` NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 08a0538n.06
Filed: August 29, 2008
No. 07-4241
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
DEBORAH A. NOVOTNY, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
REED ELSEVIER (LEXIS NEXIS) et al., ) SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
)
Defendants-Appellees. )
Before: ROGERS and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; ADAMS, District Judge.*
ADAMS, District Judge. Plaintiff-Appellant Deborah A. Novotny appeals from the district
court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Defendants Reed Elsevier and Eric Roberts on her
claims of gender discrimination, retaliatory discharge, and defamation. Novotny claims that genuine
issues of material fact remain on each of her asserted causes of action. Because none of Novotny’s
arguments has merit, we affirm.
I.
Novotny began her employment with Reed Elsevier on August 25, 2003. At the beginning
of her employment, she was supervised by David Glowacki. Glowacki remained Novotny’s
supervisor for roughly the first year of her employment. In June of 2004, Roberts became Novotny’s
direct supervisor. Within a short time after becoming Novotny’s supervisor, Roberts noted several
*
The Honorable John R. Adams, United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Ohio, sitting by designation.
No. 07-4241
Novotny v. Reed Elsevier
areas in which he believed Novotny’s performance was deficient. Roberts asserted that Novotny did
not promptly respond to questions about when activities would be completed and alleged that he had
received feedback that Novotny was unprofessional when dealing with her direct reports.
In November of 2004, Novotny proposed to Amy Bloebaum that she stop reporting directly
to Roberts and instead report directly to Bloebaum. From the record, it appears that this request was
never seen by Roberts. On December 10, 2004, based on his observations and the information in
his possession, Roberts placed Novotny on a “Corrective Action Plan” (“CAP”). The CAP
indicated that her direct reports believed that Novotny had failed to “facilitate a positive and
cooperative team environment with others.” During the meeting in which Roberts placed Novotny
on the CAP, he also discussed his concerns about her personal calendar. Roberts informed Novotny
that he did not believe that it was proper that she consistently blocked out time on Friday afternoons
and Monday mornings and labeled it as unavailable.
On December 15, 2004, Novotny sent a memorandum to her human resources department.
In that memorandum, Novotny denied the deficiencies stated in the CAP. Further, Novotny alleged
for the first time that Roberts was discriminating against her on the basis of gender. Novotny’s
complaint was immediately investigated internally. Novotny, Roberts, and several other Reed
Elsevier employees were interviewed. Based on the investigation, it was concluded that no gender
discrimination had occurred.
On January 7, 2005, Bonnie Vaughn, one of Novotny’s subordinates, contacted the human
resources department. Vaughn reported that Novotny had asked her to submit expense reports for
photographs taken by Novotny so that Roberts would not be involved in approving the expenses.
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The human resources department then investigated Vaughn’s complaint by speaking with Novotny’s
other subordinates. Multiple employees indicated that Novotny had requested that they submit
expenses for her to approve rather than submitting them herself to Roberts. Based upon this
investigation, Bloebaum scheduled a meeting with Novotny on January 14, 2005. During this
meeting, Novotny admitted to asking her subordinates to submit expenses for her review, despite
having incurred the expenses herself. “Ms. Novotny said during the meeting that she had done this
in order to avoid submitting these expenses to her direct supervisor, Eric Roberts. She admitted that
in doing this she had violated Company policy.” J.A. at 226. Bloebaum then informed Novotny
that she was being terminated for violating the expense policy.
On December 15, 2005, Novotny filed suit against Reed Elsevier and Roberts. Novotny’s
complaint alleged gender discrimination, sexual harassment, retaliation, intentional infliction of
emotional distress, negligent infliction of emotional distress, a violation of the Equal Pay Act,
defamation, and wrongful discharge in violation of public policy. Novotny voluntarily dismissed
both her claims for emotional distress. Following discovery, the district court granted summary
judgment on each of Novotny’s remaining claims in favor of both defendants. This appeal followed,
challenging the grant of summary judgment on only the claims of gender discrimination, retaliation,
and defamation.
II.
A district court’s grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Mutchler v. Dunlap
Mem’l Hosp., 485 F.3d 854, 857 (6th Cir. 2007). Summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings, the
discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as
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to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R. Civ.P.
