Momah v. Dominguez

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 07a0433n.06
Filed: June 21, 2007

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
___________

No. 03-2561
___________

Davidson Momah, *
*
Plaintiff - Appellant, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the Eastern
* District of Michigan.
Cari M. Dominguez, Chair, United *
States Equal Employment Opportunity *
Commission; Equal Employment *
Opportunity Commission, *
*
Defendants - Appellees. *
___________

Submitted: April 26, 2005
Filed:
___________

Before GUY, BATCHELDER, and JOHN R. GIBSON,1 Circuit Judges.
___________

JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.

1
The Honorable John R. Gibson, United States Circuit Judge for the Eighth
Circuit Court of Appeals, sitting by designation.
 Davidson Momah filed a complaint against the EEOC in federal court alleging
discrimination and retaliation in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The district court granted summary judgment for the EEOC, which this court affirmed
in 2006. Momah v. Dominguez, No. 03-2561, 175 Fed. Appx. 11 (6th Cir. 2006).
Following a petition for certiorari filed by Momah, the United States Supreme Court
vacated our decision in light of Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v.
White, – U.S. – , 126 S. Ct. 2405 (2006), and remanded to this court. Momah v.
Dominguez, – U.S. – , 127 S. Ct. 933 (2007). While White changes our analysis
regarding Momah’s retaliation claim, it does not change our conclusion that the
district court’s grant of summary judgment was proper. We again AFFIRM the
district court.

Davidson Momah, who is black, was born and raised in Nigeria. He came to
the United States in 1980 to attend college and later obtained his law degree. In April
1994, he began working as an investigator in the Detroit, Michigan office of the
EEOC. During his three years as an investigator in Detroit, Momah received periodic
promotions and favorable evaluations from his supervisors. In early 1997, Momah
applied for and was selected to fill a vacant Administrative Judge position in the
EEOC's Memphis, Tennessee office.2 When Momah moved to Memphis his wife and
daughter remained in Detroit, but it was his intention that they would join him in
Memphis once he found a house for the family. However, in June 1997, Momah was
hospitalized after being physically assaulted by a white supremacist at a gas station.
Traumatized by the attack on her husband and fearful of further attacks, Momah's
wife became unwilling to relocate to the South, and she demanded that he request to
be transferred back to Detroit. Although Momah initially refused, he eventually
relented when his daughter began to experience health problems.

2
An EEOC Administrative Judge hears and decides, at the administrative level,
complaints brought by federal employees alleging unlawful discrimination by their
employers.

2
 While visiting his family over the 1997 Christmas season, Momah met with
officials at the Detroit office to discuss the possibility of a hardship transfer to a
vacant Administrative Judge position in Detroit. The director of the Detroit office,
James Neely, told Momah that although he would like to bring him back, he did not
have the authority to do so. However, Neely did explain the process by which
Momah could request a transfer through EEOC headquarters in Washington, D.C.
On Neely's advice, Momah sent a letter to headquarters requesting a hardship transfer
to Detroit. When Ralph Soto at EEOC headquarters received the request, he
contacted Walter Grabon, the director of the Memphis office where Momah was then
working as an Administrative Judge. Grabon opined to Soto that Momah's request
should be denied. By letter dated February 3, 1998, EEOC headquarters notified
Momah that it "was unable to grant [the] request for reassignment to the Detroit
District Office at this time." The letter, signed by Soto, stated that the denial was
"due to the current workload and staffing levels in the Memphis District Office" and
that the requested reassignment "would not serve our current operational needs,"
although it did inform Momah that headquarters would "be happy to reconsider your
transfer request if there is a change in the [Memphis office's] workload and staffing
situation."

Around the time of the denial, Momah met with Grabon, who told Momah that
he would need him around for at least six months to help reduce the backlog at the
Memphis office before Grabon would support any reassignment request. Momah
reluctantly agreed to this arrangement. Approximately six months later, Momah
again met with Grabon to discuss the possibility of a hardship transfer. By this time,
Momah's daughter had been diagnosed with scoliosis, a condition requiring treatment
by specialists in Detroit and Chicago. Momah showed Grabon a letter that he later
sent to EEOC headquarters recounting his daughter's medical problems and pleading
for urgent action on his transfer request. In the letter Momah stated his willingness
to transfer to any position in Detroit, including a temporary assignment as an
Administrative Judge or even into his former position as an investigator. Momah also

3
promised to pay his relocation expenses and offered to take the cases assigned to him
for processing in Memphis with him to Detroit if he were permitted to go. Grabon
told Momah not to bother making the request because it would not be approved, but
that he should contact headquarters directly about the matter. During the
conversation Momah informed Grabon that he was aware that a white male
Administrative Judge had been granted a hardship transfer from EEOC headquarters
to the Little Rock office of the EEOC in order for him to be closer to his adopted son.
Grabon told Momah not to believe rumors about transfers of other EEOC employees.

