NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 08a0736n.06
Filed: December 3, 2008
No. 07-3808
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
Carolyn R. Russell )
)
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
State of Ohio, Department of Administrative ) SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
Services; George Hess )
)
Defendants-Appellees. )
Before: NORRIS, ROGERS, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
ROGERS, Circuit Judge. Carolyn Russell, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s
grant of summary judgement in her employment discrimination suit against the Ohio Department
of Administrative Services (“ODAS”) and her supervisor George Hess. Russell brought this civil
rights suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e,
alleging that her employer failed to reclassify or promote her because of her race, retaliated against
her for filing an EEOC claim, and fostered an environment of hostility and social ostracism in the
workplace. Although Russell appears to have had a number of disappointing, negative, and even
unfair experiences in her workplace, she did not demonstrate that similarly situated individuals of
other races were treated differently from her. She also did not demonstrate that the conditions in her
No. 07-3808
Russell v. Ohio
workplace were sufficiently objectionable or racially motivated to constitute retaliation or a hostile
work environment. Summary judgment in favor of the defendants was appropriate in this case.
I.
Ms. Russell is a high school graduate with two years of post-secondary education in business
management and accounting. She began her career with the State of Ohio in 1962 performing
various clerical functions. She began working for the Division of Equal Employment Opportunity,
a division of ODAS, in 1972 and was promoted to Administrative Assistant 2 (“AA2”) in 1973.
Russell was still classified as an AA2 at the time of this suit. Russell began working for Ohio’s
Minority Set Aside Review Board in 1986, and in 1995 came under the direct supervision of the
Board’s director, Sandra Drabik. Russell, believing her job responsibilities to be more extensive that
those of an AA2, made several unsuccessful requests that Drabik reclassify her. Some time
thereafter, Joyce Tyler-Craddock, an African-American, began supervising Russell. Russell again
made an unsuccessful request for reclassification.
In 1997, Russell filed a complaint against Drabik and Craddock with the EEOC. After the
EEOC denied relief, Russell unsuccessfully pursued her claim in the federal district and appellate
courts. Russell was transferred from the Minority Set Aside Review Board to the Division of
Computer Services several weeks after she filed her EEOC complaint. Russell still works for that
division, currently known as the Office of Technology Services Delivery Division (“ITSD”).
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Defendant George Hess began supervising Russell in 2000. According to Russell, Hess put
her in charge of all personnel functions, which involved coordinating the hiring process, being a
liaison between managers and the department’s personnel office, and responding to questions from
bargaining unit employees. Hess updated Russell’s position description on June 19, 2002, but
Russell alleges that he excluded the higher-level functions she performed.
In July 2002, Hess consolidated five divisions, including Russell’s, into a single division.
Russell continued to perform the same duties for the combined division under the classification
AA2. Around this time, she once again began to work under Joyce Tyler-Craddock, who had since
become the Assistant Deputy Director of ITSD. In early 2003, Russell began seeking an upgraded
classification within her AA class series. Craddock sent Russell’s position description to the Office
of Employment Services for review, and that office notified Craddock that Russell was properly
classified. Craddock presented the results of the review to Hess, and they determined that Russell
should not be reclassified. Hess met with Russell on April 4, 2003, to discuss the decision not to
upgrade her. Russell sent Hess an e-mail the same day expressing her belief that she had not been
advanced for the past thirty years because of racial discrimination. Ohio law provides that a state
employee may request an audit of her classification. Ohio Admin. Code 123:1-3-01(J); Ohio Rev.
Code § 124.14(D). Russell said she did not pursue this avenue because she felt it would be futile
to expect a job analyst to disagree with the Deputy Director and because she knew of audits that had
resulted in downward reclassification.
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In July 2002, Lisa Barbee, a white female, was reclassified from Training Supervisor to AA4.
The reclassification was lateral and did not affect Barbee’s pay range. The AA4 position was
specifically in the area of security coordination and construction. According to Hess, Barbee was
reclassified so that her job description would more accurately match her actual duties. Russell
admits that she would not have received that AA4 position as described, because she was not
qualified. She alleges, however, that Barbee’s new position description did not match her actual
duties and that Russell was competent to perform Barbee’s actual duties. Russell believes that
reclassifying Barbee’s position without posting the position for competitive bid denied Russell an
opportunity for a promotion.
