United States v. Mark Olds

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 09a0100n.06
Filed: February 6, 2009

No. 07-4147

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v. On Appeal from the United
States District Court for the
MARK C. OLDS, Northern District of Ohio at
Cleveland
Defendant-Appellant.

/

Before: GUY, CLAY, and COOK, Circuit Judges.

RALPH B. GUY, JR., Circuit Judge. Defendant Mark C. Olds was convicted by

a jury of one count of mail fraud, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 2 (count 1); thirty-nine counts of

money laundering, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1957 and 2 (counts 11-20 and 22-50); two counts of filing

false tax returns, 26 U.S.C. § 7206(1) (counts 59-60); and two counts of failing to file tax

returns, 26 U.S.C. § 7203 (counts 61-62). These charges are related to alleged fraud in the

establishment and management of a community school located in Cleveland, Ohio. On

appeal, defendant argues that the district court erred in allowing evidence that he had a prior

felony conviction to be admitted at trial. Defendant also challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence to support his convictions for mail fraud and money laundering. Finally, defendant

argues that his sentence—a total of 92 months of imprisonment—is procedurally and
No. 07-4147 2

substantively unreasonable. After review of the record and the arguments presented on

appeal, we affirm.

I.

The Cleveland Academy of Math, Science and Technology (CAMST) was a privately

managed community school that received funding from the State of Ohio. The state’s

funding for such a community school, or “charter” school, is based on the number of students

enrolled on a full-time equivalency (FTE) basis. In 2001, Reverend Mark Olds contacted

Tim Daniels, who had experience with starting a number of other charter schools. Daniels

brought in a private management company named ABS School Services, and together they

prepared the CAMST proposal that was submitted to the Ohio Department of Education

(ODE) and the State of Ohio’s Office of Community Schools (OOCS). CAMST’s

“development team”—consisting of Mark Olds, Shirley Haynes, and Savannah Robinson—

was to be on the board of directors and enter into contracts with the State of Ohio.

After the proposal was approved in July 2001, Olds learned from someone at the

OOCS that he could not continue to be a developer or be on the board of CAMST because

he had a prior felony conviction. Olds remained heavily involved in the planning, but

replaced himself on the development team with Sandra Brown.1 Ultimately, rather than

contracting with ABS Services as anticipated, Olds contracted to provide management

services for CAMST through an entity he would later form called New Opportunity

1
There was evidence that Olds filed the articles of incorporation for CAMST with forged signatures.
No. 07-4147 3

Development and Management Services (New Opportunity).2 Under that contract, New

Opportunity was to oversee operations, provide budget development and planning, and

supervise the collection and distribution of funds. New Opportunity was to receive a lump-

sum payment for start-up costs and a management fee equal to 10% of the per-student

funding from the state. Based on estimated enrollment of 600 students, the monthly payment

to New Opportunity was to be $30,900. The contract also provided—as Daniels said he

discussed with Olds—that the monthly payments would be adjusted based on actual

enrollment. No adjustments were ever made to the payments made to New Opportunity.

Shirley Haynes, a cooperating codefendant, was on the development team and served

as the treasurer of CAMST. Haynes testified that she was responsible for reporting student

enrollment to the state on a monthly basis. According to Daniels, the pre-opening estimate

of 600 students was a reasonable one given the level of interest expressed before the school

opened. There is no dispute, however, that the expected enrollment never materialized. The

school opened with fewer than 100 students in late September 2002.

The government maintained that actual enrollment never exceeded 135 students, while

CAMST consistently reported enrollment of more than 350 students. In fact, the reported

enrollment ranged from a high of 681 students to a low of 162 students for the last month

before the school closed. The evidence demonstrated that CAMST repeatedly overreported

the number of students enrolled at CAMST and received more than $1.3 million in

overpayments from the state that were never reimbursed. The State of Ohio made payments

2
Although the contract was entered into in May 2002, Olds did not file articles of incorporation for
New Opportunity until September 2002.
No. 07-4147 4

to CAMST that were sent through the United States mail. Olds and Haynes benefitted

personally from the overpayments.

