NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 07a0739n.06
Filed: October 17, 2007
No. 06-4143
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
ROBERT GILCHREST,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. On Appeal from the United
States District Court for the
UNUM LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF Southern District of Ohio at
AMERICA; GOVERNMENT LIQUIDATION.COM Columbus
LONG-TERM DISABILITY PLAN, c/o Government
Liquidation.com LLC,
Defendants-Appellees.
/
Before: GUY, ROGERS, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.
RALPH B. GUY, JR., Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Robert Gilchrest appeals from the
judgment entered in favor of defendants Unum Life Insurance Company (Unum) and
Government Liquidation.com Long-Term Disability Plan in this action challenging the
termination of his long-term disability benefits under an employee benefit plan governed by
the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B).
Plaintiff contests (1) the entry of judgment on the administrative record upholding the
decision to terminate his benefits, and (2) the decision granting summary judgment to Unum
on its counterclaim to recover overpayments due to his receipt of Social Security disability
No. 06-4143 2
benefits. After review of the record and the applicable law, we affirm in part, reverse in part,
and remand for entry of judgment consistent with this opinion.
I.
Gilchrest was employed by Government Liquidation.com (GLC) and participated in
GLC’s Long-Term Disability Plan (Plan), which was established and maintained pursuant
to ERISA. Unum was the plan administrator and also paid benefits under the Plan. On June
18, 2003, Gilchrest, age 61, injured his back while lifting an air compressor at work. The
medical findings, based on an MRI, included disc dessication at L3-S1, and complete
obliteration of the right neural foramen at L4-5. Gilchrest received short-term disability
benefits, and applied for and received Social Security disability benefits beginning January
1, 2004. When his eligibility for short-term disability benefits expired, Gilchrest applied for
and began receiving long-term disability (LTD) benefits as of March 24, 2004.
Conservative treatment was not successful, and Gilchrest underwent decompressive
laminectomy at L3-L5 in April 2004. In October 2004, much improved, Gilchrest was
released to work with the restriction that he could not lift more than 25 pounds. His
physician, Dr. Joseph Shehadi, completed Unum’s “Estimated Functional Abilities Form”
in November 2004. At that time, Dr. Shehadi indicated that Gilchrest could occasionally lift
or carry 11 to 20 pounds, could occasionally push or pull 25 pounds, and could perform four
hours per day of “light activity” and four hours per day of “sedentary activity.” Dr. Shehadi
added that Gilchrest was unable to lift more than 25 pounds at a time and was “unable to
resume his highly physical job.” There was no dispute concerning Gilchrest’s restrictions,
No. 06-4143 3
and Unum’s medical reviewers agreed that these restrictions were reasonable and
appropriate.
An occupational analysis obtained by Unum in June 2004, after Gilchrest’s surgery
but before he was released to work, concluded that Gilchrest’s job was most closely
analogous to the occupation of “Warehouse Manager” described in the Department of
Labor’s Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT). Because “Warehouse Manager” was
classified as “light” work requiring only occasional lifting of up to 20 pounds, Unum
concluded that Gilchrest was not precluded from performing his “regular occupation” as that
term was defined by the Plan. As a result, Unum terminated his LTD benefits effective
October 12, 2004. Gilchrest appealed twice, but Unum reached the same conclusion in
denials dated March 15, 2005, and August 25, 2005.
The Plan also provided that disability benefits were to be reduced by “deductible
sources of income,” including, specifically, the amount an employee receives or is entitled
to receive in Social Security disability benefits. Gilchrest alerted Unum when his disability
payments were not reduced by the amount of Social Security benefits he was receiving, but
the overpayments continued. When Unum terminated Gilchrest’s benefits, it also demanded
reimbursement for the overpayments in the amount of $3,564. Gilchrest responded that he
did not have the money to refund the overpayments.
This action, commenced by Gilchrest in October 2005, challenged Unum’s
termination of benefits. Unum counterclaimed seeking to recover the overpayments under
theories of breach of contract and unjust enrichment. The parties filed cross-motions for
No. 06-4143 4
judgment on the administrative record, and the district court granted judgment in favor of
Unum on the grounds that Unum’s decision to terminate LTD benefits was not arbitrary or
capricious.1 Cross-motions for summary judgment subsequently filed with respect to Unum’s
counterclaim presented only one contested issue: whether the counterclaim was one brought
by a fiduciary seeking “other equitable relief” under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3)(B). Sereboff v.
Mid Atl. Med. Servs., Inc., 126 S. Ct. 1869 (2006); Great-West Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v.
