NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 07a0636n.06
Filed: August 29, 2007
Case No. 06-5280
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
United States of America, :
:
Plaintiff-Appellee, : On Appeal From the United States
: District Court for the Western District
vs. : of Tennessee at Jackson
:
Frankie Miller, :
:
Defendant-Appellant. :
BEFORE: GIBBONS and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; BECKWITH, District Judge.*
SANDRA S. BECKWITH, District Judge. Frankie Miller appeals his sentence imposed
following his guilty plea to being a felon in possession of a firearm. Based on Miller’s prior
convictions, the district court found him to be an armed career criminal and sentenced him to the
statutory minimum of 180 months. Miller appeals, arguing the district court violated his
constitutional rights by classifying him as an armed career criminal, and erred in concluding that one
of his prior convictions was a “violent felony.” We affirm.
I.
A federal grand jury indicted Miller on charges of being a felon in possession of a firearm,
*
The Honorable Sandra S. Beckwith, Chief Judge, United States District Court for the
Southern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
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18 U.S.C. §922(g)(1), and possessing a stolen firearm that had been shipped in interstate commerce,
18 U.S.C. §922(j). Miller pled guilty to both counts of the indictment. Miller’s pre-sentence report
recommended that he be sentenced under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. §924(e), based
on three prior state convictions for robbery, aggravated assault, and arson. Miller objected to the
characterization of the arson conviction as a “violent felony” under the ACCA. At the sentencing
hearing, the Government expressed concern that the court could not determine if Miller’s arson
conviction was a “violent felony” without the documents pertaining to Miller’s charge and his plea.
(J.A. 52) The district court granted a continuance to permit the Government to obtain those
documents. After reviewing the charging information, affidavits in support of the charges, and
Miller’s guilty plea, the district court concluded that the felony was “violent” as defined by the
ACCA. The district court sentenced Miller to the minimum statutory sentence of 180 months, and
five years of supervised release. Miller timely appealed.
II.
Miller contends that the district court violated his Sixth Amendment rights by concluding
he had committed “arson,” as no jury ever convicted him of that crime. We need not tarry over
Miller’s contention, nor determine whether plain error analysis is appropriate, because Miller’s
argument is squarely defeated by Sixth Circuit precedent. In United States v. Beasley, 442 F.3d 386
(6th Cir. 2006), we held that the district court does not violate the Sixth Amendment “by determining
the fact and nature of a defendant’s prior convictions and using these findings to impose an increased
sentence under the Armed Career Criminal Act.” Id. at 391. The district court did not err in doing
so here.
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III.
Miller also contends that the district court erred when it concluded that Miller’s felony
conviction under Tenn. Code Ann. §39-14-303 was a “violent felony.” This court reviews the
district court’s legal conclusion de novo. United States v. Collier, No. 06-1395, ___ F.3d ___, 2007
U.S. App. LEXIS 16598, at *2 (6th Cir., July 12, 2007). The ACCA mandates that a defendant
convicted as a felon in possession of a firearm shall be imprisoned for not less than fifteen years, if
that defendant has three prior convictions for violent felonies. The statute defines “violent felony”
as
Any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year . . . that . . . (i)
has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against
the person of another; or (ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of
explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of
physical injury to another[.]
18 U.S.C. §924(e)(2)(B).
Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 600 (1990) requires the sentencing court to utilize a
“formal categorical approach” to determine if a prior conviction falls within the statutory definition.
Congress determined that burglary, arson, extortion, and the use of explosives are presumptively
“violent” crimes. Taylor addressed whether a conviction under a state statute that criminalized
“burglary-like” conduct qualified as a “burglary” under the ACCA. The Supreme Court concluded
that Congress used “burglary” to mean the “generic” crime defined in most modern state criminal
codes, which includes the basic element of “unlawful or unprivileged entry into, or remaining in, a
building or structure, with intent to commit a crime.” Id. at 599. A conviction under such a
“generic” burglary statute would fall within the ACCA’s definition. In states where statutes define
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burglary more broadly (“non-generic” statutes) the sentencing court may look beneath the fact of
the conviction to review the indictment or jury instructions to determine if the elements of the
offense include the generic elements. In Shephard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13 (2005), the Supreme
Court applied this categorical approach to a conviction following a guilty plea under a “non-generic”
statute. In such cases, the court’s categorical analysis “. . .is limited to the terms of the charging
document, the terms of a plea agreement or transcript of colloquy between judge and defendant in
which the factual basis for the plea was confirmed by the defendant, or to some comparable judicial
record of this information.” Id. at 26.
