NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 08a0330n.06
Filed: June 11, 2008
No. 07-2365
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
URIAN R. STURGIS, SR., )
JENNIFER STEPHENS, )
)
Plaintiffs-Appellants, )
)
Y.S., et al., minor children, through )
parents Urian R. Sturgis, Sr. and )
Jennifer Stephens, )
)
Plaintiffs, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE EASTERN
KAREN HAYES, BERNICE ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
HARRIS & MICHAEL PATTY, )
individually and in their official )
capacities at Western Wayne Child ) OPINION
Protective Services; SARAH )
ZACHMANN & JENNIFER )
STEVENS, individually and in their )
official capacities at St. Francis )
Catholic Social Services; )
ST. FRANCIS CATHOLIC SOCIAL )
SERVICES, )
)
Defendants-Appellees. )
_______________________________________)
Before: MERRITT, MOORE, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.
KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. In this case, two parents, suing on their own
behalf and on behalf of the children that the State of Michigan has removed from them, assert that
the district court erred when it dismissed their civil suit for lack of jurisdiction under the Rooker-
Feldman doctrine. We conclude that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine did not bar the plaintiffs’ claims.
Therefore, we REVERSE and REMAND to the district court for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.
I. BACKGROUND
Jennifer Stephens (“Stephens”) and Urian Sturgis (“Sturgis”), a married couple, seek
damages and other relief on account of Michigan’s allegedly improper termination of their parental
rights over their four minor children, Z.S., S.S., R.S., and Y.S. Although Stephens is the biological
mother of all four children, Sturgis is the biological father of only R.S. and Y.S.
In June 2004, Michigan’s Child Protective Services (“CPS”) visited Stephens’s home after
receiving a tip that S.S. was burned by scalding water after S.S. failed to meet Sturgis’s expectations
for potty training. According to CPS’s brief, neither Z.S. nor S.S. were removed from the house at
that point in time.1 CPS’s Br. at 6. On September 27, 2004, CPS received a second tip indicating
that S.S. had suffered new injuries. Two days later, Jackie Buckley, the biological father of Z.S. and
S.S., told CPS that he was worried about the safety of his children.
On September 30, 2004, CPS interviewed Z.S. Stephens asked to be present for the
interview, but CPS told Stephens that the interview of Z.S. had to be private. On the basis of the
evidence that CPS gathered, on October 5, 2004, a warrant issued for Sturgis’s arrest, and officers
arrested Sturgis on October 18, 2004. On October 26, 2004, CPS removed Z.S. and S.S. from
Stephens’s home. Although the children were removed from the home, CPS lacked sufficient
1
R.S. and Y.S. were not yet born. R.S. was born in December 2004, and Y.S. was born in
February 2006.
2
evidence of abuse to support pursuing a criminal charge; the lack of evidence was allegedly due to
Stephens’s refusal to cooperate with CPS.
Despite CPS’s inability to bring a criminal complaint, the Michigan Department of Human
Services pursued the termination of Stephens’s and Sturgis’s parental rights. On March 29, 2007,
the Michigan Court of Appeals upheld the termination of Stephens’s and Sturgis’s parental rights
to Z.S., S.S., and R.S. In re Stephens, 2007 WL 948879 (Mich. Ct. App. Mar. 29, 2007). In the
Michigan Court of Appeals, Stephens and Sturgis alleged that the trial court failed to take into
account the children’s status as Native Americans, erroneously admitted Z.S.’s hearsay statement
regarding abuse, and generally lacked sufficient evidence to terminate parental rights. The Michigan
Court of Appeals concluded that these claims all lacked merit and affirmed the termination of
Stephens’s and Sturgis’s parental rights. On June 29, 2007, the Michigan Supreme Court declined
to hear Stephens and Sturgis’s appeal. In re Stephens, 733 N.W.2d 397 (Mich. 2007). The United
States Supreme Court denied certiorari review. Sturgis v. Michigan Dep’t of Human Servs., 128 S.
Ct. 617 (2007).