Olds, through New Opportunity, was responsible for managing the school. Needing

a place to operate the school, Olds secured space in the Second Ebenezer Church starting in

late September 2002. Olds arranged for the church to lease the space to New

Opportunity—not CAMST—for $2,500 per month plus utilities and maintenance. Olds then

charged CAMST $14,000 per month to lease the space for the rest of the 2002-2003 school

year. Haynes wrote the checks to New Opportunity on behalf of CAMST, but testified that

she never saw the lease.

In September 2002, Olds also found an old school building—located at 7115

Woodland—to purchase as a future site for CAMST. Olds directed Haynes to pay New

Opportunity $202,000 to purchase the building, which she did. Six days later, New

Opportunity purchased the building itself for $200,000. Olds also had Haynes pay more than

$100,000 to third parties for renovation work. At the same time, however, Olds directed

Haynes to have CAMST pay New Opportunity $20,000 per month to lease the Woodland

building (an amount that was purportedly comparable to the prevailing market rate). In 2004,

after CAMST closed, Olds and New Opportunity sold the Woodland building for $560,000

and did not report the sale to the IRS nor were any of the funds returned to CAMST. In

addition, another entity previously established by Olds, MCO Media, Inc., received more

than $200,000 from New Opportunity for unknown services.3

3
Haynes operated the Haynes Group, which provided administrative and janitorial services under a
contract with CAMST. She also operated Academy Transport, which provided transportation services to
No. 07-4147 5

CAMST operated out of the Woodland building from September 2003 until the school

closed in December 2003. One teacher testified that despite the renovations, the building

lacked heat and had problems with nonfunctioning lavatories. Also, when the school closed,

she was owed eight weeks of pay. A review conducted on behalf of the ODE in August and

September 2003 revealed the discrepancy between the 125 students on CAMST’s enrollment

list and the 350 students being reported to the state. CAMST was notified of the

overpayments, and Daniels testified that he worked with Olds on a plan to cut the budget so

the state could begin to recoup the overpayments. Negotiations with ODE and OOCS

representatives to keep the school open were unsuccessful. The state issued warrants to

CAMST in November 2003, December 2003, and January 2004, which were all voided and

returned.

The Superceding Indictment filed in February 2007 charged Olds, Haynes, CAMST,

New Opportunity, MCO Media, and Academy Transport with mail fraud, or aiding and

abetting mail fraud, through the fraudulent reporting of enrollment to the ODE and receipt

of more than $1.3 million in overpayments from the State of Ohio (count 1). Haynes was

charged separately with mail fraud based on her receipt of unemployment benefits while

employed and under a fictitious social security number (counts 57-58). In 54 counts of

money laundering, or aiding and abetting money laundering, defendants were charged with

engaging in monetary transactions of more than $10,000 derived from specific unlawful

activity—namely, the mail fraud charged in count 1. Those charges pertained specifically

CAMST, but none of the vehicles provided to CAMST had passed inspection. Academy Transport received
a total of $289,586 from CAMST, although the contract only required payment of $127,320.
No. 07-4147 6

to the payments that Haynes and CAMST received from the state (counts 2-10); the payments

that Olds and New Opportunity received from CAMST (counts 11-36); the amounts that Olds

and MCO Media received from New Opportunity (counts 37-50); and the payments that

Haynes and Academy Transport received from CAMST (counts 51-56). Count 21, however,

was dismissed before trial.

Apart from the mail fraud and money laundering, Olds was also charged with failing

to report income from CAMST on the federal income tax returns he filed for 2002 and 2004

(counts 59 and 60), and failing to file income tax returns on behalf of New Opportunity and

MCO Media for 2003 (counts 61-62). Haynes was charged with filing false tax returns for

2002 and 2003, and failing to file a tax return on behalf of Academy Transport for 2003

(counts 62-67).