Sometime after Momah submitted the transfer request to headquarters, Neely
convened a meeting at the Detroit office to discuss Momah's request. In attendance
were Andrew Sheppard, deputy director of the Detroit office, and Gail Cober,
enforcement manager in Detroit. Sheppard, a black male, told Neely that he had no
problem with Momah's returning to Detroit, but Cober, a white female, objected.
Momah claims that following this meeting, Cober and Administrative Judge Mimi
Gendreau, another white female in the Detroit office, began mounting pressure on
Neely to convince headquarters to deny Momah's transfer request. Like Cober,
Gendreau objected to Momah's return and voiced her objections to Sheppard and
Neely, even going so far as to tell Sheppard that she would rather resign than ever
work with Momah again.

While his request was pending in August 1998, Momah flew to EEOC
headquarters to meet with Soto in person to discuss the possibility of a transfer.
Momah relayed his daughter's health condition, his willingness to accept any
assignment in the Detroit office including a temporary detail or an investigator
position, and his willingness to bear his own relocation expenses. However, Soto told
Momah that Detroit did not need any additional staff due to low inventory.
Following the meeting with Soto, Momah went to the office of Elizabeth Thornton,
one of Soto's superiors, to discuss his situation. After listening to his concerns,
Thornton told Momah that the low inventory in Detroit made a transfer there

4
impossible. She suggested that Momah consider a transfer to the Indianapolis office,
since it was closer to Detroit than Memphis, just to keep his options open.

In a letter dated September 8, 1998, Momah's second request for a hardship
transfer was formally denied. The letter, signed by Soto, stated that a transfer as
either an Administrative Judge or as an investigator in the Detroit office would "not
be possible ... at this time." It indicated that Momah's request had been discussed
with Neely, who had determined that "a reassignment [to the Detroit office] is not
commensurate with the district's needs." According to Soto, he had asked one of his
subordinates, Marilyn Hayes, to contact Neely regarding Momah's request.
According to Hayes, Neely told her that "the Detroit office did not want [Momah]
back" and "he was not welcome back" because "they had had problems with him
when he had been there." After learning that his request had been denied, Momah
contacted Neely directly. Neely admitted to Momah that headquarters had contacted
him about Detroit's inventory, but that the ultimate decision of whether to grant or
deny his transfer request was made out of headquarters. In October, Momah met with
Neely personally at the Detroit office, and Neely again told Momah that he was not
responsible for the denial and that all he did was inform headquarters about inventory
levels at the Detroit office. Later in October, Momah contacted Soto and asked if he
would reconsider the denial. Soto told him, "Mr. Momah, you are not going to
Detroit." In November, Momah met with Grabon, who denied any role in the denial
and told Momah to take up the issue with Neely and headquarters. In the ensuing
months Momah had a number of conversations with Grabon about his desire to
transfer to Detroit during which he informed Grabon that he believed "what they were
doing to [him] was discriminatory."

In September 1999, approximately one year after Momah's second request for
a hardship transfer had been denied, Momah learned that a white investigator, Daniel
Dushman, had been granted a hardship transfer to the Detroit office. Dushman was
an investigator in the Detroit office during the time Momah had worked there. In

5
early 1999, Dushman had requested and was granted a hardship transfer from Detroit
to the EEOC office in Alberquerque, New Mexico. Less than seven months later,
Dushman wrote to Thornton at EEOC headquarters requesting a hardship transfer
back to Detroit on account of family problems. Despite his being demoted while
working as an investigator in Detroit and his acknowledged performance problems
at the Alberquerque office, Dushman's transfer request was approved. After learning
of Dushman's transfer, Momah contacted numerous EEOC officials in late September
and early October 1999 to renew his request for a transfer. He contacted Jacqueline
Bradley, the director of field management programs, and Marilyn Hayes, both at
EEOC headquarters, to determine the status of any vacancies in the Detroit office,
as well as the current inventory levels there. He made similar inquiries of Neely in
the Detroit office. According to Momah, the officials informed him that the situation
had not changed since his initial request and that his request continued to be denied.

