id. § 4A1.2(a)(2). “Related cases” involve offenses that “occurred on the
same occasion, . . . were part of a single common scheme or plan, or . . . were consolidated
for trial or sentencing.” Id. § 4A1.2, comment. (n.3).
Mr. Hamid’s prior felony convictions were for possession of cocaine and criminal
tools on August 26, 1993, and felonious assault on April 14, 1993. (JA 551-552.) These
offenses occurred on different occasions, obviously, and were not part of a common scheme
or plan. Hamid entered his pleas in the two cases on the same day and received his sentences
on the same day, but the district court found that the scheduling was a matter of convenience
and not a result of consolidation. That finding is not clearly erroneous. Mr. Hamid’s prior
convictions thus were not in “related cases,” and he was correctly classified as a career
offender.
Citing Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004), Mr. Hamid argues that the
Sixth Amendment required that a jury, rather than the district court, decide whether he is a
career offender. The argument is unavailing. As the Supreme Court said in Apprendi v. New
Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490 (2000), and reiterated in both Blakely, 124 S. Ct. at 2536, and
United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738, 756 (2005), prior convictions are excepted from the
rule requiring jury determination of disputed facts that enhance a defendant’s sentence
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beyond the maximum that would otherwise apply. It follows from this that career offender
status need not be determined by a jury. See United States v. Bradley, 400 F.3d 459, 462-63
(6th Cir.) (citing Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998)), petition for cert.
filed, No. 04-10620 (June 9, 2005).1
The absence of a Sixth Amendment violation does not mean, however, that re-
sentencing is unnecessary. Under Booker, the sentencing guidelines must be treated as
advisory rather than mandatory. See Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 767. In the case at bar the district
judge made it clear that (1) he understood the guidelines to be mandatory, and (2) he
probably would have imposed a more lenient sentence had the guidelines allowed him to do
so. In these circumstances we must remand the case for re-sentencing. See United States
v. Barnett, 398 F.3d 516, 525-30 (6th Cir.), petition for cert. filed, No. 04-1690 (June 16,
2005).
Mr. Hamid’s convictions are AFFIRMED, his sentence is VACATED, and the case
is REMANDED for re-sentencing.
1
Mr. Hamid also argues that it was improper for the district court to determine that
3000 grams of cocaine were involved in the drug conspiracy when the jury had found only
that 500 grams or more were involved. But the district court’s determination did not violate
the rule of Apprendi, Blakely, and Booker, given that the determination did not affect
Hamid’s sentence. Attribution of 3000 grams rather than 500 grams of cocaine to Mr. Hamid
caused his base offense level to be set at 28 rather than 26 under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c) (2002).
Hamid’s classification as a career offender caused an adjustment of his offense level to 34,
however, and this adjustment would have applied regardless of whether the base offense
level was 26 or 28. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b).