NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 06a0600n.06
Filed: August 21, 2006
No. 05-1793
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
VINCENT EARL THOMPSON, ) EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
Before: BATCHELDER, GIBBONS, and COOK, Circuit Judges.
COOK, Circuit Judge. A jury found Vincent Thompson guilty of possessing cocaine base
and marijuana with intent to distribute, see 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), possessing a firearm in
furtherance of a drug crime, see 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A), and possessing a firearm as a convicted
felon, see id. § 922(g)(1). Thompson appeals his conviction and sentence, and we affirm.
I
Police officers entered Thompson’s house to execute a search warrant. Inside the house,
Officer Todd Eby witnessed Thompson dropping cocaine as he retreated from a front room. The
officers arrested Thompson and issued citations to several other people present at the time of the
raid. In addition, the officers confiscated crack cocaine, marijuana, a .357 handgun, and
Thompson’s identification card from the house.
No. 05-1793
USA v. Thompson
Thompson opted for a jury trial and was convicted. The district court sentenced him to three
concurrent terms of 360 months’ imprisonment and one consecutive term of 60 months. On appeal,
Thompson argues that part of Officer Eby’s testimony at trial violated his right to confront adverse
witnesses, that prosecutorial misconduct prevented a fair trial, and that the district court erred when
it sentenced him as an armed career criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1).
II
A. Confrontation Clause
Thompson asserts that the trial court violated the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause
by allowing Eby to recount a confidential informant’s description of a controlled drug purchase.
Eby testified that Thompson matched the informant’s description of the person that sold drugs to the
informant.
In light of Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), and United States v. Cromer, 389
F.3d 662, 670-71 (6th Cir. 2004), the Government acknowledges error in the admission of Eby’s
testimony. But the Government also points to Thompson’s failure to object on this point. We may
only correct an error not raised at trial if the error (1) is plain, (2) affects substantial rights, and (3)
seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Cromer, 389
F.3d at 672.
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USA v. Thompson
The Government suggests that the error in this case did not affect the fairness, integrity, or
public reputation of the proceedings because the informant’s statements played only a minor role
in the case. The Government points to the wealth of other evidence inculpating Thompson. Eby
testified that he witnessed cocaine dropping from Thompson’s hand as he ran and saw him throw
cocaine in the basement. The officers recovered a total of 11.34 grams of crack cocaine from three
pieces of plastic wrap that Thompson dropped in the kitchen and the plastic wrap that Thompson
threw in the basement. Another officer, Roland Brown, testified to finding a “large amount” of
marijuana (33.28 grams), a gun, and Thompson’s state identification card underneath some men’s
clothing in a dresser drawer in the bedroom that he believed to be Thompson’s. The marijuana was
packaged in 29 individual plastic bags. Brown averred that the weight and packaging of the drugs
indicated that the drugs were intended for sale. Sergeant Fred Watkins, the officer in charge of the
raid, testified that a drug user, as opposed to a drug seller, typically possesses one to two small bags
of marijuana and .01 to .18 grams of cocaine, much smaller quantities than those recovered in this
case. Watkins also testified that he found “numerous” “Ziploc bags” of the type commonly used to
package drugs for sale. Officer Juan Davis, who entered the house behind Eby, similarly testified
that “if you see a number of Ziplocs . . . there’s a good indication that . . . they’re . . . selling it.”
Thompson counters that the government failed to “demonstrate beyond a reasonable doubt[]
that the out-of-court statements made in violation of [his] rights secured by the Confrontation Clause
did not influence the jury’s verdict.” But Thompson mischaracterizes the burden as the
Government’s. “Plain error review applies even if the forfeited assignment of error is a
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USA v. Thompson
constitutional error,” Cromer, 389 F.3d at 672, and “[i]t is the defendant rather than the Government
who bears the burden of persuasion with respect to prejudice. In most cases, a court of appeals
cannot correct the forfeited error unless the defendant shows that the error was prejudicial.” United
States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734 (1993).