Knudson, 534 U.S. 204 (2002). Finding that Unum could proceed under § 1132(a)(3)(B),
the district court entered judgment in favor of Unum on its counterclaim. Gilchrest appealed
from both orders.
II.
A. Standard of Review
A decision denying ERISA benefits is reviewed de novo, unless—as is the case
here—the plan gives the administrator discretionary authority to determine eligibility for
benefits or to construe the terms of the plan. Kalish v. Liberty Mut./Liberty Life Assur. Co.,
419 F.3d 501, 506 (6th Cir. 2005). When the plan gives the administrator such discretion,
the termination of benefits is reviewed under the arbitrary and capricious standard. Id. (citing
Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115 (1989)). Under this deferential
review, the administrator’s decision will not be deemed arbitrary and capricious “so long as
‘it is possible to offer a reasoned explanation, based on the evidence, for a particular
1
The district court also found that the case should be remanded to Unum for exhaustion of
administrative remedies on the issue of whether Gilchrest was totally disabled from “any gainful
occupation.” Unum did not object at the time, and does not mention or challenge that ruling on appeal.
No. 06-4143 5
outcome.’” Id. (quoting Davis v. Ky. Fin. Cos. Ret. Plan, 887 F.2d 689, 693 (6th Cir. 1989)).
In addition, as the district court observed, because Unum operates the Plan as both the
administrator determining which claims are covered and the insurer responsible for paying
those claims, there is a readily apparent conflict of interest. This inherent conflict does not
alter the standard of review, but must be weighed as a factor in determining whether the
decision was arbitrary and capricious. Id. (citing Firestone, 489 U.S. at 115).
B. Regular Occupation
During the initial period of LTD coverage for an employee’s disability from his
“regular occupation,” disability is defined to mean that the employee is “limited from
performing the material and substantial duties of [his] regular occupation due to [his]
sickness or injury[.]” The term “material and substantial duties” is defined to mean duties
that “are normally required for the performance of your regular occupation” and “cannot be
reasonably omitted or modified.” The Plan further provides that:
REGULAR OCCUPATION means the occupation you are routinely
performing when your disability begins. Unum will look at your occupation
as it is normally performed in the national economy, instead of how the work
tasks are performed for a specific employer or at a specific location.
The question in this case is whether it was arbitrary and capricious for Unum to conclude
from the evidence in the administrative record that Gilchrest’s “regular occupation” did not
require lifting of more than 25 pounds.
The first correspondence Unum received was the “Employer Statement” submitted by
GLC in November 2003 as part of Gilchrest’s claim for benefits. That form, completed by
Linda Barckett, a benefits administrator for GLC, identified Gilchrest’s “Job Title/Major Job
No. 06-4143 6
Duties” as “Assistant Site Manager–see job desc[ription].” Immediately under that line,
Barckett checked a box indicating that Gilchrest’s “Occupational Classification” was
“Medium 21-50 lbs.” The referenced job description, on the other hand, included among the
physical demands of the job that “[t]he employee must frequently lift and/or move up to 10
pounds and occasionally lift and/or move 25 pounds.” This would place the job of Assistant
Site Manager in the category of “light” exertional work. This discrepancy did not escape
Unum, and Unum contacted Barckett for clarification regarding the exertional requirements
of Gilchrest’s job. In response, Barckett advised Unum’s representative that, in fact,
Gilchrest performed “heavy duty work (including heavy lifting) regularly due to the fact
[that] he work[ed] at remote sites by himself.” 2
As noted earlier, Unum had vocational rehabilitation consultant Christy Searcy, M.S.,
C.R.C., perform an occupational analysis to determine Gilchrest’s “regular occupation” in
June 2004. Whatever information may or may not have been provided to Searcy, it is clear
that her conclusions were based on the comparison of the duties identified in GLC’s job
description for “Assistant Site Manager” and the DOT’s description of the occupation of
“Warehouse Manager.” The GLC’s three-page job description identified the following
Essential Duties and Responsibilities:
Maintains, within the confines of assigned work areas, strict adherence to
safety, environmental, and security laws, regulations, and requirements as set
forth by the company, local hosts, and all applicable government directives.
Reports observed violations to the Site Manager.
2
Unum suggests on appeal that this apparent discrepancy is technically not inconsistent because a
25-pound lifting requirement would fall within the range of 21 to 50 pounds. This post-hoc rationalization
is completely implausible given the clarification by Barckett that Gilchrest’s work involved “heavy lifting.”
No. 06-4143 7
Assists the Site Manager in adhering to company procedures for the
acceptance, receiving, positioning, and security of all inventory received by the
company at the places of assigned responsibility.