Around May 2003, Angela Weis, a white female, joined ITSD as an AA3. Weis formerly
held an AA3 position in a different division that was experiencing layoffs. Weis transferred to
Russell’s division, although no open AA3 position had been posted. Hess approved the transfer.
Russell believes that if the position had been posted for application, she would have been qualified
to apply. She therefore sees Weis’s transfer as another missed opportunity for promotion.
Russell alleges that in July 2003, Hess again revised Barbee’s position description and made
her his personal assistant—a job Russell had repeatedly expressed interest in and believed she was
qualified to perform. She was not, however, given a chance to bid for the position, because Hess did
not post it.
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On September 29, 2003, ODAS posted an opening in ITSD for a Management Analyst
Supervisor 2. The job included position specific minimum qualifications (“PSMQs”). Russell was
interested in the job, but she did not apply because the PSMQs disqualified her. Russell believes the
PSMQs were extraneous to the job and that Hess added them specifically to prevent her from
applying. Craddock stated that she worked with the Office of Employee Services to add the PSMQs
in order to narrow what was otherwise a very broad job description to a description more tailored
to the requirements of the position. Craddock and Hess selected Patty Magazine, a white female,
for the position in January 2004. Russell alleges that after Magazine was hired, Craddock transferred
all of Russell’s higher-level duties to Magazine. Russell claims that she thereafter worked under
Magazine performing clerical functions that were below Russell’s AA2 classification.
Russell filed a formal complaint with the EEOC on June 2, 2004, accusing ODAS of racial
discrimination and retaliation, and naming Hess and Craddock in the body of the complaint. Around
the same time, she noted several occurrences which she believes were further instances of
discrimination and/or retaliation for filing her claim. Since 1997, Russell had worked four ten-hour
days per week. In May 2004, Magazine informed Russell that Russell’s schedule was being changed
to five eight-hour days. When Russell requested to keep her former schedule, Magazine explained
that all Business Support Services personnel were now required to work during regular business
hours. Russell informed Magazine, Craddock, and Hess that she believed the treatment was
inequitable, because several other employees with whom Russell worked were allowed to maintain
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Russell v. Ohio
their non-standard schedules. Various superiors responded to Russell’s requests by telling her that
those other employees were not Business Support Services personnel.
During the summer of 2004, Russell wrote three letters concerning Craddock—two to the
Office of the Ohio Inspector General and one to the EEOC. On July 23, 2004, prior to Russell’s
second letter to the Inspector General, Craddock sent a memorandum to the ODAS Human
Resources Administrator asking for “appropriate action to put a stop to this harassment.” ODAS
issued a finding on January 26, 2005, that Russell had a right to file complaints with the Office of
the Inspector General and the EEOC. The Deputy State Chief Information Officer also issued a
memo to both women on April 20, 2005, regarding “performance expectations,” urging them to treat
each other professionally and to perform their jobs in a manner consistent with the company’s policy
that managers should treat employees fairly and that employees should obey the instructions of
managers.
Several other occurrences have made Russell uncomfortable in her workplace. The ODAS
investigation report revealed that several of Russell’s co-workers avoid her. On January 10, 2007,
Magazine issued a written memorandum with the title “verbal reprimand” to be placed in Russell’s
file because Russell completed an assignment late. Russell suggests that this level of discipline for
missing a deadline is not typical for the office. Russell also alleges that Magazine requires Russell
to leave the office precisely at the end of her workday, but that Magazine does not place such a
condition on any other employee.
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The EEOC dismissed Russell’s charges on November 15, 2004, and she filed suit in the
district court on February 11, 2005. She also petitioned for injunctive relief on January 11, 2007,
based on allegations of continuing harassment and retaliation in the workplace. The district court
granted ODAS’s motion for summary judgment and denied Russell’s petition on June 14, 2007.
Russell now appeals.
II.
