NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 06a0055n.06
Filed: January 20, 2006
04-1367
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
MICHAEL WENGLIKOWSKI, )
)
Petitioner-Appellee, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
KURT JONES, Warden, ) EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
)
Respondent-Appellee. )
Before: DAUGHTREY and MOORE, Circuit Judges; ALDRICH,* District Judge.
PER CURIAM. The petitioner, Michael Wenglikowski, is an inmate in the custody
of the Michigan Department of Corrections, having been convicted in 1983 of assault with
intent to commit murder and conspiracy to commit first-degree murder in the near-fatal
beating of his wife, Jeanette Wenglikowski. The prosecution’s theory was that petitioner
had conspired with his brother to attack Jeanette and make the attack look like an
anonymous mugging. During the investigation, the petitioner’s brother, Mark Wenglikowski,
confessed to the police that he was the person who struck the blows to the victim. When
called to testify at his brother’s trial, however, Mark invoked his Fifth Amendment right to
remain silent and refused to testify. The state trial judge nevertheless allowed the
*
The Hon. Ann Aldrich, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by
designation.
04-1367
Wenglikowski v. Jones
prosecution to introduce a brief portion of Mark’s confession through the testimony of a
police officer. Because Michael Wenglikowski was unable to cross-examine Mark
concerning his inculpatory statement to police, he filed a federal habeas corpus petition
alleging that the introduction of Mark’s statement violated his rights under the Confrontation
Clause. Michael Wenglikowski also contended in his petition that the state court violated
his right to a fair trial by failing to issue a cautionary instruction telling the jury that the
brother’s statement could not be used as evidence of guilt.
The district court, applying law that was clearly established at the time of the
petitioner’s trial in 1983, concluded that the facts established the existence of a
confrontation violation but held that the violation amounted to harmless error. We affirm,
based on our conclusion – to the contrary – that there was no constitutional violation in the
introduction of Mark’s inculpatory statement and, therefore, no need on the part of the trial
judge to caution the jury against its use as evidence against the petitioner.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In July 1980, Jeannette Wenglikowski suffered a severe beating to the head that left
her permanently brain-damaged. In 1983, her husband, petitioner Michael Wenglikowski,
was convicted in Michigan state court of assault with intent to commit murder and
conspiracy to commit first degree murder. The government alleged that the petitioner’s
brother, Mark Wenglikowski, was his co-conspirator, but the two men were tried separately.
-2-
04-1367
Wenglikowski v. Jones
The record establishes that, in the spring and summer of 1980, Jeannette and
Michael Wenglikowski were experiencing marital problems because Michael had a
girlfriend. On the night that she was brutally assaulted, witnesses saw Jeanette and
Michael embroiled in an argument at an establishment called My Bar and heard the
petitioner call Jeannette names. At some point during the evening, the couple was met at
My Bar by Michael’s brother, Mark. According to the testimony at trial, Mark and Michael
spent several minutes talking in the mens’ room, and then Mark left the establishment.
Shortly thereafter, Michael and Jeanette also left the bar, but instead of returning to their
car, they began walking out to a deserted and unlit field behind the bar. Testifying in his
own defense, Michael said that they were looking for wooden crates to use as kindling. He
also said that while walking with Jeannette in the deserted field, he saw his brother Mark’s
car parked on the edge of a small private road abutting the field. Tire marks from Mark’s
car and imprints from his shoes were later found in the field.
Witnesses testified that, approximately ten minutes after leaving the bar, petitioner
returned and said he and his wife had been mugged. In fact, Jeannette had been beaten
so severely that, according to the doctor who treated her, “[h]er eyes were protruding out
of the socket and she had some multiple wounds over . . . her head and face. All the
wounds were multiple lacerations all the way deep to the bone.” The doctor also testified
that Jeannette was “deeply comatose” and that he thought she was going to die.
-3-
04-1367
Wenglikowski v. Jones
The petitioner told the police that he had been struck in the back by an unseen
attacker and then fell unconscious, waking up to find his wife lying injured beside him. But,
in contrast to Jeannette’s nearly-fatal wounds, her husband received only two red marks
on his back. He did not suffer any internal injuries; his skin was not even broken by the
attack; and he did not demonstrate any of the common signs, such as unequal pupils or
grogginess, of a person who had recently been rendered unconscious. Two doctors
testified that it would be highly unlikely, perhaps impossible, for a person to be rendered
unconscious as a result of injuries such as those petitioner suffered.