On or about October 13, 1999, Momah initiated contact with an EEO
counselor, claiming that the denials of his transfer requests were discriminatory.
After the informal process failed, Momah filed a formal complaint with the EEO on
November 24, 1999, claiming that his repeated requests for a transfer had been denied
on account of his race, color, national origin, gender, and disability, and in retaliation
for his exercise of rights protected under Title VII. Momah's complaint also alleged
that the EEOC, for discriminatory and/or retaliatory reasons: (1) revoked, in
September 1998, an offer to transfer him to an Administrative Judge position in
Indianapolis; (2) in November 1998 rated his performance as "proficient" instead of
"outstanding"; (3) delayed his promotion from GS 13 to GS 14 from December 1999
to January 2000; and (4) delayed his promotion from GS 12 to GS 13 from December
1998 to February 1999. The EEO notified Momah by letter dated May 26, 2000, that
the agency was not accepting for investigation claims (1), (2), and (4) for failure to
initiate contact with an EEO counselor within forty-five days after they occurred.
However, the EEO accepted for investigation his claims regarding the denial of his

6
transfer requests and the delay of his most recent promotion and informed him that
his denial of transfer claim was being treated as a continuing violation.

During the course of the EEO investigation, Momah learned that the EEOC had
granted several requests from white females to transfer while his requests were still
pending. Deborah Barno, a trial attorney in the Detroit office, was assigned
temporarily to the vacant Administrative Judge position in Detroit. During the time
that Momah's transfer request was pending, Judith Fournalik requested and was
granted a hardship transfer from the New York EEOC office to an investigator
position in the Detroit office in order for her to be closer to the law school in Ohio
she was then attending. In addition, Linda Stankovich was allowed to return to the
Detroit office to a different position than the one she had previously held, and Tina
Hoffman, who had earlier resigned her position as budget analyst in the Detroit office,
was allowed to return on a contract basis.

In April 2000, the EEOC offered Momah a transfer to an Administrative Judge
position in the Indianapolis office of the EEOC in order for him to be closer to his
family. Momah accepted the transfer and moved to Indianapolis. He claims that he
did so based on representations by EEOC officials that the transfer to Indianapolis
was temporary and that he would be transferred to Detroit as soon as a position
became available there. Momah was unhappy in Indianapolis, describing his
experience there as "a nightmare" due to conflicts with his supervisors over his use
of personal time to travel to Detroit to see his family. During his time in Indianapolis,
Momah periodically renewed his request for a transfer to Detroit. He sent a letter
dated May 25, 2000, to Elizabeth Thornton at EEOC headquarters requesting a
hardship transfer from Indianapolis to Detroit. On June 9, 2000, Momah,
accompanied by his attorney, traveled to EEOC headquarters to discuss his request
with Jaqueline Bradley. While acknowledging the difficulty of Momah's personal
situation, Bradley told Momah that a transfer to Detroit would not be possible due to
budgetary constraints and the lack of a vacancy in the Detroit office. Momah's

7
attorney inquired as to the likelihood of a transfer to the Cleveland office or back to
Memphis, but Bradley rejected both requests: the former on the basis that the
Cleveland office was overstaffed, the latter due to budgetary reasons. By letter dated
June 27, 2000, Elizabeth Thornton informed Momah that his request for a hardship
transfer from Indianapolis to Detroit was denied on the grounds that there were no
funded vacancies in the Detroit office. By letter of July 14, 2000, to Thornton,
Momah requested that she reconsider the earlier denial, and by letter dated August 20,
2000, he again requested a hardship transfer. Thornton responded by letter dated
August 24, 2000, that the situation had not changed and that there continued to be no
vacancies in the Detroit office.