Inventories delivery orders with the designated DRMO-CV Rep. Ensures
inventory being accepted on designated Delivery Order Manifests is accounted
for. Records this information and provides immediate reports as directed by
the Site Manager.
Prepares inventory in accordance with the Field Operations Handbook to
ensure the sales revenue goals are achieved.
Manages inventory to include aging, scrap, and data input to ensure an
inventory accuracy rate of 95% or better.
Ensures 100% accuracy of all data input into OneWorld.
Accounts for and protects company property and inventory at all times.
Performs duties of Site Manager in his/her absence.
Other duties as may be assigned.
The “Supervisory Responsibilities” included that an Assistant Site Manager “[m]ay directly
supervise employees and may also be called upon to direct or guide the efforts of temporary
or contract workers.” Finally, as noted earlier, the physical demands included the ability to
do light work. Searcy found similarities between this job description and the following
description of the occupation of “Warehouse Manager”:
184.167-114 MANAGER, WAREHOUSE (any industry) alternate titles:
storekeeper; superintendent, storage area; superintendent, warehouse;
warehouse supervisor
Directs warehousing activities for commercial or industrial
establishment: Establishes operational procedures for activities, such as
verification of incoming and outgoing shipments, handling and disposition of
materials, and keeping warehouse inventory current. Inspects physical
No. 06-4143 8
condition of warehouse and equipment and prepares work order for repairs and
requisitions for replacement of equipment. Confers with department heads to
ensure coordination of warehouse activities with such activities as production,
sales, records control, and purchasing. Screens and hires warehouse personnel
and issues work assignments. Directs salvage of damaged or used material.
May participate in planning personnel-safety and plant-protection activities.
GOE: 11.11.03 STRENGTH: L [Light] GED: R4 M3 L4 SVP: 8 DLU: 88.
http://www.oalj.dol.gov/PUBLIC/DOT/REFERENCES/DOT01E.HTM.
Since the Plan defined “regular occupation” with reference to how the occupation is
performed in the national economy, Unum argues it was not arbitrary or capricious for Unum
to look to the DOT for analogous occupations. Osborne v. Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co.,
465 F.3d 296, 299 (6th Cir. 2006), petition for cert. filed, 75 U.S.L.W. 3557 (U.S. Apr. 5,
2007) (No. 06-1350). Moreover, had GLC’s job description been the only evidence in the
record concerning Gilchrest’s regular occupation, there would be little basis to argue that
Unum’s decision was arbitrary and capricious. For Unum’s decision to pass muster under
our deferential review, however, it must be consistent with the quantity and quality of the
evidence in the record. Moon v. Unum Provident Corp., 405 F.3d 373, 381 (6th Cir. 2005).
This record reveals that Unum ignored or disregarded undisputed evidence that Gilchrest was
not performing the occupation defined by GLC’s job description.
From the beginning, as even Unum recognized, there was a material discrepancy
regarding the exertional requirements of Gilchrest’s job as reflected in the Employer
Statement and the referenced job description. Upon clarification, Unum was advised that
Gilchrest had to do heavy lifting because he worked alone going to remote sites. Unum
learned from early conversations with Gilchrest that the job required “lots of walking, driving
No. 06-4143 9
a forklift, loading trucks, and lifting up to 80 lbs. without assistance.” In later
correspondence to Unum, Gilchrest wrote:
I can’t walk any great distance, drive a forklift, lift computers, monitors, tv’s,
microwaves, 2 ½ ton truck parts such as generators, starters and other products
that we sell that [are] heavy. Please go to www.govliquidation.com to review
the type of products we have to palletize, display and photograph.
Unum was also provided Gilchrest’s statements to the Social Security Administration
reporting that in his work for GLC, he frequently lifted 25 to 30 pounds, occasionally lifted
as much as 85 or 90 pounds, and would typically carry items no more than a couple of feet.