Hence, if Miller pled guilty to and was convicted of an offense under a generic state arson
statute, no further inquiry is needed to conclude that his conviction qualifies as an ACCA “violent
felony.”
Miller was convicted of violating Tenn. Code Ann. §39-14-303. That statute is part of the
Tennessee Criminal Code, Chapter 14 “Offenses Against Property,” Part 3 entitled “Arson-
Explosives.” Sections 301 and 302 define “Arson” and “Aggravated Arson” respectively. Section
303 is entitled “Setting fire to personal property or land” and states:
(a) A person commits arson who knowingly damages any personal property, land,
or other property, except buildings or structures covered under §39-14-301, by means
of a fire or explosion:
(1) Without the consent of all persons who have a possessory or proprietary interest
therein; or
(2) With intent to destroy or damage any such property for any unlawful purpose.
(b) A violation of this section is a Class E felony.
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(Emphasis added)
The statute itself expressly defines the offense as “arson,” although the statute omits the
traditional common law element of the burning of a dwelling. Taylor rejected the argument that
Congress intended “burglary” to have its common law meaning (the breaking and entering of a
dwelling at night with intent to commit a felony), noting that such “arcane distinctions embedded
in the common-law definition have little relevance to modern law enforcement concerns.” Taylor,
495 U.S. at 593-594. The modern generic crime of arson is not limited to dwellings, or even to
buildings. In United States v. Velasquez-Reyes, 427 F.3d 1227, 1230-1231 and n.2 (9th Cir. 2005),
the Ninth Circuit noted that a majority of modern state arson statutes define burning of personal
property as arson, and listed 36 such statutes including Tenn Code Ann. §39-14-303. The Second
Circuit concluded that a third-degree arson conviction under a Vermont statute that criminalized the
willful and malicious burning of personal property worth at least $25 was an “arson” conviction for
purposes of the ACCA. United States v. Hathaway, 949 F.2d 609, 610 (2nd Cir. 1991). The federal
arson statute, 18 U.S.C. §844(f)(1) includes the malicious destruction of personal property.
Moreover, the Tennessee courts have held that the offense defined in §39-14-303 is an independent
arson crime, and not merely a lesser included offense of “arson” or “aggravated arson.” State v.
Rucker, 2004 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 1078 (2004). Under Tennessee law, there is no question that
Miller pled guilty to a crime of “arson.” The widely accepted “generic” definition of arson thus
includes the knowing burning of personal property without consent or with unlawful intent.
Miller argues that Tenn. Code Ann. §39-14-303 lacks any element of violence, and therefore
should not be treated as a “violent felony.” The identical argument concerning “burglary” was
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squarely rejected in Taylor, when the Supreme Court observed that
. . . Congress thought that certain general categories of property crimes – namely
burglary, arson, extortion, and the use of explosives – so often presented a risk of
injury to persons, or were so often committed by career criminals, that they should
be included in the enhancement statute even though, considered solely in terms of
their statutory elements, they do not necessarily involve the use or threat of force
against a person.
Taylor, 495 U.S. at 597.
We need not reach the issue of whether Miller’s conviction falls within the “otherwise”
clause of 18 U.S.C. §924(e)(2)(B)(ii), which includes within the ACCA’s definition any offense that
“otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” This
clause is only triggered when an offense is not specifically enumerated in that subsection of the
statute. James v. United States, 127 S.Ct. 1586 (2007). There, the Supreme Court analyzed whether
a conviction for “attempted burglary” under a Florida statute qualified as an ACCA violent felony;
the Court noted that 18 U.S.C. §924(e)(2)(B)(ii) did not expressly list attempted burglary, and so
analysis under the “otherwise” clause was required. Id. at 1591. The same type of analysis was
applied by this Court in United States v. Collier, No. 06-1395, ___ F.3d ___, 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS
16598 (6th Cir., July 12, 2007), to a Michigan conviction for “prison escape,” and in United States
v. Sawyers, 409 F.3d 732 (6th Cir. 2005) and United States v. Wilcox, 150 Fed. Appx. 458 (6th Cir.,
October 5, 2005) (unpublished) to Tennessee convictions for statutory rape. Because Miller was
convicted under a “generic” state arson statute, we need not address Miller’s arguments concerning
the facts underlying his conviction.
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the district court properly concluded that
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Miller’s arson conviction was a “violent felony” under the ACCA, and we affirm Miller’s sentence.
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