Haynes pleaded guilty, admitted receiving $190,000 as a result of the fraud, and

testified against Olds at trial. Daniels, who was charged in the original but not the

superceding indictment, was also a witness at trial. Trial was conducted on the charges

against Olds, New Opportunity, and MCO Media. Olds did not testify, and no other

witnesses were offered in his defense. The jury found defendant guilty on all counts. The

district court sentenced Olds to concurrent terms of: 92 months on counts 1, 11-20, and 22-

50; 36 months on counts 59 and 60; and 12 months on counts 61 and 62. This appeal

followed.

II.

A. Sufficiency
No. 07-4147 7

Olds argues that the evidence was insufficient to establish that he acted with the

specific intent to defraud required to convict him of mail fraud and, therefore, that the

evidence was also insufficient to establish that the monetary transactions underlying the

money laundering convictions involved property that was criminally derived from that mail

fraud. The district court denied defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal, and we review

that decision de novo. United States v. Keeton, 101 F.3d 48, 52 (6th Cir. 1996). The relevant

question in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence is whether, “after viewing the evidence

in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.

307, 319 (1979). In making this determination, “we do not weigh the evidence, assess the

credibility of the witnesses, or substitute our judgment for that of the jury.” United States

v. Wright, 16 F.3d 1429, 1440 (6th Cir. 1994).

For mail fraud, the government must prove a scheme to defraud, use of the mails in

furtherance of the scheme, and intent to deprive a victim of money or property. United States

v. Rayborn, 495 F.3d 328, 338 (6th Cir. 2007), cert. denied, 128 U.S. 1870 (2008). The jury

was instructed, consistent with Sixth Circuit Criminal Pattern Jury Instruction 10.01, that it

must find each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

First, that the defendant knowingly participated in, devised, or intended
to devise a scheme to defraud in order to obtain money or property, as follows:
The defendants are accused of a scheme in which fraudulent monthly reports
representing inflated enrollment numbers were provided to the Ohio
Department of Education, and defendants thereby received approximately $2.2
million in school foundation payments, of which approximately $1.37 million
constituted overpayments, in the form of [S]tate of Ohio warrants issued by the
Ohio Auditor of State’s Office and mailed to the Cleveland Academy of Math,
No. 07-4147 8

Science, and Technology.

Second, that the scheme included a material misrepresentation or
concealment of a material fact. Third, that the defendant had the intent to
defraud; and fourth, that the defendant used the mail or caused another to use
the mail in furtherance of the scheme.

Intent to defraud means to act with intent to deceive or cheat for the purpose of causing a

financial loss to another or bringing about a financial gain to oneself. United States v.

McAuliffe, 490 F.3d 526, 531 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 442 (2007); United States

v. Frost, 125 F.3d 346, 371 (6th Cir. 1997).4

Defendant relies on Daniels’s testimony that the preliminary estimate of 600 students

was reasonable given the initial interest expressed in community meetings. In addition,

defendant argues that everyone involved expected that the figures would be adjusted based

on actual enrollment and understood that the state would seek reimbursement for any

overpayments. The implication of this argument seems to be that Olds could not have had

the requisite intent when he expected state oversight would correct the enrollment figures and

require reimbursement for the overpayments. That an adjustment was anticipated, however,

does not negate the unrebutted evidence that CAMST continued to materially misrepresent

the actual enrollment figures, which resulted in overpayments of more than $1.3 million to

CAMST to operate a school for a year and a half that never had more than 135 students.

Indeed, Haynes admitted to falsely overstating the monthly electronic reports and testified

4
The jury was also instructed that it could convict Olds of mail fraud, as an aider and abettor, if the
government proved that the crime of mail fraud was committed, that the defendant helped commit or
encouraged another to commit the crime, and that the defendant intended to help or encourage the crime.
No. 07-4147 9

that: she gave Olds the password to the reporting system; she told Olds about the

overpayments; and she issued checks to New Opportunity and others at Olds’s direction.

Without contradicting Haynes, defendant attempts to deflect blame by pointing out

that it was Haynes who was responsible for both reporting student enrollment and accounting

as treasurer for the money received from the state. There was sufficient evidence to support

a finding that Olds knew the enrollment was being materially misrepresented, that Olds

understood this to mean substantial overpayments were flowing into CAMST as a result, and

that Olds made financial decisions that syphoned the overpayments away from CAMST.