This was consistent with Gilchrest’s explanation that he regularly lifted the inventory onto
pallets before using a forklift to move them. The following is the only complete description
in the record of the work Gilchrest was actually performing for GLC:
Cl[aimant] had the assistant manager title because in order to sign for
gov[ernment] surplus you had to be the manager or assistant manager of the
site. Cl[aimant] said since he had to drive to bases to take delivery of surplus
they also did not have to pay him overtime. Cl[aimant] would do this: Drive
to base, inventory surplus, sign for it, load it onto trucks (using forklift), and
go to next base. When back at sales site cl[aimant] would drive fork truck
with a loaded pallet and move and sort the surplus onto pallets of similar items
for display (by hand and using truck). After sale cl[aimant] would help load
the pallets onto the customers truck for delivery (using fork truck) for the 4
days they had to pick items up after auction. Cl[aimant] would then help set
up for the next sale or go to the bases again to pick up items. Cl[aimant] did
no hiring and no firing. Buying decisions were made by headquarters in
another state. Cl[aimant] would be responsible for supervision of employees
when site manager was on vacation or traveling (3 weeks out of 52). [W]hen
the industrial truck job description was read[, claimant] verified 100% of tasks
listed he did. When the Professional equipment manager position was read
cl[aimant] verified he didn’t really direct and control he did the jobs himself.
Cl[aimant] said he did confer with customers on their needs and what was
available[,] handle[d] complaints[, and] read trade publications. . . . Cl[aimant]
did not plan and direct sales and service to new markets he was the one
implementing the plan by going to the new markets.
No. 06-4143 10
In other words, despite his job title, Gilchrest did not perform the managerial work that
characterized the job descriptions for “Assistant Site Manager” and “Warehouse Manager.”
He did not direct or control the work of others, did not make purchasing or marketing
decisions, and did not coordinate warehouse activities except for a few weeks per year when
the Site Manager was away. Rather, the material and substantial duties of his job were to
drive to and from military bases, sign for and inventory surplus items, move the inventory
on and off pallets by hand, and move pallets on and off trucks with a forklift.
On this record, and keeping in mind that Unum is a conflicted administrator, we find
that the disconnect between Gilchrest’s job description and the occupation he was routinely
performing made Unum’s reliance on the analogy to “Warehouse Manager” arbitrary and
capricious. To be clear, the fact that Gilchrest’s work actually required lifting of more than
25 pounds is not dispositive, as it is conceivable that an Assistant Site Manager could be
required by a particular employer to also perform tasks requiring medium or heavy lifting.
Rather, this was only part of the evidence demonstrating that Gilchrest was not routinely
performing the material and substantial duties of the occupation of “Assistant Site Manager”
as that occupation is performed in the national economy. Finally, there can be no doubt on
this record that Gilchrest’s “regular occupation,” whether defined as an industrial truck job
or a warehouseman position, required him to lift more than 25 pounds. Unum’s decision to
terminate Gilchrest’s LTD benefits on the grounds that he was not disabled from his “regular
occupation” was arbitrary and capricious and Gilchrest was therefore entitled to LTD
benefits from the date of termination through the “regular occupation” period.
No. 06-4143 11
III.
Appealing from the entry of summary judgment on Unum’s counterclaim, Gilchrest
argues that it was error for the district court to conclude that Unum was seeking “appropriate
equitable relief” to enforce the reimbursement provisions of the Plan. 29 U.S.C. §
1132(a)(3)(B)(ii). Summary judgment is appropriate when there are no issues of material
fact in dispute and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. F ED. R. C IV.
P. 56(c). A decision granting summary judgment is reviewed de novo, as is a decision
denying summary judgment on legal grounds. Smith v. Ameritech, 129 F.3d 857, 863 (6th
Cir. 1997); McMullen v. Meijer, Inc., 355 F.3d 485, 489 (6th Cir. 2004).
While the parameters of the authority of a fiduciary to sue under § 1132(a)(3)(B) have
been the subject of several Supreme Court decisions setting forth the controlling principles,
none of the cases involved an effort to recover overpayments made by a plan to a beneficiary.
The cases all agree that to invoke the authority to sue under § 1132(a)(3)(B), a fiduciary must
be seeking a category of relief that would have typically been available in equity and not
simply an award of compensatory damages. Mertens v. Hewitt Assocs., 508 U.S. 248, 255-56
(1993). Elaborating on this distinction in Great-West Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v. Knudson,
534 U.S. 204, 212 (2002), the Court explained that not all relief falling under the rubric of
restitution was available in equity. Rather, equitable restitution involves the imposition of
constructive trust or equitable lien on “particular funds or property in the defendant’s
possession.” Id. at 213. That requirement was not satisfied in Knudson, where Great-Life
sought reimbursement for payment of medical expenses through a lien against any settlement
No. 06-4143 12
with third-party tortfeasors. The Court found that because the funds were placed into a
special needs trust that was not in the Knudson’s possession, the relief sought was “not
equitable–the imposition of a constructive trust or equitable lien on particular property–but
legal–the imposition of personal liability for the benefits that [Great-West] conferred upon
[Knudson]” Id. at 214.