As an initial matter, some of Russell’s claims are time barred. Russell filed her action with
the EEOC on June 2, 2004. In a “deferral” state such as Ohio, any instance giving rise to a Title VII
claim must have occurred within 300 days of that date, meaning after August 7, 2003. See Amini
v. Oberlin College 259 F.3d 493, 498 (6th Cir. 2001). Russell filed her suit in federal court on
February 11, 2005. Any instance giving rise to a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim must have occurred within
two years of that date, meaning after February 11, 2003. Therefore, Russell’s claims stemming from
Barbee’s reclassification as an AA4 in July 2002 are time barred under both statutes. Russell’s
claims stemming from her denied reclassification in April 2003, Weis’s transfer as an AA3 in June
2003, and Barbee’s revised position description in July 2003 may only proceed as § 1983 claims
against Hess. All the other claims that are not based on retaliation may proceed as § 1983 claims
against Hess and as Title VII claims against ODAS. Claims based on retaliation for filing an EEOC
charge may only proceed under Title VII. Day v. Wayne County Bd. of Auditors, 749 F.2d 1199,
1204 (6th Cir. 1984).
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The continuing violation doctrine cannot be used to extend the statute of limitations in this
case, because Russell alleges discrete acts of discrimination. Russell has not alleged a past violation
that continues into the present, such as unequal pay that continues to be paid unequally. See EEOC
v. Penton Indus. Publ’g. Co., 851 F.2d 835, 838 (6th Cir. 1988). Rather, she has alleged a number
of discrete situations where her employer made an adverse decision regarding her employment status.
She cannot use the fact that some of the claims fall within the statute of limitation to redeem those
claims that do not. Courts have recognized “two narrowly limited exceptions” to the general policy
that the statute of limitations for an act of employment discrimination runs from the time the act
occurred: (1) where some present discriminatory action gives rise the claim and (2) where the
employer has a long-standing policy of discrimination. Id. at 837-38. Regarding the first exception,
the Supreme Court cautions that “discrete discriminatory acts are not actionable if time barred, even
when they are related to acts alleged in timely filed charges.” National R.R. Passenger Corp. v.
Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 113 (2002). In other words, Russell cannot use the continuing violation
doctrine to extend the statute of limitations on discrete, defaulted claims. As for the second
exception, Russell is not challenging an official policy of her employer.
Discrimination under § 1983 and discrimination under Title VII are both proved through the
McDonnell Douglas framework, so the claims will be addressed together. See Gutzwiller v. Fenik,
860 F.2d 1317, 1325 (6th Cir. 1988).
A.
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Russell does not survive summary judgment on any of her discrimination claims, because
she does not demonstrate several necessary elements. Most significantly, she does not demonstrate
that any of the actions taken by her employer or conditions present in her office were linked to her
race. We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, drawing all inferences in
favor of Russell. Johnson v. Karnes, 398 F.3d 868, 873 (6th Cir. 2005). Summary judgment is
appropriate where “the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits
show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). Summary judgment must be entered against a party who,
like Russell, “fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to
that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).
In her failure to reclassify claim, Russell may be able to show that her job duties qualified
her for reclassification, but she does not present appropriate comparators to show that similarly
situated non-minorities were treated differently. To establish a prima facie case of employment
discrimination under the familiar McDonnell Douglas standard, Russell must show: “(1) [s]he was
a member of a protected class; (2) that [s]he suffered an adverse employment action; (3) that [s]he
was qualified for the position; and (4) that a person outside the protected class was treated more
favorably than [she was].” Braithwaite v. Timken Co., 258 F.3d 488, 493 (6th Cir. 2001). Although
Russell satisfies the first two prongs and may be able to establish a genuine issue of fact as to the
third, she does not satisfy the fourth prong.
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Applying the third prong to the specific situation of reclassification, Russell may be able to
show that she performed job duties more advanced than those covered by her job description and,
therefore, that she was qualified for reclassification. Russell, who is classified as an AA2, alleges
that she performed various high-level tasks, first under Hess and later under Craddock, that exceeded
the level of responsibility appropriate for an AA2. According to Hess, Russell’s job description was
reviewed through the proper channels and was determined to be appropriate. The job descriptions
for the various levels of administrative assistants are sufficiently open to interpretation to create an
issue of fact about whether Russell was working above her classification.
Russell does not, however, show that the decision not to reclassify her was based on racial
discrimination, because none of the non-minority comparators she offers qualify as similarly situated.