Momah took a medical leave of absence for depression and work-related stress
in approximately September 2000; he returned to work as an Administrative Judge
at the Indianapolis office on April 9, 2001. Shortly after his return, the EEOC
received funding to permanently fill the Administrative Judge position in Detroit to
which Debra Barno had been assigned on a temporary basis. Momah applied for the
position and was considered along with the other applicants. However, he was not
selected; instead, Neely selected Debra Barno for the Administrative Judge position.
In October of 2001, Momah was granted a transfer from the Indianapolis office back
to the Memphis office as an Administrative Judge. However, after accepting the
transfer, a disagreement erupted between Momah and EEOC headquarters over who
would bear the costs of relocation and when Momah was expected to report for duty.
Shortly after this disagreement, Momah notified headquarters that he was rejecting
the transfer to Memphis, stating that "it is in my best interest to remain in the
Indianapolis District Office until all the issues raised in my complaints are resolved
either by an impartial official within the [EEOC] or before the federal court."

Following the investigation into Momah's complaint, the EEOC issued its Final
Action on June 4, 2002. It affirmed the EEO's refusal to investigate Momah's
untimely claims, but went on to address the merits of his claims that (1) since January

8
1998 he has been denied a hardship transfer to Detroit and that (2) his promotion was
delayed, all on account of his race, color, national origin, gender, disability, and in
retaliation for his engaging in activity protected under Title VII. With respect to his
disability discrimination claim, the EEOC concluded that Momah had failed to
establish that he was a qualified individual with a disability. With respect to his
retaliation claim, the EEOC concluded that he failed to make out a prima facie case
because he presented no evidence that those involved with his transfer or promotion
were aware that he had engaged in any protected activity. The EEOC concluded that
Momah had failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination on account of race,
color, or national origin on his denial of transfer and delay of promotion claims
because he failed to present evidence that employees not in a protected class were
treated more favorably than he. On his delay of promotion claim, the EEOC
concluded that Momah had also failed to make out a prima facie case because he
failed to show that he suffered an adverse employment action in that he received his
promotion on the first day he was eligible. With respect to his denial of transfer
claim, the EEOC concluded that, even if Momah could make out a prima facie case
of discrimination, he failed to present evidence that the agency's reason for denying
his transfer—namely that there were no available positions in Detroit—was a pretext
for discrimination.

Momah filed the present complaint against the EEOC in federal court on
August 30, 2002, alleging violations of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42
U.S.C. 2000, et seq.; the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 791; 42 U.S.C. §
1983; the Westfall Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2679(b)(1); the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28
U.S.C. § 2673; unspecified "EEOC Rules and Regulations"; Washington D.C. Civil
Rights Law; as well as breach of contract claims under Michigan and Washington
D.C. common law. The EEOC filed a motion to dismiss, which the district court
denied as to the Title VII and Rehabilitation Act claims, but granted as to the
remaining claims. Following discovery, the EEOC moved for summary judgment.

9
The district court issued a bench opinion following a hearing and a written order the
following day granting the EEOC's motion for summary judgment in its entirety.

We review the district court's grant of summary judgment de novo. Johnson
v. Kroger Co., 319 F.3d 858, 864 (6th Cir. 2003). In reviewing summary judgment,
we look at the record in the same fashion as the district court, Guarino v. Brookfield
Twp. Trustees, 980 F.2d 399, 403 (6th Cir. 1992), and our review "is limited to the
evidence before the district court when it ruled." Campbell v. Potash Corp. of Sask.,
Inc., 238 F.3d 792, 797 (6th Cir. 2001). Summary judgment is appropriate only if
"the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,
together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law."
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). We view all evidence before us in the light most favorable to
the nonmoving party and draw all reasonable inferences in that party's favor. See
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). A
genuine issue of fact exists when there is "sufficient evidence favoring the non-
moving party for a jury to return a verdict for that party." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,
Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986). Once the movant has pointed to evidence in the
record showing that there are no genuine issues of material fact, the non-moving party
must respond setting forth specific facts showing there is a genuine issue for trial.
Guarino, 980 F.2d at 405 (quoting Rule 56(e)).

The EEOC argues and the district court concluded that Momah's failure to
initiate timely contact with an EEO counselor bars his claim that the EEOC
discriminated against him by denying his requests for a hardship transfer. A federal
employee suing under Title VII must satisfy "rigorous administrative exhaustion
requirements and time limitations." McFarland v. Henderson, 307 F.3d 402, 406 (6th
Cir. 2002) (quoting Brown v. Gen. Servs. Admin., 425 U.S. 820, 833 (1976)).
Relevant here is the requirement that an "aggrieved [federal employee] must initiate
contact with a[n] [EEO] Counselor within 45 days of the matter alleged to be

10
discriminatory or, in the case of personnel action, within 45 days of the effective date
of the action." 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1). Timely contact with an EEO counselor
is an administrative prerequisite to filing an employment discrimination claim in
federal court. Horton v. Potter, 369 F.3d 906, 910 (6th Cir. 2004); McFarland, 307
F.3d at 406.