56(c)). In evaluating the evidence presented, a court must draw all inferences in the light most
favorable to the non-moving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574,
587 (1986). A genuine issue of material fact exists when there are “disputes over facts that might
affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
242, 248 (1986). However, “[w]here the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of
fact to find for the non-moving party, there is no ‘genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita, 475 U.S. at
587.
A. Gender Discrimination
To make out a prima facie case of gender discrimination Novotny was required to show that:
(1) she is a member of a protected group; (2) she was subjected to an adverse employment decision;
(3) she was qualified for the position; and (4) she was replaced by a person outside the protected
class, or similarly situated non-protected employees were treated more favorably. Peltier v. United
States, 388 F.3d 984, 987 (6th Cir. 2004). A district court “may not consider the employer’s alleged
nondiscriminatory reason for taking an adverse employment action when analyzing the prima facie
case.” Wexler v. White’s Fine Furniture, 317 F.3d 564, 574 (6th Cir. 2003). If the plaintiff meets
this initial burden of establishing a prima facie case, then the burden of production shifts to the
defendant to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the plaintiff's discharge.
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973). If in turn the defendant provides a
legitimate reason, the burden reverts to the plaintiff to show that the defendant’s alleged reason is
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a mere pretext for discrimination. Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253 (1981).
At all times, however, the burden of persuasion remains with the plaintiff. Id.
With regard to her termination, it is undisputed that Novotny met the first three elements of
her prima facie case of gender discrimination. On appeal, Novotny claims that there remains a
genuine issue of material fact as it relates to the final element of her prima facie case. Novotny’s
arguments lack merit.
Novotny first contends that she was replaced by a person, Brad Clark, outside the protected
class. The record, however, refutes this contention. Clark did not take Novotny’s position. Rather,
he took on her job responsibilities in addition to his own. Such an act does not constitute
replacement.
[A] person is not replaced when another employee is assigned to perform the
plaintiff’s duties in addition to other duties, or when the work is redistributed among
other existing employees already performing related work. A person is replaced only
when another employee is hired or reassigned to perform the plaintiff’s duties.
Barnes v. GenCorp Inc., 896 F.2d 1457, 1465 (6th Cir. 1990) (citing Sahadi v. Reynolds Chem., 636
F.2d 1116, 1117 (6th Cir. 1980)); see also Lilley v. BTM Corp., 958 F.2d 746, 752 (6th Cir. 1992)
(“Spreading the former duties of a terminated employee among the remaining employees does not
constitute replacement.”). Novotny’s reliance on this argument, therefore, is misplaced.
Novotny also argues that she was treated differently than similarly situated males. Novotny’s
argument in support of this statement is difficult to follow. Novotny appears to argue two distinct
claims: 1) a pre-termination claim of discrimination, and 2) a claim of discrimination related to her
termination. The Court reviews each of these claims.
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Novotny first asserts that she was discriminated against prior to her termination. Novotny
claims that her calendar was closely scrutinized, she was left off of out-of-office emails, she was
referred to executive coaching, she was pushed for inputs on her development plan, and she was
placed on a CAP. Novotny asserts that her supervisor, Roberts, did not take any of these actions
against her male counterparts. As these alleged actions do not qualify as adverse employment
actions, Novotny failed to state a claim for pre-termination activities.
In Hollins v. Atlantic Co., 188 F.3d 652 (6th Cir. 1999), this Court explained a materially
adverse employment action as follows:
[A] materially adverse change in the terms and conditions of employment must be
more disruptive than a mere inconvenience or an alteration of job responsibilities.
A materially adverse change might be indicated by a termination of employment, a
demotion evidenced by a decrease in wage or salary, a less distinguished title, a
material loss of benefits, significantly diminished material responsibilities, or other
indices that might be unique to a particular situation.