Keeping in mind that we may not assess the credibility of witnesses in evaluating the

sufficiency of the evidence, we find that the evidence was more than sufficient to lead a

rational trier of fact to conclude that Olds acted with the necessary intent to defraud the State

of Ohio. United States v. Daniel, 329 F.3d 480, 487 (6th Cir. 2003).5

The money laundering counts, which required proof that mail fraud was committed,

alleged that Olds and New Opportunity, or Olds and MCO Media, knowingly engaged or

attempted to engage in monetary transactions affecting interstate commerce involving

property that was valued at more than $10,000 and was derived from the mail fraud scheme.

The monetary transactions—each of which involved more than $10,000—were the bank

deposits consisting of twenty-five payments from CAMST to New Opportunity and fourteen

5
Olds states, without further amplification, that there was no evidence that he used or understood that
the mails would be used to defraud the State of Ohio. First, Haynes testified that Olds collected at least one
of the warrants sent through the mail. Second, it is not necessary for the government to prove that the
defendant actually used the mails, only “that the defendant acted with knowledge that use of the mails would
follow in the ordinary course of business, or that a reasonable person would have foreseen the use of the
mails.” Frost, 125 F.3d at 354.
No. 07-4147 10

payments from New Opportunity to MCO Media. In appealing these thirty-nine convictions,

defendant essentially argues that because there was insufficient evidence to establish mail

fraud, the deposits did not involve property that was criminally derived. Having concluded

that the evidence was sufficient to prove mail fraud, we also find there was sufficient

evidence to lead a rational trier of fact to conclude that the monetary transactions involved

property derived from the mail fraud scheme.

B. Prior Felony Conviction

Seeking a new trial, defendant argues that the district court abused its discretion in

allowing two witnesses to testify that defendant was told during the approval process that he

could not be on the development team because he had a prior felony conviction. We

generally review a district court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for abuse of

discretion. United States v. Cline, 362 F.3d 343, 348 (6th Cir. 2004).

Defendant argues that this evidence was improperly admitted under Fed. R. Evid.

404(b), which provides that:

Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may,
however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of
mistake or accident.

It is clear, however, that the evidence was not admitted on that basis. As the district court’s

pretrial order explained:

the Court concludes that the government may introduce evidence of the prior
felony convictions under principles of res gestae. Introduction of the fact of
conviction is necessary to properly portray the relationship between the various
entities and the school, as well as the reason why certain entities were formed
No. 07-4147 11

in the first place. The government, however, correctly concedes that the nature
of the convictions, the sentences received or the facts supporting the charges
are inadmissible. Although the government may introduce the fact of
conviction for purposes of its case-in-chief, the government may not cross-
examine Mr. Olds regarding the convictions for purposes of impeachment.
The convictions are greater than ten years old and the government fails to
demonstrate exceptional circumstances sufficient to warrant admission of the
evidence.

Consistent with this ruling, two witnesses briefly testified that defendant was told after the

initial approval that he could not continue to be on the development team or on the school’s

board because he had a prior felony conviction. This was the only evidence admitted

concerning the defendant’s prior convictions.

This court has recognized an exception to the strictures of Rule 404(b) for res gestae

or “background” evidence. United States v. Hardy, 228 F.3d 745, 748 (6th Cir. 2000). To

come within this exception, the evidence must “consis[t] of those other acts that are

inextricably intertwined with the charged offense or those acts, the telling of which is

necessary to complete the story of the charged offense.” Id. That is:

Proper background evidence has a causal, temporal or spatial connection with
the charged offense. Typically, such evidence is a prelude to the charged
offense, is directly probative of the charged offense, arises from the same
events as the charged offense, forms an integral part of a witness’s testimony,
or completes the story of the charged offense.