We conclude that even if Momah failed to initiate timely contact with an EEO
counselor, the EEOC waived its untimeliness defense by addressing the merits of his
denial of transfer claim at the administrative level without raising a timeliness
objection. In a recent Title VII case by a federal employee, we held that "when an
agency accepts and investigates a complaint of discrimination ... it does not thereby
waive a defense that the complaint was untimely." Horton, 369 F.3d at 911 (citing
Belgrave v. Pena, 254 F.3d 384, 387 (2d Cir. 2001)); see also Ester v. Principi, 250
F.3d 1068, 1072 n.1 (7th Cir. 2001); Bowden v. United States, 106 F.3d 433, 438
(D.C. Cir. 1997); Rowe v. Sullivan, 967 F.2d 186, 191 (5th Cir. 1992); Boyd v.
United States Postal Serv., 752 F.2d 410, 414 (9th Cir. 1985). However, we
recognized that waiver would occur "when the agency decides the complaint on the
merits without addressing the untimeliness defense." Id. (citing Ester, 250 F.3d at
1071-72; Bowden, 106 F.3d at 438). Here, although the EEO addressed the
untimeliness defense with respect to three of the five claims in Momah's formal
complaint, it decided the merits of Momah's denial of transfer claim. Later, in its
Final Action, the agency affirmed the untimeliness determinations as to three of the
five claims, but again decided Momah's denial of transfer claim on the merits. It was
only in support of its motion to dismiss Momah's federal complaint that the EEOC
asserted that the denial of transfer claim was untimely. In these circumstances we
conclude that the agency waived any timeliness objection, and therefore Momah's
denial of transfer claim is properly before us. See Horton, 369 F.3d at 911; see also
Ester, 250 F.3d at 1071-73 (discussing "strong policy considerations" underlying the
rule that agency waives untimeliness defense by failing to address it at administrative
level).

11
 Title VII makes it unlawful for an employer "to ... discharge any individual, or
otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation,
terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race,
color, religion, sex, or national origin." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). A Title VII
plaintiff may establish discrimination either by introducing direct evidence of
discrimination or circumstantial evidence supporting an inference of discrimination.
Johnson, 319 F.3d at 864-65. Momah argues that he has presented direct evidence
that his requests for a hardship transfer were denied for discriminatory reasons.
"[D]irect evidence is that evidence which, if believed, requires the conclusion that
unlawful discrimination was at least a motivating factor in the employer's actions."
Id. at 865 (quoting Jacklyn v. Schering-Plough Healthcare Prods. Sales Corp., 176
F.3d 921, 926 (6th Cir. 1999)). Unlike circumstantial evidence, it "does not require
a factfinder to draw any inferences in order to conclude that the challenged
employment action was motivated at least in part by prejudice against members of the
protected group." Id. Direct evidence of discrimination "must establish not only that
the plaintiff's employer was predisposed to discriminate . . . , but also that the
employer acted on that predisposition." DiCarlo v. Potter, 358 F.3d 408, 415 (6th Cir.
2004) (quotation omitted).

Momah's purported direct evidence of discrimination consists of comments by
Gail Cober and Mimi Gendreau regarding his African accent and his poor command
of the English language. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Momah,
a jury could possibly conclude that Cober and Gendreau's comments were
discriminatory. Nonetheless, Momah's contention that these comments constitute
direct evidence of discrimination fails because neither Cober nor Gendreau were
responsible for the allegedly discriminatory employment action—the denial of his
transfer requests. Carter v. Univ. of Toledo, 349 F.3d 269, 273 (6th Cir. 2003)
("[C]omments made by individuals who are not involved in the decision-making
process regarding the plaintiff's employment do not constitute direct evidence of

