NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 09a0413n.06
No. 08-1386
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) Jun 09, 2009
) LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
MARVIN LEE SMITH, ) WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
Before: SILER, COOK, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.
COOK, Circuit Judge. Marvin Lee Smith pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of
a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). The district court sentenced him to 78 months’
imprisonment. Smith appeals, arguing that the district court erred by enhancing his sentence under
§ 2K2.1(b)(6) of the Sentencing Guidelines, for using or possessing a firearm or ammunition in
connection with another felony offense. We affirm.
I.
On April 18, 2005, according to reports from the Lansing, Michigan Police Department,
officers pulled over a car after hearing a loud crash followed by two gunshots. As the driver,
Andrew Stewart, exited the vehicle, officers saw Smith—who was sitting in the front passenger
No. 08-1386
United States v. Smith
seat—lean over toward the driver’s seat. After arresting both Smith and Stewart, officers searched
the car and found a loaded 9mm handgun under the driver’s seat and a 9mm casing on the roadway.
A witness, Navene Button, approached police and told them she saw an argument between
occupants of a van and a car matching the description of Smith’s car. Button claimed that after the
two vehicles drove a short distance, the front-seat passenger of the car got out, ran toward the van,
and fired a shot at it. Her account corresponded with the place in the road where officers found the
shell casing.
Stewart told police that while driving Smith’s car he noticed a van following them and pulled
over. He said Smith got out of the car and a Hispanic male got out of the van, and the latter began
yelling at Smith and smashed the car window with his fist. Smith fired his gun several times toward
the van and returned to the car, directing Stewart to drive. After going a short distance, Smith again
jumped out of the car and shot at the van. Police stopped the car before they could drive away.
Smith’s version of events differs in some key respects. He acknowledges firing the gun after
the Hispanic driver broke his car window, but maintains that he fired only once and that he fired into
the air—not toward the van or any person.
Smith pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm. The Presentence
Investigation Report (“PSR”) recommended a four-level enhancement to his sentence pursuant to
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6), for using or possessing a firearm or ammunition in connection with another
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United States v. Smith
felony offense. The PSR stated that Smith “fired the firearm at a second occupied vehicle according
to several witnesses, including Mr. Stewart. This behavior reflects a felonious assault.” Smith filed
a formal objection to the enhancement, arguing that firing a gun into the air constitutes a
misdemeanor offense of illegally discharging a firearm or a lesser offense, or an act of self-defense.
The district court heard argument on Smith’s objection and overruled it, imposing a sentence of 78
months. Smith timely appealed.
II.
Smith contends that the district court erred by applying the sentencing enhancement for using
or possessing a firearm or ammunition in connection with another felony offense, see U.S.S.G. §
2K2.1(b)(6), because the evidence was insufficient to support the district court’s finding that he
committed felonious assault. In our review, we “accept[] the findings of fact of the district court
unless they are clearly erroneous and shall ‘give due deference to the district court’s application of
the guidelines to the facts.’” United States v. Richardson, 510 F.3d 622, 625 (6th Cir. 2007)
(quoting United States v. Hill, 79 F.3d 1477, 1481 (6th Cir. 1996)). “[I]f the district court’s account
of the evidence is plausible in light of the record as a whole, the reviewing court may not reverse it
even if the court is convinced that, had it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the
evidence differently.” United States v. Hopkins, 295 F.3d 549, 551 (6th Cir. 2002).
Specifically, Smith disputes the district court’s finding that he fired two shots (rather than
just one), and that he fired a shot at the van. First, he argues that Stewart’s story is “unworthy of
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United States v. Smith
belief.” He points out that Stewart admitted to being a “crack head” out looking for drugs the night
of the arrest, and asserts that Stewart’s account was a “self-serving story aimed at keeping himself
out of trouble.”
The district court may consider hearsay evidence at sentencing so long as it “bear[s] some
minimal indicia of reliability.” United States v. Silverman, 976 F.2d 1502, 1512 (6th Cir. 1992) (en
banc) (quoting United States v. Robinson, 898 F.2d , 1111, 1115 (6th Cir. 1990). If the defendant
challenges the evidence, he “must establish that [it] is materially false or unreliable.” Id (quoting
Robinson, 898 F.2d at 1116) (emphasis omitted). Here, the district court considered Smith’s
objection to Stewart’s statement, but found that reports from both the police and Button corroborated
Stewart’s story: the police heard two gunshots, with a delay in between, and Button said she saw the
front-seat passenger leave his car and shoot at the van. See United States v. Paull, 551 F.3d 516, 527
(6th Cir. 2009) (finding hearsay evidence sufficiently reliable where other witnesses gave
corroborating statements). Moreover, the district court did not base its sentencing decision on
Stewart’s report alone, but on the combined statements of Stewart, Button, and the Lansing police
officers. See Silverman, 976 F.2d at 1512 (noting that a defendant challenging evidence must
establish that the “unreliable information actually served as the basis for the sentence”).
Next, Smith complains that the district court relied on witness statements that were
“internally inconsistent and there was no explanation as to why the version ultimately selected by
the district court was relied upon.” The police, Smith notes, reported hearing the second gunshot
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United States v. Smith
“as they observed the vehicle turn,” but did not mention seeing Smith get out of the car. Button said
she saw Smith fire a shot at the van, but mentioned only one shot, not two. Stewart claimed that
Smith fired multiple shots at the van and, finally, Smith himself stated that he fired only one shot,
and that it was in the air—not toward the van. The evidence, Smith argues, therefore insufficiently
supports the finding that he committed felonious assault.
Smith’s contention cannot withstand this court’s clear-error review. The police said they
heard two shots, Button described Smith exiting the car and shooting at the van, and Stewart reported
at least two shots—with a delay in between—and Smith firing at the van. Police found an expended
shell casing at the intersection where Button claimed to have seen a man shoot at a van. The district
judge explained his conclusion as follows:
And I think what clinches the evidentiary analysis for this Court is the second shot.
The first one [is] perhaps arguable, but when Mr. Stewart is starting to drive away
with Mr. Smith, Mr. Smith, according to Mr. Stewart, orders the car stopped, he gets
out and fires again, which I believe is coincident with Paragraph 12 [of the PSR] in
the independent witness’s description. I think at that point Mr. Smith has committed
a felonious assault.
Smith protests that the shot Button observed could not have been the second shot, because
the police officers who heard the second shot did not report seeing Smith exit the car. The PSR,
however, does not elucidate what the police officers saw, stating only that “as [the officers] observed
the vehicle turn, they heard a second gunshot.” The car may have turned out of the officers’ sight
before they heard the second shot, or they may have otherwise failed to see Smith leave his car. Both
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United States v. Smith
Stewart and Button reported seeing Smith fire his gun at the van; thus, the district court did not
clearly err in so finding.
Smith also argues that there was no evidence that any person occupied the van when he
allegedly fired the second shot, but he is mistaken. Button stated that Smith jumped out of his car
“when the van returned” and shot at it—implying that at least a driver occupied the van. Stewart
reported that a woman occupied the passenger seat of the van throughout the entire encounter.
Finally, Smith claims in his reply brief that U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3—which permits a district court
to consider a broad range of conduct in applying sentencing enhancements—is unconstitutional. By
failing to raise this argument in his opening brief, Smith has forfeited it. See Golden v. Comm’r, 548
F.3d 487, 493 (6th Cir. 2008). But even were this court to address the issue, it is meritless: district
courts may consider relevant conduct. See, e.g., Silverman, 976 F.2d at 1512–13.
III.
Because the district court did not err by enhancing Smith’s sentence, we affirm.
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