At trial, the government argued to the jury that petitioner had conspired with his
brother to kill Jeannette and make the murder look like a mugging. A third Wenglikowski
brother, Gary, testified that, a few months before the incident, the petitioner told him he did
not want to be married to Jeannette anymore, but could not divorce her because he “was
afraid of losing everything that he had.” Gary Wenglikowski also testified that the petitioner
talked about using drugs to “get rid of” Jeannette. The prosecution further supported their
theory of the case by introducing a statement that Mark Wenglikowski later made to police
in which he admitted that he was the person who struck Jeannette. However, Mark himself
did not testify because he asserted his right against self-incrimination, and his statement
was introduced through the testimony of an officer who took Mark’s confession some three
years after the assault on Jeannette occurred.
-4-
04-1367
Wenglikowski v. Jones
That lapse came about as a result of a delay in charging the two brothers while the
police continued to investigate the case, collecting physical evidence of various kinds, and
then discovered that Michael and Mark Wenglikowski had left the state. Eventually, police
were contacted by a Wenglikowski sibling, Sandra Boyle, who offered to assist police in
convincing Mark to come back to Michigan from California and give them information that
he had implicating his brother Michael in the attack on Jeannette. After Mark was
persuaded to return, he gave a taped statement implicating the petitioner. Eventually,
however, Mark admitted to the police that he was the one who attacked Jeannette and
claimed that he had done so as part of a plan that he and Michael concocted. He further
stated that he hit Michael twice across the back to make it look as if Michael had also been
attacked.
Both Mark and Michael Wenglikowski were charged in the assault, but they were
tried separately. Michael was convicted and sentenced to concurrent terms of 60-90 years’
imprisonment for assault with intent to kill and for conspiracy to commit first degree murder.
On appeal, the Michigan Court of Appeals changed the sentence on the conspiracy charge
to a life sentence, but the court affirmed the conviction in all other respects. The Michigan
Supreme Court rejected petitioner’s request for review on March 24, 1986, thus rendering
petitioner’s conviction final. On November 19, 1999, petitioner filed a petition for a writ of
habeas corpus, raising several different claims, of which only two are currently at issue.
On February 24, 2004, the district court denied relief on the grounds that, although the
-5-
04-1367
Wenglikowski v. Jones
state trial court violated clearly established federal law by allowing a portion of Mark
Wenglikowski’s confession into evidence, the error was harmless.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
On appeal from the denial of habeas relief, we review the district court’s legal
conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error. Hill v. Hofbauer, 337 F.3d 706,
710 (6th Cir. 2003). Because Michael Wenglikowski filed his habeas petition in 1999, the
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) applies. AEDPA mandates
that this court may grant a writ of habeas corpus only if the state trial court’s decision:
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the
Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based upon an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court
proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). A state trial court decision is “contrary to” federal law under the
AEDPA standard “if the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the
Supreme] Court on a question of law or if the state court decides a case differently than
[the Supreme] Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.” Williams v. Taylor,
529 U.S. 362, 413 (2000). A state court’s decision is an “unreasonable application” of
-6-
04-1367
Wenglikowski v. Jones
federal law where the court “identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the
Supreme] Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the
prisoner’s case.” Id. In the case at hand, the district court found that the state court
decision to admit part of Mark Wenglikowski’s confession was “contrary to” clearly
established federal law regarding the Confrontation Clause. Upon de novo review, we
conclude that this decision was in error.
B. The Confrontation Clause Challenge
The statement at issue was introduced through the testimony of the local detective
who interrogated Mark and who testified as follows:
Q. Sir, concerning your conversation with Mark Wenglikowski concerning the
incident on July 1st, 1980, at approximately 11:30 p.m., do you recall that?
A. Yes. . . .
Q. Did he [Mark] say who struck Jeannette Wenglikowski on that night?
A. Yes.
Q. Did he say that he struck Jeannette Wenglikowski on that night?
A. Yes.
The state trial judge held that this testimony was admissible as a statement against
penal interest after Mark Wenglikowski invoked the Fifth Amendment and refused to testify
at his brother’s trial. The judge relied upon the Supreme Court’s then-current ruling in Ohio
v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 66 (1980), in which the Court ruled that a hearsay statement was
-7-
04-1367
Wenglikowski v. Jones
admissible, and not in violation of the right to confrontation, if the statement fell within a
firmly-rooted exception to the hearsay rule or otherwise carried indicia of reliability.
In the years since the petitioner’s trial, the Court’s Confrontation Clause
jurisprudence has undergone considerable change and, as a result, a similar ruling in a
contemporary trial could not be sustained because of the testimonial nature of Mark
Wenglikowski’s statement. See Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004). The
question, however, is whether the testimony was admissible under clearly established
Supreme Court precedent at the time when petitioner’s conviction became final in 1986.
See Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 310 (1989).
In finding that the introduction of the statement at issue violated the Confrontation
Clause at that time, the district court relied on Douglas v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 415 (1965),
explicitly concluding that “this case is ‘materially indistinguishable’ from Douglas, and that
the trial court’s failure to suppress Mark Wenglikowski’s confession was therefore ‘contrary
to’ that Supreme Court decision.” On review of the district court’s opinion, however, we find
its analysis internally inconsistent and the facts of this case sufficiently different from those
in Douglas to make the rule in that case inapplicable here.
In the first place, the district court endorsed the magistrate judge’s conclusion that
the Supreme Court’s 1968 opinion in Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968), was
inapplicable to the petitioner’s confrontation challenge, not only because the Wenglikowski
brothers were not jointly tried, but also because “Bruton, by its terms governs only
-8-
04-1367
Wenglikowski v. Jones
confessions that ‘expressly implicate’ the defendant,” which the brief statement introduced
in this case clearly did not do. Given this recognition, the district court’s reliance on
Douglas is puzzling, because the accomplice’s statement did expressly implicate the
defendant in that case. See Douglas, 380 U.S. at 419 (“Loyd’s alleged statement that the
petitioner [Douglas] fired the shotgun constituted the only direct evidence that he had done
so.”). It is possible that the district court was focused on language in the Douglas opinion
concerning the formation of a “crucial link in the proof” supplied by the accomplice’s
statement, id., because of the implication that could be drawn from Mark Wenglikowski’s
self-inculpatory statement in terms of the prosecution’s conspiracy theory – one that the
prosecution obviously hoped that the jury would draw. But it is also obvious that nothing
in the brief testimony describing Mark’s statement to police directly implicated the petitioner
in the assault on his wife. Indeed, had the two brothers been tried jointly, the testimony
would have been admissible under Bruton. It is therefore analytically difficult to understand
what would make it inadmissible in the separate trial of either brother.
In the months and years following the conviction in this case, the Supreme Court has
expounded on the principle first articulated in Douglas, repeatedly holding “presumptively
unreliable [those] accomplices’ confessions that incriminate defendants.” Lee v. Illinois,
476 U.S. 530, 541 (1986); see also Lilly v. Virginia, 527 U.S. 116, 133 (1999) (“It is clear
that our cases consistently have viewed an accomplice’s statements that shift or spread
the blame to a criminal defendant as falling outside the realm of those ‘hearsay exception[s]
[that are] so trustworthy that adversarial testing can be expected to add little to [the
-9-
04-1367
Wenglikowski v. Jones
statements’] reliability.”) (quoting White v. Illinois, 502 U.S. 346, 357 (1992) (alterations in
original)). But, of course, nothing in the statement at issue here tended to “shift or spread
the blame” to the defendant on trial and, thus, it did not run afoul of Douglas or its progeny.
Moreover, the Supreme Court has explicitly rejected the “contextual implication” doctrine
that the petitioner would have us apply in this case in order to find that indirect incrimination
should be held to violate a defendant’s confrontation rights, noting in the Bruton setting that
such a rule “would presumably require the trial judge to assess at the end of each trial
whether, in light of all the evidence, a nontestifying codefendant’s confession has been so
‘powerfully incriminating’ that a new, separate trial is required for the defendant.”
Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 209 (1987). In short, we find no constitutional obstacle
to the introduction of Mark’s statement to police at the petitioner’s trial.
C. Request for Jury Instruction
The petitioner’s second claim for habeas relief rests on the trial court’s refusal to give
a cautionary instruction limiting the jury’s use of Mark Wenglikowski’s confession. At his
trial, the petitioner requested that the jury be instructed “that the statements of Mark
Wenglikowski could in no way be used or considered against Michael Wenglikowski.”
However, on appeal he has failed to submit any compelling arguments as to why he was
entitled to such an instruction. As the district court found, federal constitutional law at the
time of petitioner’s trial did not require the state trial court to issue a cautionary instruction
about the confession of an accomplice. More importantly, because we have held that the
- 10 -
04-1367
Wenglikowski v. Jones
statement was properly introduced as a statement against penal interest and, therefore, as
an exception to the hearsay rule and in compliance with the Confrontation Clause
jurisprudence at the time of trial, the petitioner was not entitled to a cautionary instruction.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set out above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court denying
relief to the petitioner.
- 11 -