12
discrimination."); Hopson v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 306 F.3d 427, 433 (6th Cir.
2002) (comments by manager lacking involvement in the decision-making process
do not constitute direct evidence); Ercegovich v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 154
F.3d 344, 354-55 (6th Cir. 1998) ("An isolated discriminatory remark made by one
with no managerial authority over the challenged personnel decisions is not
considered indicative of age discrimination"). Momah responds that even if Cober
and Gendreau did not have ultimate authority over his transfer requests, their vocal
opposition to his return to Detroit so influenced Neely as to render them the de facto
decisionmakers. However, this contention fails in two respects. First, the undisputed
evidence demonstrates that although Neely had significant input into the
decisionmaking process, the ultimate decision of whether to grant Momah's request
was made out of EEOC headquarters in Washington, D.C. Second, even if we were
to assume that Neely's input was outcome-determinative, there is no evidence that
Neely's input was affected by pressure from Cober and Gendreau, instead of simply
reflecting his own views about the Detroit office's personnel needs. Because Momah
has failed to present evidence that Cober and Gendreau were responsible for
headquarters' denial of his transfer requests, their comments, no matter how
insensitive, cannot constitute direct evidence that his requests were denied for
discriminatory reasons.

Because Momah has failed to present direct evidence of discrimination, he
must proceed under the burden-shifting approach first set out in McDonnell-Douglas
Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), and later refined by Texas Dep't of Cmty.
Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248 (1981). Johnson, 319 F.3d at 865. Under this
framework, the Title VII plaintiff must carry the initial burden of establishing by a
preponderance of the evidence a prima facie case of unlawful discrimination.
DiCarlo, 358 F.3d at 414. The prima facie case creates a rebuttable presumption of
discrimination requiring the defendant to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory

13
reason for the challenged action. Id. If the defendant meets this burden, the plaintiff
must prove that the proffered reason was a pretext for unlawful discrimination. Id.

To establish a prima facie case under Title VII, Momah must demonstrate that
(1) he was a member of a protected class; (2) he suffered an adverse employment
action; (3) he was qualified for the position; and (4) he was treated differently than
similarly-situated, non-protected employees. DiCarlo, 358 F.3d at 415 (6th Cir.
2004) (quotation omitted). Undisputed evidence demonstrates that Momah is a
member of several classes protected by Title VII: he is a black (race) male (gender)
from Nigeria (national origin).3 Likewise, Momah produced evidence that he was
qualified for both the Administrative Judge and investigator positions in Detroit to
which he repeatedly requested transfer. Moreover, there is evidence from which a
jury could conclude that non-protected, but similarly-situated, employees were treated
more favorably than Momah.4

3
Momah argued to the district court that he was discriminated against on
account of disability in violation of the Rehabilitation Act. However, he does not
raise this issue on appeal, and so has abandoned it. See Kocsis v. Multi-Care Mgmt.,
Inc., 97 F.3d 876, 881 (6th Cir. 1996).
4
The record demonstrates that: (1) Dan Dushman, a white male, was granted
a hardship transfer to an investigator position in Detroit; (2) Deborah Barno, a white
female, was assigned temporarily to the vacant Administrative Judge position in
Detroit; (3) Judith Fournalik, a white female, was granted a hardship transfer to an
investigator position in the Detroit office; (4) Linda Stankovich, a white female, was
allowed to return to the Detroit office to a different position than the one she had
previously held; and (5) Tina Hoffman, a white female, was allowed to return to the
Detroit office on a contract basis after earlier having resigned. See Ercegovich, 154
F.3d at 352 (holding that comparables need not be identical; rather, they need only
be similarly situated "in all of the relevant aspects").

14
 Although Momah has established three elements of his prima facie case, he has
not demonstrated that the denials of his requests for a purely lateral transfer were
"adverse employment actions" actionable under Title VII. We have previously held
that an "adverse employment action" is one that results in a "materially adverse
change in the terms and conditions of [plaintiff's] employment." Hollins v. Atlantic
Co., 188 F.3d 652, 662 (6th Cir. 1999); Kocsis, 97 F.3d at 886. A "materially
adverse" change in the terms or conditions of employment is typically characterized
"by a decrease in wage or salary, a less distinguished title, a material loss of benefits,
significantly diminished material responsibilities, or other indices that might be
unique to a particular situation." Hollins, 188 F.3d at 662. Under this definition, it
would appear that a purely lateral transfer or denial of the same, which by definition
results in no decrease in title, pay or benefits, is not an adverse employment action for
discrimination purposes. See Kocsis, 97 F.3d at 886, a conclusion consistent with the
authority from our sister circuits. See, e.g., Williams v. R.H. Donnelley, Corp., 368
F.3d 123, 128 (2d Cir. 2004); O'Neal v. City of Chicago, 392 F.3d 909, 913 (7th Cir.
2004); Amro v. Boeing Co., 232 F.3d 790, 797-98 (10th Cir. 2000); LePique v.
Hove, 217 F.3d 1012, 1014 (8th Cir. 2000); Brown v. Brody, 199 F.3d 446, 455-56
(D.C. Cir. 1999); Boone v. Goldin, 178 F.3d 253, 256 (4th Cir. 1999); Burger v. Cent.
Apartment Mgmt., 168 F.3d 875, 879 (5th Cir. 1999); Doe v. Dekalb County Sch.
Dist., 145 F.3d 1441, 1448 (11th Cir. 1998).5