Russell names a number of white employees whom she believes Hess reclassified or otherwise
advanced, but she does not specify how they were similarly situated to her other than that they were
supervised by Hess. Although “[t]he plaintiff need not demonstrate an exact correlation with the
employee receiving more favorable treatment in order for the two to be considered similarly-situated
. . . the employee with whom the plaintiff seeks to compare himself or herself must be similar in all
of the relevant aspects.” Ercegovich v. Goodyear, 154 F.3d 344, 352 (6th Cir. 1998) (internal
citations and quotations omitted) (emphasis in original). Although Russell need not demonstrate
that these employees were similarly situated to her in every respect, she would need to show that they
performed tasks roughly similar to her own and that they were given classifications higher than hers.
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Russell does supply details about Barbee’s reclassification, a circumstance Russell is time
barred from raising. Even so, the facts she recounts indicate that Barbee was not similarly situated
to Russell. Prior to her reclassification, Barbee was a Training Supervisor and had duties distinctly
different from Russell’s. Moreover, Barbee’s reclassification was lateral, while Russell sought an
upward reclassification.
Although Russell may have been entitled to a reclassification, she has not shown that her
employer’s failure to reclassify her was based on race because she has not identified any similarly
situated non-minority employees who were treated differently.
Russell also faces difficulties in her failure-to-promote claim, because she did not apply for
any of the positions for which she was passed over. Russell objects to the circumstances under
which three women in her office were hired for jobs Russell would have liked to fill, but none of the
situations allows her to make a clear case under the four-prong test. Applying the McDonnell
Douglas standard to a failure to promote claim, the plaintiff must show that: “(1) [s]he is a member
of a protected class; (2) [s]he applied and was qualified for a promotion; (3) [s]he was considered
for and denied the promotion; and (4) other employees of similar qualifications who were not
members of the protected class received promotions.” Dews v. A.B. Dick Co., 231 F.3d 1016, 1020-
21 (6th Cir. 2000).
Russell’s allegations do not fit neatly within the McDonnell Douglas framework because she
never applied for or was considered for any of the positions. However, the facts which she alleges
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do raise the possibility that her employer intentionally avoided posting jobs for which Russell would
have been qualified. But even under a version of the McDonnell Douglas test appropriate to the facts
of Russell’s situation, she would not be able to make out of claim of discrimination. For each of her
allegations, Russell either fails to show that she was qualified for the job, fails to show that she was
similarly situated to the person who received the job, or fails to show that the nondiscriminatory
reasons given for her employer’s actions were pretextual.
In July 2002, Barbee was reclassified from Training Supervisor to AA4. Russell alleges that
Barbee’s reclassification placed Barbee in a role that Russell could have filled had the position been
posted for competitive bid. Russell admits that she was not qualified for the AA4 position as
described, but she alleges that she was qualified to perform the duties Barbee actually performed,
duties which Russell claims differed substantially from the duties put forth in the position
description.
Russell’s claim hangs on establishing either that Hess made Barbee’s job description
intentionally inaccurate in order to exclude Russell or that Hess did not post the position in order to
exclude Russell. She does not establish either point. Russell’s assertions—that Barbee’s real duties
were not those listed in her position description and that Russell herself was qualified to perform
Barbee’s actual duties—are conjectural and conclusory, and Russell “cannot rely on conjecture or
conclusory accusations” to survive summary judgment. See Arendale v. City of Memphis, 519 F.3d
587, 605 (6th Cir. 2008).
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Even if Russell were to establish a prima facie case with regard to Hess’s decision not to post
the job, nothing in the record, other than Russell’s conclusory allegations, suggests that Hess’s
explanation for the decision is pretextual. If Russell establishes a prima facie case, the burden shifts
to her employer to give a nondiscriminatory reason for its actions. Dews, 231 F.3d at 1021. The
burden then shifts back to Russell to show that her employer’s proffered reasons are pretextual. Id.
With regard to his decision not to post the AA4 position for application, Hess explained that the
reason for reclassifying Barbee was not that the division needed a new employee with the revised
position description but that the revised description better matched the duties Barbee already
performed. Russell does not present evidence to cast doubt on this plausible explanation.
Similar analysis applies to Russell’s claims about Weis’s AA3 position. Even if Russell were
to establish a prima facie case, she does not establish that Hess’s explanation for Weis’s
transfer—that it was made as part of a general effort to save the jobs of employees in a downsizing
division—is pretextual.