While Stephens and Sturgis defended their parental rights in the state proceedings, they also
brought a pro se, in forma pauperis federal civil case in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern
District of Michigan. On July 17, 2006, they filed a suit in their own names and on behalf of Y.S.
against Sarah Zachmann and Jennifer Stevens of St. Francis Catholic Social Services, and Michael
Patty, Karen Hayes, and Bernice Harris of CPS, as well as Richard McKnight and Laura Sheldon.2
2
The complaint does not make clear Richard McKnight’s or Laura Sheldon’s roles in this
case. Stephens and Sturgis’s second complaint, although it named neither McKnight nor Sheldon
as defendants in that case, indicates that McKnight was a “court[] referee,” J.A. at 11 (Compl. ¶ 33),
and Sheldon was a case worker.
3
The complaint alleged violations of sixteen statutory provisions and demanded the immediate return
of their children, criminal indictments for all of the defendants, and millions of dollars in damages.
On July 28, 2006, the district judge dismissed the complaint as frivolous under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1915(e)(2). The district court noted that the “[p]laintiffs have asserted several claims against
defendants including: civil conspiracy, criminal conspiracy, hindering prosecution, fraud, misuse
of federal funds, intimidation, harassment, coercion, perjury, obstruction of justice, malicious
prosecution, and bribery. . . . Plaintiffs also say their First, Fourth, Seventh, and Fourteenth
Amendment rights have been violated. . . . Although it appears that plaintiffs have attempted to
invoke the Court’s federal question jurisdiction, the complaint does not set forth allegations
reasonably suggesting plaintiffs might have a federal claim.” Joint Appendix (“J.A.”) at 73-74
(Order in Case No. 06-13243). Stephens and Sturgis did not appeal the dismissal.
Approximately one month later, on August 31, 2006, Stephens and Sturgis filed a second pro
se, in forma pauperis federal complaint (Case No. 06-13890). The case was initially assigned to a
different judge, but the court noted that the “case appears to be a companion case to 06-13243[, the
initial federal complaint],” and transferred the case to the original district judge. J.A. at 63 (Order
Regarding Reassignment of Companion Case). This second complaint involved slightly different
parties than the first federal case, with the addition of Z.S., R.S., and S.S. as plaintiffs, and the
addition of defendant St. Francis Catholic Social Services, while deleting Richard McKnight and
Laura Sheldon. In addition, the second complaint raised similar claims, asserting causes of action
under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violations of the Fourth Amendment, denial of the Fourteenth
Amendment’s due process protections, and infringements upon Stephens’s and Sturgis’s rights to
familial integrity. The second complaint also alleged negligence, fraud, perjury, and discrimination
4
claims. Although the second complaint did not explicitly seek the return of the children, plaintiffs
asked the district court for unspecified compensatory and punitive damages, injunctive relief, and
a declaration that the defendants’ actions were unconstitutional.
The defendants moved for dismissal and summary judgment. The St. Francis defendants
claimed that the second complaint was virtually identical to the earlier, frivolous suit and that the
doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel barred the suit. The CPS defendants raised those
same defenses and also asserted that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine and Younger abstention principles
required dismissal, the plaintiffs lacked standing to sue on behalf of their children, the plaintiffs
failed to state a claim, and the Eleventh Amendment barred claims against the state defendants in
their official capacities.
On August 16, 2007, the district judge dismissed Stephens and Sturgis’s second complaint.
The judge observed that the defendants “present several grounds for dismissal, all of which are well-
taken.” J.A. at 25 (Order Dismissing Case No. 06-13890 at 5). The judge held that “plaintiff[s’]
claim is barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. . . . A fair reading of the complaint reveals that
plaintiffs’ federal case is an impermissible attack of [] state court judgments relating to the same
issues raised in the complaint. Plaintffs’ complaint is an attempt to declare those state court
judgments void by declaring the underlying premise unconstitutional.” J.A. at 26 (Order Dismissing
Case No. 06-13890 at 6). On October 11, 2007, the district court denied plaintiffs’ motion for
reconsideration. Stephens and Sturgis filed a timely pro se appeal, and it is the dismissal of this
second case that is now before us.3
3
On March 26, 2007, Stephens and Sturgis filed a third federal complaint (Case No. 06-
11301). That case is not at issue in this appeal.