Id. Defendant contends that the fact that he was a convicted felon was merely a collateral

fact that had no connection with the charged offense. The government argued, however, that

the fact of defendant’s prior conviction provided the explanation for why Olds went from

being a developer and potential board member to running the school under a management

contract with New Opportunity instead. This was relevant to the government’s theory that
No. 07-4147 12

Olds used New Opportunity to control the school’s finances and further the mail fraud

scheme. The district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that this limited

evidence constituted background evidence that did not implicate the strictures of Rule

404(b).

Nonetheless, cognizant of the potential for prejudice, the district court excluded

evidence concerning the nature and circumstances of defendant’s prior criminal history and

precluded the government from using defendant’s prior convictions for purposes of

impeachment. As a result, testimony that defendant had an unspecified prior felony

conviction came in on a specific point. This minimized the risk that the jury might use the

information for an improper purpose such as concluding that the defendant is a “bad person”

or that if he “did it before, he probably did it again.” The district court also provided further

guidance to the jury in a limiting instruction given as part of the jury charge. The limiting

instruction advised the jury that the fact that defendant had a prior felony conviction was

admitted to show the background circumstances surrounding the creation of New

Opportunity and MCO Media, then admonished the jury that this fact could not be used as

evidence that defendant was a bad person or was likely to commit a crime. It was not an

abuse of discretion to conclude that the probative value of this evidence, as limited, was not

substantially outweighed by its potential for unfair prejudice. F ED. R. E VID. 403.

Finally, errors in the admission of evidence are subject to harmless-error review.

United States v. Baker, 458 F.3d 513, 520 (6th Cir. 2006). In determining whether an error

was harmless, this court must consider what the error meant to the jury, not standing alone,
No. 07-4147 13

but in relation to the trial as a whole. Id. An error is not harmless if it is more probable than

not that the error materially affected the verdict. Id. Here, although defendant argued that

he lacked the intent to defraud the State of Ohio, there was ample evidence from which the

jury could infer the necessary intent. We cannot conclude that admission of evidence that

defendant had a prior felony conviction materially affected the verdicts in this case.

C. Sentencing

Sentences imposed post-Booker are reviewed for procedural and substantive

reasonableness. Gall v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 586, 594 (2007); United States v. Booker,

543 U.S. 220, 261 (2005). A sentence may be procedurally unreasonable if, among other

things, the district court improperly calculated the sentencing guidelines range, treated the

guidelines as mandatory, or failed to consider relevant sentencing factors under 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a). Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597. If procedurally sound, a challenge to the substantive

reasonableness of a sentence is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Id. at 598.

In calculating the offense level under USSG § 2S1.1, the district court grouped the

mail fraud and money laundering convictions and, based on an underlying offense of mail

fraud and a loss of between $1 and $2.5 million, found the total offense level to be 24. The

district court rejected not only the defendant’s request for a reduction for acceptance of

responsibility, but also the government’s requests for upward adjustments for defendant’s

role in the offense and abuse of trust. Since the tax offenses had a lower offense level, the

multiple-count adjustment was added to the first group for a total offense level of 26.

Counting three prior convictions for armed bank robbery, for a criminal history score of 9
No. 07-4147 14

(category IV), the district court determined the guidelines range to be a term of 92 to 115

months’ imprisonment.6 After denying defendant’s request for downward departure,

considering the relevant sentencing factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and refusing to grant

a downward variance, the district court imposed concurrent sentences for a total term of

imprisonment of 92 months.

1. Procedural Reasonableness

Defendant argues first that the district court erred in calculating the guidelines range

by denying him a two-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility under USSG §

3E1.1(a). We review for clear error the district court’s determination whether to award such

a reduction. United States v. Paulette, 457 F.3d 601, 608 (6th Cir. 2006). Although

proceeding to trial does not automatically preclude the district court from considering this

reduction, it is “not intended to apply to a defendant who puts the government to its burden

of proof at trial by denying the essential factual elements of guilt, is convicted, and only then

admits guilt and expresses remorse.” USSG § 3E1.1, cmt. n.2; see also United States v.

Angel, 355 F.3d 462, 477 (6th Cir. 2004).