Momah presents no evidence that he suffered a loss of pay, benefits, or title,
or any alteration in his job responsibilities as a result of being denied a transfer to
Detroit; instead he contends that the denial was adverse because it denied him the
opportunity to be closer to his family. His argument raises the issue of whether the
adversity of a given employment action should be judged based on an objective or

5
Momah urges us to reject this uniform authority based on the First Circuit's
remark in Randlett v. Shalala, 118 F.3d 857, 862 (1st Cir. 1997), refusing to "accept
the ... view that a refusal to transfer is automatically outside Title VII." We decline
to do so.

15
subjective standard. We have previously held that an "employee's subjective
impressions as to the desirability of one position over another are not relevant" in
determining whether the employee suffered an adverse employment action.
Policastro v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 297 F.3d 535, 539 (6th Cir. 2002); see also
Strouss v. Mich. Dep't of Corr., 250 F.3d 336, 343 n.2 (6th Cir.2001) (explaining that
"purely personal reasons for turning down a transfer are not sufficient to render a
transfer an adverse employment action"); Reese v. State of Mich. Family
Independence Agency, 31 Fed. Appx. 172, 174 (6th Cir. 2002) (relying on Strouss to
hold that "purely personal reasons for requesting a transfer are not sufficient to render
its denial an adverse employment action"). Instead, we employ an objective test that
considers whether the employment action at issue was "objectively intolerable to a
reasonable person." Policastro, 297 F.3d at 539 (citing Kocsis, 97 F.3d at 886);
Strouss, 250 F.3d at 342; see also Keeton v. Flying J, Inc., 429 F.3d 259, 264-66 (6th
Cir. 2005) (applying objective test to determine whether lateral geographic transfer
constituted adverse employment action). Our circuit's focus on objective indicia of
adversity is consistent with the holdings of our sister circuits that an employee's
subjective preference for one position over another is insufficient to render the denial
of a purely lateral transfer an adverse employment action under the discrimination
provision of Title VII. See, e.g., O'Neal, 392 F.3d at 913 (holding that a "purely
subjective preference for one position over another" does not "justify trundling out
the heavy artillery of federal antidiscrimination law" in a Title VII claim for the
denial of a lateral transfer where "the two jobs were equivalent other than in
idiosyncratic terms") (quotation and citation ommited); Williams, 368 F.3d at 128
(rejecting employee's denial of transfer claim on grounds that employee's desire to
return to Las Vegas where she still maintained a home was merely a "subjective,
personal disappointment[]" insufficient to "meet the objective indicia of an adverse
employment action"); Sanchez v. Denver Pub. Sch., 164 F.3d 527, 532-33 n.6 (10th
Cir.1998) ("If a transfer is truly lateral and involves no significant changes in an
employee's conditions of employment, the fact that the employee views the transfer

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either positively or negatively does not of itself render the denial or receipt of the
transfer [an] adverse employment action.").

Applying these principles to Momah's claim, we conclude that he has failed to
produce evidence from which a jury could conclude that the denial of his request to
be transferred to either an investigator or Administrative Judge position in the Detroit
office would be adverse to a reasonable person. First, the record demonstrates that
a transfer from Momah's position as an Administrative Judge in Memphis to the
investigator position in Detroit would have constituted a demotion within the EEOC,
which would lead a reasonable jury to conclude that Momah had suffered an adverse
employment action if his request for a demotion had been granted. See, e.g.,
Williams, 368 F.3d at 128 ("Clearly, an employer's denial of a transfer request that
would have resulted in a reduction in pay and the employee's demotion within the
organization, without more, does not constitute an adverse employment action.").
Second, Momah presents no evidence that the Administrative Judge position in
Detroit differed in any way, save for proximity to his family, from the identical
position he held as an Administrative Judge in Memphis, and thus fails to provide
evidence from which a jury could conclude that the Memphis position was objectively
worse than the identical position in Detroit. Because Momah has not shown that he
suffered an adverse employment action, he fails to establish a prima facie case.6