Most recently, the Supreme Court clarified in Sereboff v. Mid Atlantic Medical
Services, Inc., 126 S. Ct. 1869 (2006), that in addition to equitable restitution, §
1132(a)(3)(B) could also authorize a fiduciary’s action to enforce an “equitable lien by
agreement.” Unlike in Knudson, the health insurance plan in Sereboff sought reimbursement
from the portion of a third-party settlement which had been set aside in an investment
account under the control of the Sereboffs. The Court explained that it had not rejected the
claim in Knudson because it had alleged breach of contract, but because Great-West did not
seek to recover a particular fund from the defendant. Sereboff, 126 S. Ct. at 1874. It is
therefore immaterial that Unum’s counterclaims were for breach of contract and unjust
enrichment. In addition, the Court clarified that to establish an equitable lien by agreement,
strict tracing of funds is not required and the fund need not have been in existence when the
contract was executed. Id. at 1875-76. For this reason, Gilchrest’s undisputed averment that
the overpayments had been dissipated would seem to be of no avail. See also Popowski v.
Parrott, 461 F.3d 1367, 1374 n.8 (11th Cir. 2006).
What is required, however, is that the agreement specifically identify a particular
fund—distinct from the defendant’s general assets—and a particular share of that fund to
No. 06-4143 13
which the plan was entitled. Sereboff, 126 S. Ct. at 1875. In Sereboff, the health insurance
plan included an “Acts of Third Parties” provision that applied if a beneficiary was injured
as a result of the acts or omissions of another, which required a beneficiary who received
benefits under the plan to “reimburse” the plan for those benefits from all recoveries from
a third party. Id. at 1872. In other words, the plan specifically identified a particular fund
distinct from the Sereboffs’ general assets (all recoveries from a third party whether by
lawsuit, settlement or otherwise) and a particular share of that fund to which the plan was
entitled (the portion of the total recovery due for benefits paid). Id. at 1875. As a result, the
Court held that Mid Atlantic could maintain an action for other appropriate equitable relief.3
The Eleventh Circuit has had occasion to apply Sereboff in the context of two
consolidated appeals, finding in the first case that the plan was seeking equitable relief and
in the second that the plan could not proceed under § 1132(a)(3)(B). Popowski, 461 F.3d at
1373. In the first case, the plan expressly created a lien on any amount recovered from third
parties and required repayment of the benefits paid “out of the recovery made from the third
party or insurer.” Id. at 1370. Also, unlike in Knudson, the settlement money was deposited
in the defendant’s bank account. In the second case, in contrast, the reimbursement
provisions created a right to reimbursement in full but did not specify that repayment be
made out of any particular fund distinct from the beneficiary’s general assets. As Popowski
illustrates, Sereboff requires us to examine the reimbursement provisions in question.
Here, the Plan provided that disability benefits “may be reduced by deductible sources
3
In so holding, the Supreme Court expressly abrogated Qualchoice, Inc. v. Rowland, 367 F.3d 638
(6th Cir. 2004), and Westaff (USA), Inc. v. Arce, 298 F.3d 1164 (9th Cir. 2002).
No. 06-4143 14
of income,” including the amount the employee receives or is entitled to receive in Social
Security disability benefits. Addressing overpayments, the Plan stated as follows:
Unum has the right to recover any overpayments due to:
– fraud;
– any error Unum makes in processing a claim; and
– your receipt of deductible sources of income.
You must reimburse us in full. We will determine the method by which the
repayment is to be made.
Unum will not recover more money than the amount we paid you.
At first blush, it seems that this language would not satisfy the requirements of Sereboff
because there is no express lien against a specifically identified fund. When we pause to
consider that Unum is seeking to recover overpayments, however, the provisions actually do
satisfy the requirements of Sereboff. That is, the Plan’s overpayment provision asserts a right
to recover from a specific fund distinct from Gilchrest’s general assets—the fund being the
overpayments themselves—and a particular share of that fund to which the plan was
entitled—all overpayments due to the receipt of Social Security benefits, but not to exceed
the amount of benefits paid. See Dillard’s Inc. v. Liberty Life Assurance Co., 456 F.3d 894,
901 (8th Cir. 2006) (affirming summary judgment for plan seeking to recover overpayment
of benefits resulting from the receipt of Social Security disability benefits).
IV.
For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the entry of summary judgment in favor
of Unum on its counterclaim to recover overpayments; REVERSE the district court’s entry
of judgment on the administrative record in favor of Unum; and REMAND for entry of
No. 06-4143 15
judgment in favor of Gilchrest with respect to his claim for LTD benefits during the “regular
occupation” period.