Id. at 662 (citation omitted). We have consistently held that de minimis employment actions are not
materially adverse and, thus, not actionable. See, e.g., Jacklyn v. Schering Plough Healthcare Prod.,
176 F.3d 921, 930 (6th Cir. 1999) (holding that “neither requiring plaintiff to work at home while
she was recovering from out-patient surgery, nor rejecting computer expenses that previously had
been approved, were materially adverse employment actions”); Kocsis v. Multi-Care Mgmt., 97 F.3d
876, 885 (6th Cir. 1996) (holding that “reassignments without salary or work changes do not
ordinarily constitute adverse employment decisions in employment discrimination claims”); Agnew
v. BASF Corp., 286 F.3d 307, 310-11 (6th Cir. 2002) (finding that being placed on performance
improvement plan does not constitute an adverse employment action). Similar to the above
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holdings, requiring Novotny to remove blocks from her private calendar, submit self-evaluations
earlier than required by human resources, and placing her on a plan to improve her work
performance do not qualify as materially adverse employment decisions. Accordingly, with respect
to her pre-termination claim of gender discrimination, Novotny failed to satisfy her prima facie
burden.
Finally, Novotny contends that she was treated differently than her similarly situated male
co-workers when she was terminated for expense report irregularities. Novotny’s argument lacks
merit.
“[T]o be deemed ‘similarly-situated,’ the individuals with whom the plaintiff seeks to
compare his/her treatment must have dealt with the same supervisor, have been subject to the same
standards and have engaged in the same conduct without such differentiating or mitigating
circumstances that would distinguish their conduct or the employer’s treatment of them for it.”
Mitchell v. Toledo Hosp., 964 F.2d 577, 583 (6th Cir. 1992) (citing Mazzella v. RCA Global
Communications, Inc., 642 F.Supp. 1531 (S.D.N.Y. 1986); Lanear v. Safeway Grocery, 843 F.2d
298 (8th Cir. 1988)). In an effort to meet this test, Novotny alleges that male co-workers that
reported to Roberts committed similar violations of the expense reporting policy. Novotny’s
argument, however, suffers from two flaws.
First, Novotny ignores that her violations were the only violations reported to management
during her employment. Specifically, employees that Novotny directly supervised reported that they
felt uncomfortable reporting expenses in the manner suggested by Novotny. There is no evidence
that any complaint was made about the reporting practices of Novotny’s alleged comparables.
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Second, Novotny ignores the fact that she willfully violated the reporting policy in order to evade
review by her direct supervisor, Roberts. Novotny provided no evidence that any male co-worker
willfully violated the expense policy. Rather, she provided vague references to occasions where the
policy may have been violated by happenstance or oversight. Given her own admissions that her
misconduct was willful, Novotny’s assertions of comparable actions by male co-workers fall short
of demonstrating that males engaged in similar conduct. Consequently, Novotny failed to
demonstrate a prima facie case of gender discrimination.
Assuming, arguendo, that Novotny met her prima facie case as it relates to her termination,
judgment in favor of Defendants was still proper. It is undisputed that Defendants provided a
legitimate business reason for Novotny’s termination. For that matter, Novotny has admitted that
she violated the company’s expense policy. Novotny, therefore, bore the burden of proving that the
proffered reason for her termination was pretextual. To demonstrate pretext, a plaintiff is required
to show either: “(1) that the proffered reasons had no basis in fact; (2) that the proffered reasons did
not actually motivate the decision; or (3) that they were insufficient to motivate the employment
decision.” Mitchell v. Vanderbilt Univ., 389 F.3d 177, 184 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing Manzer v.
Diamond Shamrock Chems. Co., 29 F.3d 1078, 1084 (6th Cir. 1994)). “In order to prove pretext,
therefore, the plaintiff must introduce admissible evidence to show that the proffered reason was not
the true reason for the employment decision and that discriminatory animus was the true motivation
driving the employer's determination.” Grace v. USCAR, 521 F.3d 655, 677-78 (6th Cir. 2008)
(citations, quotations, and emphasis omitted).
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Novotny appears to argue that she demonstrated pretext by presenting evidence that her
employer’s investigation of her conduct was inadequate. Novotny claims that Defendants did not
follow their internal protocols for such an investigation. Novotny, however, ignores key facts. First,
the investigation was initiated by a complaining employee. Thereafter, numerous employees
reported that Novotny had violated the expense policy. Furthermore, as noted above, Novotny
admitted to violating the policy. It is difficult to conceive of how such an investigation could be
labeled inadequate. Novotny’s pretext argument lacks merit. The trial court, therefore, did not err
in granting summary judgment on her claim of gender discrimination.