Neither does Russell overcome summary judgment with regard to her employer’s decision
to hire Magazine for the Management Analysts Supervisor 2 position. Even assuming Russell was
otherwise qualified for the position, she does not show that Hess’s reason for adding the
disqualifying PSMQs had anything to do with her race. Craddock, the African-American woman
primarily responsible for adding the PSMQs, explained how these specific qualifications related to
the job function. Russell’s conclusory assertion that the real reason for the PSMQs was to exclude
her based on her race is not sufficient to overcome summary judgment.
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Fundamentally, Russell does not show that race motivated any of the workplace decisions
of which she complains. In each situation, either she does not show that those treated differently
from her were similarly situated to her, or her employer can offer a valid, race-neutral reason for the
decision. Summary judgment was appropriate on Russell’s discrimination claims.
B.
None of Russell’s claims of retaliation are sufficient to make out a prima facie case. She
either fails to establish that her employer actually took any adverse action against her or fails to
establish that the adverse action was causally linked to her EEOC claim. Russell first mentions
Craddock’s harassment complaint. Craddock’s complaint ultimately resulted in an investigation by
ODAS and a finding that Russell was within her rights to file various charges and complaints against
Craddock. Russell was not harmed but rather was vindicated by this process. To establish a prima
facie case of retaliation, Russell must show not only that she “engaged in a protected activity” and
that her “employer knew of the exercise of the protected right,” but also that “an adverse
employment action was subsequently taken against” her and that “there was a causal connection
between the protected activity and the adverse employment action.” Niswander v. Cincinnati Ins.
Co., 529 F.3d 714, 720 (6th Cir. 2008). Conducting an investigation and issuing a report in Russell’s
favor is not an action adverse to Russell.
Russell next points to the Deputy State CIO’s “performance expectations” memo. Russell,
who repeatedly contacted management with various complaints about her work environment, can
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hardly complain that her employer issued a response addressing some of the very concerns she
raised. The fact that her employer’s evaluation of the problem differed from Russell’s does not make
her employer’s action materially adverse. In order to establish an adverse employment action, “a
plaintiff must show that a reasonable employee would have found the challenged action materially
adverse, which . . . means it well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or
supporting a charge of discrimination.” Burlington Northern and Sante Fe Ry. Co., 548 U.S. 53, 68
(2006). A reasonable employee would not be dissuaded from making a charge of discrimination by
the knowledge that her employer might evaluate her situation and respond, albeit in a manner not
fully to the employee’s liking.
Finally, Russell alleges that Magazine gave her a negative performance review. Russell
asserts, but does not attempt to demonstrate, that this review was linked to her EEOC claim. While
Russell may have been dismayed by the review, the act of filing an EEOC claim does not immunize
her from all negative feedback in her workplace. To survive summary judgment, she must show a
causal connection between the EEOC claim and the action that she alleges was retaliatory.
Summary judgment is appropriate on the issue of retaliation.
C.
Summary judgment is also appropriate on the issue of hostile work environment. Russell’s
claim stems from the fact that the ODAS investigation of Craddock’s complaint revealed that several
of Russell’s co-workers avoid speaking to her. Russell has not alleged that her co-workers’
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comments were based upon or motivated by race or religion, an element of any hostile work
environment claim. Hafford, 183 F.3d at 512 (enumerating the elements of a prima facie case).
Moreover, mere social avoidance without more is not the kind harm that gives rise to a claim.
Court’s are instructed to examine the “severity” of the allegedly hostile behavior, including “whether
it is physically threatening or humiliating.” Hafford, 183 F.3d at 512. The circumstances Russell
asserts are mild when evaluated by this standard.
D.
The nature of Russell’s harms do not make her a candidate for injunctive relief. Russell
alleges a number of harms—for instance, that her employer exposes her to disproportionate
discipline and refuses to allow her to remain in her workspace after the end of her workday—all of
which are harms remediable through damages. “The basis of injunctive relief in the federal courts
has always been irreparable harm and inadequacy of legal remedies.” Beacon Theaters v. Westover,
359 U.S. 500, 506-07 (1959). The decision to grant or deny injunctive relief is within the sound
discretion of the district court. Kallstrom v. City of Columbus, 136 F.3d 1055, 1067 (6th Cir. 1998).
The district court correctly noted that Russell’s alleged harms could be fully addressed through
standard Title VII remedies and therefore that injunctive relief was not appropriate.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s order granting summary judgment
to ODAS and George Hess and denying injunctive relief to Carolyn Russell.
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