Thompson has not shown the error in this case to be prejudicial. The informant’s description
of Thompson comprised only a small part of the testimony and arguments in this case. In fact, the
prosecution never mentioned the informant in its opening statement; rather the defense first brought
up the informant in suggesting that the informant described someone other than Thompson. And
the bulk of the officers’ testimony involved Thompson’s flight from the police, the packages of
cocaine that he dropped, and the gun, individually-packaged marijuana, and identification card found
in the dresser. Given the weight of the evidence against Thompson, this is not a case in which the
informant’s description of Thompson “likely impacted the outcome of the trial,” Cromer, 389 F.3d
at 679, and we find no reversible plain error.
B. Prosecutorial Misconduct
Thompson claims that prosecutorial misconduct prevented him from receiving a fair trial.
Again, Thompson’s failure to object at trial mandates plain error review. United States v. Abboud,
438 F.3d 554, 583 (6th Cir. 2006).
“In reviewing a claim of prosecutorial misconduct under the plain-error standard of review,
we . . . first determine whether the statements at issue were improper. If so, we then . . . decide
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USA v. Thompson
whether they were sufficiently flagrant to warrant reversal of the defendant’s conviction despite his
failure to object to them . . . .” United States v. Modena, 302 F.3d 626, 634 (6th Cir. 2002) (citation
omitted). Thompson “bears the burden of showing that the prosecutorial misconduct in the present
case was so exceptionally flagrant that it constitutes plain error.” Id. at 635 (quotation omitted).
We determine flagrancy using four factors: “(1) whether the statements tended to mislead the jury
and prejudice the defendant; (2) whether the statements were isolated or pervasive; (3) whether the
statements were deliberately placed before the jury; and (4) whether the evidence against the
accused is otherwise strong.” United States v. Galloway, 316 F.3d 624, 632 (6th Cir. 2003).
1. Closing Argument
Thompson points to the prosecution’s closing argument, urging that the prosecutor acted
improperly by reciting the informant’s statements in closing arguments and by vouching for the
informant’s credibility.
First, Thompson reiterates his Crawford/Cromer argument. But even if Crawford rendered
the prosecution’s reference improper, this comment was not “so exceptionally flagrant that it
constitutes plain error,” Modena, 302 F.3d at 635 (quotation omitted), given the isolated nature of
the comment and the weight of the evidence against Thompson.
Thompson also argues that the prosecution improperly vouched for the informant’s
credibility by using personal experiences to explain the differences between the informant’s
description of the person who sold him drugs and Thompson’s characteristics. In his closing
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USA v. Thompson
argument, the prosecutor discussed the difficulty of correctly estimating a person’s height and
weight, illustrating this point by pointing to his own experiment in which his coworker incorrectly
estimated his height and weight.
We agree with Thompson that the prosecution improperly relied on personal experiences in
closing argument. See Galloway, 316 F.3d at 632-33 (holding prosecutor’s statement based on
personal knowledge from past trial experience to be improper); Modena, 302 F.3d at 634
(prosecutor’s statement that witness was “law-abiding man” “at least implicitly conveyed to the jury
the prosecutor’s personal belief” of witness’s credibility). But we find this impropriety insufficient
to warrant a new trial. The prosecutor spent the bulk of the closing argument discussing properly
admitted evidence, and Thompson offers nothing to show that the prosecutor’s isolated comment
“stemmed from a deliberate plan to inflame the jury as opposed to unduly-zealous advocacy.”
United States v. Shalash, 108 F. App’x 269, 281 (6th Cir. 2004). In addition, the government
offered substantial properly-admitted evidence against Thompson. Thompson fails to demonstrate
misconduct “so exceptionally flagrant that it constitutes plain error.” Modena, 302 F.3d at 635
(quotation omitted).
2. Officer Davis’s Testimony
Thompson also contends that the prosecutor denied him a fair trial by eliciting evidence of
his post-Miranda silence. At trial, the following exchange took place between Officer Juan Davis
and the prosecutor:
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USA v. Thompson
Q: At some point and time did you have any other contact with Mr. Thompson?