6
The Supreme Court's decision in White expanded the definition of an "adverse
employment action" for claims brought pursuant to Title VII's anti-retaliation
provision. Id. at 2415 (holding that Title VII's retaliation provision covers all
retaliatory "employer actions that would have been materially adverse to a reasonable
employee or job applicant," and stating that such actions are deemed "materially
adverse" if they "could well dissuade a reasonable worker from making or supporting
a charge of discrimination"). Because White was limited to the retaliation provision
of Title VII, the Court's holding does not affect our foregoing discussion of adverse
employment actions in the context of Momah's discrimination claim.

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 Momah argues that the district court "abused its discretion by completely
ignoring all of [his] evidence in support of his retaliation claims." Title VII prohibits
retaliation by an employer where an individual has engaged in protected activity. 42
U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). A plaintiff can establish retaliation under Title VII without
direct evidence under the burden-shifting approach set forth in McDonnell Douglas
Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). See, e.g., DiCarlo, 358 F.3d at 420. Under this
standard, Momah must first establish a prima facie case of retaliation by showing that
(1) he engaged in an activity protected by Title VII; (2) the defendant knew of the
exercise of his rights; (3) the defendant took an employment action adverse to the
plaintiff; and (4) there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the
adverse employment action. Id. If Momah can establish a prima facie case, the
burden of coming forward with a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the
adverse employment action falls upon the EEOC. Id. (quotation omitted). However,
if the EEOC articulates a non-discriminatory reason, it is then Momah's burden to
show that the EEOC's reasons are merely a pretext for retaliation. Id.

Momah points to four actions allegedly undertaken by the EEOC to retaliate
against him for filing an EEO complaint: (1) delaying one of his promotions; (2)
refusing to process his subsequent EEO complaints; (3) negatively rating his
performance; and (4) failing to grant his transfer requests. He fails to make out a
prima facie case for any of these claims. With respect to the delay of promotion
claim, Momah presents no evidence to rebut the EEOC's evidence that he received
his promotion on the first day he became eligible, namely the one-year anniversary
of his previous promotion. Regarding the EEOC's alleged failure to process his
complaint, there is no separate cause of action for his claim, see, e.g., Jordan v.
Summers, 205 F.3d 337, 342 (7th Cir. 2000) (holding plaintiff's claim that agency
"botched the processing of her [EEO] complaint ... does not state a claim upon which
relief can be granted"); rather, if Momah was dissatisfied with the agency's handling
of a complaint his remedy was to do precisely what he did here: proceed to federal
court. Id.

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 With regard to his third and fourth claims, even assuming, arguendo, that those
actions constituted adverse employment actions under White, Momah is still unable
to establish a prima facie case of retaliation. Specifically, Momah cannot establish
the fourth element of the burden-shifting approach; there is no evidence of a causal
connection between the protected activity and the adverse employment action. The
EEOC rated Momah's performance as "proficient" as opposed to "outstanding" in
November 1998. The EEOC denied Momah's initial request for reassignment as an
Admistrative Judge on February 3, 1998. Momah then communicated his willingness
to work in Detroit either as an Administrative Judge or as an investigator in August
1998, which was also unsuccessful. Momah, however, did not engage in protected
activity until October 13, 1999. Although the performance ratings and the denials of
transfer continued to occur after this date, Momah makes no distinction between the
conduct of his employer before October 1999 and the allegedly retaliatory conduct.
We therefore conclude that no causal nexus exists between the employer conduct and
the protected activity, and Momah's final two claims must fail as well. See Walborn
v. Erie County Care Facility, 150 F.3d 584, 589 (6th Cir. 1998) (holding that a
plaintiff who complained of numerous allegedly adverse actions that occurred both
before and after her protected activity could not establish the causal connection
element because she had not alleged that her employer "treated her differently since
she asserted her rights" and that "[t]he fact that some of the allegedly retaliatory
actions took place after [she] filed an EEOC charge is insufficient to establish the
requisite causal connection").

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

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