NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 08a0692n.06
Filed: November 13, 2008
No. 07-1796
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
DEON ANTONIO THOMPSON, ) EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
Before: MARTIN, DAUGHTREY, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM. The defendant, Deon Antonio Thompson, appeals the district court’s
revocation of supervised release, contending that the evidence relied upon by the court
was insufficient to support revocation. We find no error and affirm.
The defendant was originally sentenced in February 1997, to a term of 80 months
in prison, to be followed by a 60-month supervised release period, which he began serving
in April 2003. In September 2006, officers from the Detroit Police Department arrested the
defendant for felony firearms possession. The arrest occurred in a residence located at
437 Jefferson Court, Detroit, Michigan. Both the police investigation report and the
arresting officer’s testimony at the defendant’s state court trial indicated that, as police
No. 07-1796
United States v. Thompson
entered the residence, Thompson was either in or near the northeast bedroom. A search
of that room revealed two loaded handguns, one on top of a dresser and the other inside
a closet. According to the trial court testimony, officers recovered United States mail
bearing the defendant’s name from the same dresser top as one of the guns. According
to the investigation report, Thompson admitted to police that he resided at the address.
Thompson was tried to the bench in state court and, at the conclusion of the
prosecution’s case, the trial judge granted his motion for a directed verdict, ruling that the
state had failed to establish the element of possession beyond a reasonable doubt. In a
subsequent opinion entitled “reason for dismissal,” the trial judge summarized the
testimony presented by the prosecution and stated the reasons for dismissal, finding that
because no witness testified that the defendant was inside the bedroom when the weapon
was recovered, and because a third-party was seen in proximity to the bedroom at the
time, the state had not sufficiently established that the gun was the defendant’s. Further,
the judge ruled that the presence of the defendant’s “junk mail” on the dresser was not
enough to establish proof of residency and referred to the 25 caliber gun found on the
dresser as a “chick” gun (i.e., a gun that a woman would own).
Despite the defendant’s acquittal on the state charge, the probation department
sought revocation of the defendant’s supervised release based upon these same facts.
At the supervised release revocation hearing, the prosecution introduced both the
investigation report and the testimony summarized in the state court’s opinion without
-2-
No. 07-1796
United States v. Thompson
objection. Probation Officer Timothy Genyk further testified that the probation department’s
request for revocation was based upon the investigation report and that neither Genyk nor
other members of the department conducted any independent investigation.
Thompson and his girlfriend, Charlene Clark, testified for the defense. Clark
admitted to being the person seen in proximity to the northeast bedroom immediately
before the police entered the home; disclaimed ownership of the guns; and denied that
there had ever been a gun on the dresser at all. In his testimony, Thompson initially
denied any connection to the 437 Jefferson Court residence, other than visiting the house
on a few occasions. Later, however, Thompson admitted that he received mail, including
employment checks, at the address. He also insisted that the mail found by police had not
been seized from the dresser top but had, instead, been removed from his pockets.
Following the revocation hearing, the district court entered an order revoking Deon
Thompson’s supervised release. Relying on the investigation report, the summary of the
officers’ trial testimony, and the incredibility of the defendant’s testimony, the district court
found by “at least a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant did possess a
firearm at the Jefferson House.” The court also found the defendant guilty of the three
other supervised release violations and sentenced him to 36 months’ imprisonment.1
1
The district court found four violations of the conditions for supervised release; it
found that (1) Thompson committed the crime of felony firearms possession; (2) he did
not report to probation as required; (3) he failed to notify the probation department of a
change in residence; and (4) he failed to notify the probation department of his arrest in a
timely manner. The defendant was acquitted of a fifth charge alleging that he did not
-3-
No. 07-1796
United States v. Thompson
On appeal, Thompson challenges only the determination that he committed a new
crime while on supervised release. He raises no challenge to the other findings of guilt or
to the reasonableness of his sentence.
We review a district court's revocation of supervised release for an abuse of
discretion. See United States v. Kirby, 418 F.3d 621, 626 (6th Cir. 2005). To reverse the
lower court’s revocation order, we must have a “definite and firm conviction that the court
below committed a clear error of judgment in the conclusion it reached upon a weighing
of the relevant factors.” United States v. Stephenson, 928 F.2d 728, 732 (6th Cir. 1991)
(quoting Balani v. INS, 669 F.2d 1157, 1160 (6th Cir. 1982)).
The district court may revoke a term of supervised release if it finds “by a
preponderance of the evidence that the defendant violated a condition of supervised
release.” 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3); see also United States v. Webb, 30 F.3d 687, 688-689
(6th Cir. 1994). The preponderance standard requires a lesser quantum of proof and
enables the trier of fact to make a determination of guilt that it could not make if the
standard were that at trial, i.e., guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See In re Winship, 397
U.S. 358, 368 (1970). Moreover, “revocation hearings are more flexible” than criminal
trials. Stephenson, 928 F.2d at 732. As a result, the district court may rely upon
“reasonably reliable evidence,” including hearsay. Id.
maintain consistent employment.