A: Well, yes. Upon confiscation of suspected cocaine, I placed the Defendant
under arrest and I recovered some U.S. currency which I turned over to the
OIC then I advised the Defendant of his constitutional rights, which I didn’t
get any—receive any response from that.
Q: Now in terms of confiscating money from—I’m sorry, not confiscating. So
that we’re clear, when you say a confiscation, what does that mean to you?
The Supreme Court established in Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 617-20 (1976), that the
prosecution may not use a defendant’s post-Miranda silence “to impeach an explanation
subsequently offered at trial.” Greer v. Miller, 483 U.S. 756, 763 (1987) (quotation omitted).
Thompson argues that the prosecutor violated Doyle by eliciting evidence of his post-arrest silence.
The government maintains that it did not act improperly because it did not intend to elicit such
testimony. We discern no plain error.
This is not a case like Doyle and its progeny, in which “the trial court . . . permitted specific
inquiry or argument respecting the defendant’s post-Miranda silence.” Id. at 764; see United States
v. Baker, 432 F.3d 1189, 1222 (11th Cir. 2005) (“[W]e have held that if the prosecution mentions
the defendant’s silence only in passing, and makes no specific inquiry or argument about the
defendant’s post-arrest silence, there is no due process violation.”). It is evident from the exchange
in this case that the prosecutor had no intention of eliciting testimony regarding Thompson’s silence.
“Doyle does not impose a prima facie bar against any mention whatsoever of a defendant’s
[invoking his Miranda rights], but instead guards against the exploitation of that constitutional right
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by the prosecutor.” Lindgren v. Lane, 925 F.2d 198, 202 (7th Cir. 1991). “[T]he inadvertent
mention” of a defendant’s post-Miranda silence does not by itself offend Doyle. See id.
Thompson additionally complains that the prosecution introduced his post-arrest statements
without proving that he waived his Miranda rights. Specifically, Davis testified that Thompson
provided his address and other biographical information in response to Davis’s questions. But
“[t]his court has adopted the view that . . . the routine gathering of biographical data for booking
purposes should not constitute interrogation under Miranda,” United States v. Clark, 982 F.2d 965,
968 (6th Cir. 1993) (quotation omitted), and the district court did not plainly err by admitting
Davis’s testimony.
3. Testimony that Only Thompson Was Charged with a Felony
Thompson accuses the prosecution of improperly eliciting testimony that the police arrested
Thompson and only issued citations to the other individuals at the house during the raid. Such
testimony, Thompson asserts, “conveyed the clear and unmistakable message that only [he] could
be responsible for the alleged crimes” and “implied that the government possessed additional but
unexpressed knowledge that [he] was guilty.” We disagree that this testimony conveyed such a clear
and unmistakable message, and Thompson offers no case law to support his position. Assuming the
testimony to be improper, we nevertheless conclude that Thompson fails to meet his “burden of
showing that the prosecutorial misconduct in the present case was so exceptionally flagrant that it
constitutes plain error.” Modena, 302 F.3d at 635 (quotation omitted).
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USA v. Thompson
C. Sentencing
Finally, Thompson argues that the district court erred in sentencing him as an armed career
criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). Section 924(e)(1) provides for a fifteen-year minimum prison
sentence for a defendant who violates 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) and has three previous convictions “by
any court referred to in section 922(g)(1)” for a violent felony, a serious drug offense, or both.
Thompson asserts that “[a] review of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) reveals that no courts are referenced in
that statute.” But Thompson misreads the statute—it references “any court.” See id. § 922(g)(1)
(making it unlawful for any person “who has been convicted in any court of[] a crime punishable
by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year,” to possess a weapon in or affecting interstate
commerce). “[A]ny court,” as used in the statute, refers to domestic courts, see Small v. United
States, 544 U.S. 385, 394 (2005), and includes Article III courts and military courts. United States
v. Martinez, 122 F.3d 421, 424 (7th Cir. 1997). Because the statutory language includes the courts
in which Thompson was previously convicted, Thompson’s challenge to his sentence misses the
mark.
III
Thompson directs us to no reversible plain error by the district court, and his challenge to
18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1) fails. We therefore affirm his conviction and sentence.
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