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II. ANALYSIS
“This Court reviews de novo the district court ruling that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine
precluded subject matter jurisdiction.” McCormick v. Braverman, 451 F.3d 382, 389 (6th Cir. 2006),
cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 128 S. Ct. 41 (2007). We conclude that the district court improperly
applied the Rooker-Feldman doctrine to bar Stephens and Sturgis’s claims.
Before addressing the merits of this case, it is worth providing a few words on standing. The
defendants in this case assert that Stephens and Sturgis lacked standing to bring this suit because the
state of Michigan has terminated their parental rights. Although parents cannot bring a suit on behalf
of children for whom they have no legal responsibility, Elk Grove Unified Sch. Dist. v. Newdow, 542
U.S. 1, 17-18 (2004), parents may file complaints to enforce their own rights, Winkleman v. Parma
City Sch. Dist., ___ U.S. ___, 127 S. Ct. 1994, 2006 (2007) (IDEA claims). While Stephens and
Sturgis did sue on behalf of their children, they also brought all of their claims on their own behalf.
Thus, Stephens and Sturgis had standing to bring this suit in their own names, and the issue of their
standing to bring claims on behalf of the children need not be resolved.
The Rooker-Feldman doctrine emerged out of two cases, Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263
U.S. 413 (1923), and District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983). “In
both cases, the losing party in state court filed suit in federal court after the state proceedings ended,
complaining of an injury caused by the state-court judgment and seeking review and rejection of that
judgment.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 291 (2005). In effect,
the plaintiffs in Rooker and Feldman sought to “appeal” their state cases to a federal district court.
After various circuits adopted differing interpretations of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, the
Supreme Court recently took the opportunity to clarify the doctrine’s limited scope:
6
The Rooker-Feldman doctrine, we hold today, is confined to cases of the kind from
which the doctrine acquired its name: cases brought by state-court losers
complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered before the district
court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of
those judgments. Rooker-Feldman does not otherwise override or supplant
preclusion doctrine or augment the circumscribed doctrines that allow federal courts
to stay or dismiss proceedings in deference to state-court actions.
Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 284. Thus, the Rooker-Feldman doctrine does not preclude all federal
cases that are somehow related to a prior state-court decision. “If a federal plaintiff ‘present[s] some
independent claim, albeit one that denies a legal conclusion that a state court has reached in a case
to which he was a party . . ., then there is jurisdiction and state law determines whether the defendant
prevails under principles of preclusion.’” Id. at 293 (alteration and omission in original) (quoting
GASH Assocs. v. Rosemont, 995 F.2d 726, 728 (7th Cir. 1993)).
This distinction between cases that are covered by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine and those
that are not, although clarified in Exxon Mobil, actually dates back to Feldman. In Feldman, at the
same time that the Supreme Court stated that the district court lacked jurisdiction for some of the
claims, the Court also noted that the district court possessed jurisdiction over the allegations that
“involve[d] a general attack on the constitutionality of” bar admittance rules. Feldman, 460 U.S. at
487. Thus, what the Rooker-Feldman doctrine primarily bars are claims that seek “relief from injury
‘caused by’ the state court judgment.” 18B CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT , ARTHUR R. MILLER &
EDWARD H. COOPER , FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 4469.1 at 11 (2d ed. Supp. 2008). In
contrast, the Rooker-Feldman doctrine provides no escape from claims that seek relief from other
injuries, such as those caused by third parties.
We have followed the Supreme Court’s guidance, and we apply the Rooker-Feldman doctrine
“only when a plaintiff complains of injury from the state court judgment itself.” Coles v. Granville,
7
448 F.3d 853, 858 (6th Cir. 2006). In other words, the Rooker-Feldman doctrine applies “when a
plaintiff asserts before a federal district court that a state court judgment itself was unconstitutional
or in violation of federal law.” McCormick, 451 F.3d at 395. To further explain the difference
between normal preclusion and Rooker-Feldman principles, we have approvingly quoted the Tenth
Circuit’s explanation:
“Appellate review—the type of judicial action barred by Rooker-Feldman—consists
of a review of the proceedings already conducted by the ‘lower’ tribunal to determine
whether it reached its result in accordance with law. When, in contrast, the second
court tries a matter anew and reaches a conclusion contrary to a judgment by the first
court, without concerning itself with the bona fides of the prior judgment (which may
or may not have been a lawful judgment under the evidence and argument presented
to the first court), it is not conducting appellate review, regardless of whether
compliance with the second judgment would make it impossible to comply with the
first judgment. In this latter situation the conflict between the two judgments is to
be resolved under preclusion doctrine, not Rooker-Feldman.”