B. Retaliation
A plaintiff alleging retaliatory discharge must prove the following: (1) that she was engaged
in a protected activity; (2) that she was the subject of adverse employment action; and (3) that a
causal link existed between the protected activity and the adverse action. Jackson v. RKO Bottlers
of Toledo, Inc., 743 F.2d 370, 375 (6th Cir. 1984). Retaliatory discharge claims follow the
McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework, in which the plaintiff must first make out a prima
facie case of discrimination. Gribcheck v. Runyon, 245 F.3d 547, 550 (6th Cir. 2001). The burden
then shifts to the defendant to give a legitimate, non-discriminatory explanation for its actions
regarding the plaintiff. Id. If the defendant satisfies its burden, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff
to demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the proffered explanation is pretextual. Id.
To demonstrate a causal connection between the materially adverse employment action and
the exercise of protected rights, “a plaintiff must proffer evidence sufficient to raise the inference that
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[the] protected activity was the likely reason for the adverse action.” Dixon v. Gonzales, 481 F.3d
324, 333 (6th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted).
Generally, mere temporal proximity between an assertion of Title VII rights and a
materially adverse action without other indicia of retaliatory conduct is not sufficient
to establish the causal connection element of a retaliation claim. However, we have
recently clarified that, in a small subset of cases, temporal proximity alone may be
sufficient to establish causality:
Where an adverse employment action occurs very close in time after an employer
learns of a protected activity, such temporal proximity between the events is
significant enough to constitute evidence of a causal connection for the purposes of
satisfying a prima facie case of retaliation. But where some time elapses between
when the employer learns of a protected activity and the subsequent adverse
employment action, the employee must couple temporal proximity with other
evidence of retaliatory conduct to establish causality.
… Beyond temporal proximity, other indicia of retaliatory conduct would include
evidence that the plaintiff was treated differently, either less positively or more
negatively, than similarly situated employees who had not exercised Title VII rights,
or evidence that the plaintiff was subjected to closer disciplinary scrutiny after
exercising Title VII rights.
Evans v. Prospect Airport Servs., Inc., 2008 WL 2604312, at *6, (6th Cir. June 27, 2008) (citations
and quotations omitted).
Approximately three weeks after Novotny’s complaint of gender discrimination, Defendants
began their investigation of her expense reporting. Assuming, arguendo, that Novotny’s claim falls
within the subset of cases in which temporal proximity may establish a prima facie case, her claim
still must fail. As stated above, Defendants provided a legitimate business reason for Novotny’s
termination. Likewise, Novotny has again argued that the “inadequate” nature of the investigation
demonstrates pretext. As detailed above, this argument lacks merit. The district court, therefore,
properly granted summary judgment on Novotny’s claim of retaliation.
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C. Defamation
To state a claim under Ohio law for defamation, Novotny must show that there was: 1) a false
statement, 2) defamatory to her, 3) published to a third party, 4) by a defendant who was at least
negligent, and 5) damaging to her reputation. See Lansdowne v. Beacon Journal Publishing Co., 512
N.E.2d 979, 984 (Ohio 1987). Accordingly, in defending a defamation action, it is sufficient for the
defendant to show that “the imputation is substantially true, or as it is often put, to justify the ‘gist,’
the ‘sting,’ or the substantial truth of the defamation.” Nat’l Medic Srvs. Corp. v. E.W. Scripps Co.,
573 N.E.2d 1148, 1150 (Ohio Ct. App. 1989).
In the instant matter, Novotny contends that she was defamed when an employee of Reed
Elsevier informed someone that she was “sacked for fiddling with expenses.” As detailed above,
this statement is factually accurate. Novotny was terminated for attempting to have subordinates
submit expense reports so that her supervisor would not review them. Given Novotny’s admission
that she acted in this manner, it is difficult to conceive of how the above statement could be labeled
false. Rather, it falls squarely into the category of being substantially true. Consequently, her claim
for defamation must fail as a matter of law.
D. Conclusion
Like her eight-count district court complaint, Novotny’s appeal casts a wide net. She sets
forth an array of legal arguments with little to no factual basis to support those arguments. We,
therefore, determine that the trial court committed no error in awarding Defendants summary
judgment on each claim challenged on appeal.
III.
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For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
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