In support of this argument, defendant states that he “implicitly” accepted

responsibility and liability for the overpayments by virtue of his efforts before trial to obtain

funds to reimburse the State of Ohio. Defendant suggests that this makes his situation

analogous to United States v. Fleener, 900 F.2d 914, 918 (6th Cir. 1990), in which this court

rejected the government’s appeal from a decision to award the two-level reduction. While

6
No criminal history points were assessed for several other prior convictions, including for
manslaughter, robbery, and unlawful restraint, because they were too old. USSG § 4A1.2(e).
No. 07-4147 15

Fleener had asserted a defense of entrapment at trial, the sentencing judge found that the

defendant had demonstrated affirmative acceptance of personal responsibility for the offense

by providing voluntary assistance to law enforcement in the recovery of the fruits and

instrumentalities of the offense. The defendant’s apparently unsuccessful efforts to secure

reimbursement for the overpayments do not make this case comparable to Fleener. Given

that the defendant denied the essential factual elements of guilt, put the government to its

proofs, and then failed to accept personal responsibility for the offenses when given the

opportunity to speak to the issue at sentencing, the district court did not clearly err in

determining that the defendant should not receive the reduction for acceptance of

responsibility.

Defendant also argues that the district court erred in denying his request for a

downward departure from the guidelines for any one of several reasons. It is clear from a

review of the sentencing transcript, however, that the district court was aware of its discretion

to depart downward and decided against it. As a result, the denial of the request for

downward departure is unreviewable on appeal. United States v. Madden, 515 F.3d 601, 613

(6th Cir. 2008).

2. Substantive Reasonableness

The advisory guidelines range provides the starting point and initial benchmark for

substantive-reasonableness review. Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 596. The sentencing judge may not

presume that the guidelines range is reasonable, but must consider all of the relevant §

3553(a) factors and impose a sentence that is “sufficient, but not greater than necessary” to
No. 07-4147 16

satisfy the purposes of § 3553(a)(2). A sentence imposed within a properly calculated

guidelines range will be afforded a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness on appeal.

United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 389-90 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 68 (2008).

Defendant argues that his sentence was disparate when compared to the culpability

and punishment of others involved in this case. Section 3553(a)(6) identifies as one of the

factors to be considered “the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities among

defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct.” As this

suggests, § 3553(a)(6) does not require the district court to compare the sentence to

individuals like Daniels who were not convicted of similar conduct. Moreover, although

Haynes stood to receive a much lower sentence, disparities between codefendants can exist

for valid reasons, including, as in this case, differences in criminal histories and the decision

of one to plead guilty and cooperate with the government. United States v. Dexta, 470 F.3d

612, 616 n.1 (6th Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 3066 (2007); United States v. Nelson,

918 F.2d 1268, 1275 (6th Cir. 1990); see also Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 599 (noting that because the

guidelines take into consideration the need to avoid unwarranted disparities, consideration

of the advisory guidelines range necessarily entailed consideration of the need to avoid

unwarranted disparities).

Next, although defendant suggests that the district court failed to consider his

“exceptional charitable and community activities” and his “good works” as a minister and

community leader, defendant’s argument is in essence that his sentence was substantively

unreasonable because these facts should have been given more weight. These matters were
No. 07-4147 17

before the district court through the defendant’s sentencing memorandum, the letters and

other expressions of support for defendant, and the defendant’s own allocution. The record

reflects that the district court consulted the guidelines, considered the other § 3553(a) factors,

noted the defendant’s criminal history—including the very serious nature of the offenses of

conviction—and considered defendant’s arguments regarding his request for a variance, his

“good works,” his good intentions in the past, and his age at the time of sentencing. The

district court concluded that a sentence at the lowest end of the advisory guidelines range

satisfied the purposes of sentencing, provided just punishment, would protect the public, and

afforded adequate deterrence. Defendant has neither rebutted the presumption on appeal that

the within-guidelines sentence was reasonable, nor demonstrated an abuse of discretion in

the weighing of the relevant sentencing factors.

AFFIRMED.