Coles, 448 F.3d at 858-59 (quoting Bolden v. City of Topeka, 441 F.3d 1129, 1143 (10th Cir. 2006)).
In the case at hand, Stephens and Sturgis do not claim injury from the state-court decision;
instead, they assert independent claims against third parties. Stephens and Sturgis allege that the
employees at CPS and St. Francis violated their constitutional rights and committed other acts of
negligence, fraud, discrimination, and perjury. The plaintiffs’ claims in the instant case, while they
may lead a federal court to reach a conclusion contrary to the Michigan courts, do not seek federal
appellate review of the state-court decision.
The case at hand is quite similar to McCormick, in which we held that the Rooker-Feldman
doctrine did not apply to several claims in which the plaintiff was not attacking the state-court
judgment itself. In the claims for which we held that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine did not apply,
the plaintiff in McCormick had asserted that the “state court judgments were procured by certain
8
Defendants through fraud, misrepresentation, or other improper means, and that a state statute is
vague and overbroad.” McCormick, 451 F.3d at 392. After analyzing these claims, similar to the
ones in the instant case, we noted that “[n]one of these claims assert an injury caused by the state
court judgments; Plaintiff does not claim that the state court judgments themselves are
unconstitutional or in violation of federal law.” Id. Had the plaintiff in McCormick (or the plaintiffs
in the instant case) claimed that the state-court judgments caused the injuries, the result would have
been different:
“Suppose a state court, based purely on state law, terminates a father’s parental rights
and orders the state to take custody of his son. If the father sues in federal court for
the return of his son on grounds that the state judgment violates his federal
substantive due-process rights as a parent, he is complaining of an injury caused by
the state judgment and seeking its reversal. This he may not do, regardless of
whether he raised any constitutional claims in state court, because only the Supreme
Court may hear appeals from state-court judgments.”
Id. at 394 (quoting Hoblock v. Albany County Bd. of Elections, 422 F.3d 77, 87-88 (2d Cir. 2005)).
A claim asserting injuries caused by a state-court decision would trigger the application of
the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. However, because the plaintiff in McCormick alleged wrongs by a
third party, not by the state court, the plaintiff asserted an independent claim and the Rooker-
Feldman doctrine did not apply. Id. at 393 (“If there is some other source of injury, such as a third
party’s actions, then the plaintiff asserts an independent claim.”). In the same way, Stephens and
Sturgis’s complaints against the employees of CPS and St. Francis cannot be characterized as an
attack on the state-court judgment itself; rather than alleging injury from the judgment, they allege
injury from the unconstitutional actions of these third parties involved in the removal of the children
from Stephens’s home.
9
Because the plaintiffs do “not complain of an injury caused by a state court judgment, we find
that [they are] asserting independent claims, which are not barred by Rooker-Feldman.” Pittman v.
Cuyahoga County Dep’t of Children and Family Servs., 241 F. App’x 285, 288 (6th Cir. 2007); see
also Southerland v. Giuliani, 4 F. App’x 33 (2d Cir. 2001) (holding that the Rooker-Feldman
doctrine does not bar a plaintiff’s claims of constitutional violations related to the removal of
children from the plaintiff’s home).
Although the Rooker-Feldman doctrine does not apply, “the Supreme Court has instructed
that preclusion law is the appropriate solution for these independent claims.” McCormick, 451 F.3d
at 392. While the district court called the defendants’ various arguments for dismissal “well-taken,”
J.A. at 25 (Order Dismissing Case No. 06-13890 at 5), it addressed only the application of the
Rooker-Feldman doctrine. For that reason, we leave to the district court on remand the
determination of the applicability of the doctrines of preclusion and any other remaining matters.
See Feldman, 460 U.S. at 488.
III. CONCLUSION
We hold that the district court erred in its application of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine to
independent claims that did not assert injuries caused by the state-court judgment. Accordingly, we
REVERSE and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
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