-4-
No. 07-1796
United States v. Thompson
The defendant asserts on appeal that the evidence presented at the revocation
hearing was insufficiently reliable to support the finding that he committed a new criminal
offense. The defendant’s primary argument is that the district court erred by basing its
finding solely on the probation officer’s testimony summarizing the original Detroit police
investigation report. Relying upon Kirby and Stephenson, the defendant argues that
because the probation officer lacked personal knowledge about the events described in
the report, because he failed to conduct an independent investigation into those events,
and because he was newly assigned to the defendant’s case, his testimony provided an
insufficient basis for the court’s finding.
In Kirby, we upheld the district court’s revocation of supervised release where the
evidence consisted of just one probation officer’s testimony. See 418 F.3d at 626.
However, we emphasized in that case that the officer had personally reviewed surveillance
tapes showing the defendant committing the crime at issue and had also spoken with the
investigating police officers. See id. In Stephenson, we reversed the district court’s
revocation of the defendant’s supervised release, noting that the probation officer’s
testimony was “meager” and contained “very few facts” concerning the allegations in
dispute. See 928 F.2d at 731. There, the only evidence supporting the court’s finding that
Stephenson committed a new assault was the probation officer’s testimony that the
defendant had been arrested and the defendant’s admission that “[t]here was some
pushing in there.” Id.
-5-
No. 07-1796
United States v. Thompson
In this case, the defendant cites these precedents for the proposition that in a
revocation proceeding, a probation officer’s testimony about the defendant’s new crimes
must be based upon the officer’s own thorough and independent investigation of the
allegations. In the alternative, suggests the defendant, a witness with personal knowledge
must submit an affidavit or offer live testimony at the revocation proceeding. This
proposition, however, is plainly not consonant with the cases cited to support it. Rather,
the thoroughness of the testifying witness’s own investigation or the extent of his personal
knowledge are simply factors to be weighed by the district judge. See Kirby, 418 F.3d at
626-27 (discussing importance of “indicia of reliability”). Clearly, Kirby did not establish an
independent investigation requirement for supervised release revocation cases. Similarly,
in Stephenson, we explained that our concern was “not with the nature of the evidence
considered but with the paucity of reliable evidence.” 928 F.2d at 732 (internal quotations
omitted). Contrary to the defendant’s implicit suggestion, therefore, a witness need not
have firsthand knowledge of the underlying facts in order to testify competently at a
revocation hearing. See id. at 732 (permitting use of hearsay evidence).
We conclude that the district court’s decision in this case was, in fact, based on
sufficiently reliable evidence. Despite the defendant’s claims to the contrary, the district
court did not base its findings solely on the investigator’s report or the probation officer’s
summary of its contents. In addition to the report, the district court cited the summarized
testimony of three police officers at the state court proceeding and the “increasingly
incredible” testimony offered by the defendant at the revocation hearing as reasons for its
-6-
No. 07-1796
United States v. Thompson
finding. The police officers’ testimony, as summarized in the state court’s opinion, linked
the defendant to the guns and to the places in which they were discovered. Moreover, the
defendant offered testimony that was at times both inconsistent and detrimental to his
case. For example, the defendant claimed that he had been to the 437 Jefferson Court
residence only “a couple of times,” but he later admitted that he received important mail,
including his paychecks, at the residence. The district court appropriately weighed this
testimony in determining that the defendant’s testimony was not credible. Of course, false
testimony may be considered “affirmative evidence of guilt” by the trier of fact. Wright v.
West, 505 U.S. 277, 296 (1992) (plurality opinion by Thomas, J.); see also Dyer v.
Macdougal, 201 F.2d 265, 269 (2nd Cir. 1952) (L. Hand, J.) (“[T]here is no alternative but
to assume the truth of what [a fabricating witness] denies”). Furthermore, the report itself
offered a detailed account of the events and alone would have been sufficient evidence
for the court’s finding. As the district court noted:
[T]he Investigator’s Report reflects, (a) Defendant admitted he resided at 437
Jefferson Ct., Detroit, Michigan (the “Jefferson house”), where the guns were
found, (b) mail at the house was addressed to Defendant at the Jefferson
house address, and (c) the guns were found in the Northeast bedroom where
the police found Defendant.
Neither the police report nor the summarized trial testimony lacks the indicia of
reliability found to be so essential in Kirby and in similar cases decided by this court. See
e.g. United States v. Lowenstein, 108 F.3d 80, 83-84 (6th Cir. 1997). Nor does the
evidence relied upon raise the concerns cited in Stephenson, in which barely any evidence
-7-
No. 07-1796
United States v. Thompson
of guilt was presented. Here, the evidence provided a factual basis both for the probation
officer’s testimony and for the court’s finding that the defendant violated the supervised
release conditions by committing a new offense. The district court’s reasonably-derived
factual determinations are entitled to deference. The defendant has not made a showing
sufficient to support a “definite and firm conviction that the court below committed a clear
error.” Therefore, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion, and its
judgment must be upheld.
AFFIRMED.
-8-