NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 05a0796n.06
Filed: September 20, 2005
No. 04-5782
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE EASTERN
v. ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
)
CHARLES CLAYTON KOGER, ) OPINION
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
BEFORE: COLE and ROGERS, Circuit Judges; and BECKWITH, Chief District Judge*
PER CURIAM. Defendant-Appellant Charles Koger appeals the denial of his motion to
suppress evidence discovered during a traffic stop. Because the arresting officer validly approached
the vehicle as part of his “community caretaking” function, and because, after approaching the
vehicle, the arresting officer noticed a strong smell of marijuana, we affirm the district court’s denial
of the motion to suppress and thus affirm Koger’s conviction. However, because the parties have
agreed to resentencing under United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), we vacate Koger’s
sentence and remand for resentencing.
*
The Honorable Sandra S. Beckwith, Chief United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
No. 04-5782
United States v. Koger
I.
On December 24, 2002, at approximately 1:00 a.m., Donny Phillips and Chris Yancey,
deputies of the Scott County, Tennessee, Sheriff’s Department, were on routine patrol in their squad
car. Deputy Phillips observed a vehicle illegally stopped on Highway 27, which is also known as
Glasshouse Road. The deputies noticed that the car was running and partially blocking the road.
Upon approaching the vehicle, the deputies observed that Defendant-Appellant Charles Koger
appeared to be asleep or unconscious in the driver’s seat. After Deputy Phillips tapped on the side
of the vehicle, Koger rolled down the window.
Deputy Phillips immediately noticed a strong odor of marijuana. After being asked if
everything was okay, Koger stated that he had had a fight with his wife, that he left to “cool off,”
and that he had been asleep in the vehicle for thirty to sixty minutes. Deputy Phillips asked Koger
for his license, and upon conducting a computer check learned that the license was suspended.
Deputy Phillips asked Koger to exit the car and inquired whether there were any illegal drugs or
weapons in the vehicle. Koger initially replied that there were not, but eventually admitted there
was a very small bag of marijuana between the front seats of the vehicle. Koger then gave the
deputies permission to search the vehicle.
Upon the arrival of a second police car, the two deputies in that car assisted Phillips and
Yancey with a search of Koger’s vehicle. The deputies located not only the bag of marijuana
described by Koger, but also a briefcase containing twelve additional bags of marijuana, a smoking
pipe, baggies, digital scales, rolling papers, some pills, and a handgun. The deputies then arrested
Koger for possession of marijuana, being armed during the commission of a felony, and driving on
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No. 04-5782
United States v. Koger
a suspended license. Deputy Phillips testified that, at this point, Koger, not in response to any
questioning from the deputies, “kindly tilted his head down and stated that everything was his.”
Koger later moved to exclude evidence discovered in the search, in addition to the voluntary
statement he made outside the car. At the hearing on his motion to suppress this evidence, Koger
claimed that his car had been parked “half on, half off” of Glasshouse Road, and that it had not been
blocking traffic. Koger also stated that the car had not been running and that he had not been aware
that his license had been suspended. Koger further testified that he had never consented to a search
of the vehicle, stating at the time that his wife owned the car and that the deputies were required to
obtain permission from her to search it. Koger also claimed that the briefcase in the car had been
locked, and that the deputies had unlawfully broken the lock in order to conduct a search.
In his Report and Recommendation, Magistrate Judge Shirley concluded that none of the
evidence discovered in the search of the car would be suppressed. He first noted that the initial
approach to the car was lawful, stating that the deputies had probable cause to approach the vehicle
and investigate the situation in that the vehicle obstructed traffic. Judge Shirley also concluded that
even if the car had not been illegally parked or running at the time the deputies approached it,
as a “community caretaker” Deputy Phillips, after noticing a seemingly unconscious
occupant parked late at night on a desolate stretch of road, had the authority, and
perhaps the responsibility, to investigate by approaching the defendant’s car under
the reasonable fear that the apparently unconscious occupant was either in danger
(perhaps hurt or ill), or was impaired such that upon awaking and driving, he could
constitute a danger to others.
Judge Shirley found that the strong smell of marijuana emanating from the vehicle provided
both reasonable suspicion for further investigation and probable cause to search the car, and
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No. 04-5782
United States v. Koger
therefore that the search and discovery of evidence did not violate the Fourth Amendment. Judge
Shirley concluded, as well, that though driving without a license is not an arrestable offense, having
found the marijuana the deputies certainly had probable cause to arrest Koger. Thus, the arrest was
not unlawful under the Fourth Amendment. Finally, the judge found that Deputy Phillips’s
uncontradicted testimony disclosed that Koger’s statement that the items in the car belonged to him
was not in response to any questioning by the police. Since the statement was not made in response
to police questioning, Judge Shirley found, under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), that
Koger’s Fifth Amendment rights would not be violated by the admission of his statement admitting
to ownership of the items in the vehicle. Over objections from Koger as to the search, and the
Government, regarding the statement as to the marijuana’s location, the district court adopted Judge
Shirley’s Report and Recommendation.
Koger eventually pleaded guilty to possessing, with the intent to distribute, a quantity of
marijuana; and possessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime, in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 841 and 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), reserving his right to appeal the suppression issues. Koger
then filed this timely appeal, in which his attorney has filed a brief under Anders v. California, 386
U.S. 738 (1967), stating that she does not believe that the district court’s denial of Koger’s motion
to suppress raises any arguable issues that could be resolved in Koger’s favor on appeal.
II.
When reviewing a district court’s judgment on a motion to suppress, we review factual issues
for clear error and findings of law de novo. See, e.g., United States v. Hudson, 405 F.3d 425, 431
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No. 04-5782
United States v. Koger
(6th Cir. 2005). After careful review of Koger’s brief, the district court’s Memorandum and Order,
and the magistrate judge’s Report and Recommendation, we conclude that the district court’s denial
of the motion to suppress should be affirmed in all respects. Accordingly, the issuance of a more
detailed opinion would serve no useful purpose, and we therefore AFFIRM Koger’s conviction.
The parties agree, however, that United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), requires that
Koger be resentenced. We therefore VACATE Koger’s sentence and REMAND the case for
resentencing consistent with Booker.
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