NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 09a0590n.06
No. 08-5397
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
Aug 20, 2009
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
) WESTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
DONALD E. BELL, JR., )
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
____________________________________ )
Before: GILMAN, COOK, and FARRIS,* Circuit Judges.
JEROME FARRIS, Circuit Judge. Following a guilty plea, the defendant Donald Bell
appeals his conviction and sentence on the basis of the Fourth Amendment and Miranda.
I. Fourth Amendment
Under the Fourth Amendment, a person may be arrested without a warrant only on probable
cause. Virginia v. Moore, 128 S.Ct. 1598 (2008). Bell claims the police lacked probable cause to
arrest him. Probable cause is determined by looking to the totality of the circumstances. Illinois v.
Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 230 (1983). A sequence of events typical of a drug transaction, standing alone
*
The Honorable Jerome Farris, Senior Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by designation.
No. 08-5397
United States v. Bell
and viewed in the light most favorable to the government, may create probable cause. See United
States v. Hughes, 898 F.2d 63, 64 (6th Cir. 1990).
To secure drugs for a confidential informant to buy, Gregory Pecora made a phone call to his
drug "source." Bell arrived shortly thereafter. Upon his arrival, Pecora said "that's him." Pecora
spent several minutes in Bell's car while the confidential informant waited in Pecora’s detached
garage. When Pecora returned to his garage, he produced and sold to the informant two ounces of
crack cocaine. Meanwhile, Bell drove to an apartment complex, parked, and appeared to count
money. Bell may be correct that these actions, taken individually, are plausibly consistent with
innocent behavior, but the existence of plausible contrary interpretations does not defeat probable
cause. See Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175 (1949) (probable cause requires less than
that necessary to secure a conviction). Under the totality of the circumstances, a prudent person
could reasonably conclude that Bell had sold Pecora the crack cocaine.
Bell's other arguments against probable cause are unpersuasive. That the DEA investigation
focused on Pecora is irrelevant. The investigation revealed incriminating information about Bell.
That the arresting officers never saw Bell at Pecora's house, and acted on the basis of orders from
others, is also irrelevant. The knowledge of all the police officers involved, not just the arresting
officer, may be aggregated in determining whether probable cause exists. United States v. McManus,
560 F.2d 747, 749 (6th Cir. 1977).
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No. 08-5397
United States v. Bell
Bell next claims that the police lacked reasonable suspicion to stop him. A police officer
"may stop a person for investigative purposes where, considering the totality of the circumstances,
the officers have a reasonable and objective basis for suspecting that particular person is engaged
in criminal activity." United States v. Williams, 962 F.2d 1218, 1223 (6th Cir. 1992). The police
had probable cause to arrest Bell prior to the stop. They therefore had a basis for reasonable
suspicion.
Bell claims that the police search of his car violated the Fourth Amendment. Under Arizona
v. Gant, 556 U.S. __, (April 21, 2009), police may search the passenger compartment of a vehicle
incident to a full custodial arrest of a recent occupant only if either (i) the arrestee is unsecured and
still may gain access to the interior of the vehicle, or (ii) the police reasonably believe that evidence
of the offense for which the person was arrested may be found in the vehicle. Id.
The police could reasonably believe that evidence of Bell’s drug offense was in the car. Bell
had apparently sold the drugs inside the car, and had driven the car to and from the sale site. Under
Gant's second prong, the authority to search extends to containers in the passenger compartment if
the police reasonably believe that evidence of the suspected crime may be found therein. Cf. United
States v. Martin, 289 F.3d 392, 399 (6th Cir. 2002). The police could reasonably believe that
evidence of a drug deal would be found in the CD case. The search did not violate the Fourth
Amendment.
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No. 08-5397
United States v. Bell
II. Miranda
Bell also alleges a violation of his Miranda rights. After his arrest, Bell requested an attorney
and was placed in a holding room at the DEA office. When one of the agents went to the room to
retrieve him, the agent discovered that Bell had vanished. Bell then reappeared when two agents
came into the room, having apparently just descended from the ceiling. The agents asked Bell what
he was doing, and Bell replied that he was “up there looking around.” Bell now claims that the
questioning of the agents violated his Miranda rights.
We review issues of Miranda violations de novo. United States v. Montano, 613 F.2d 147,
149 (6th Cir. 1980). To interrogate a person in custody, Miranda warnings must be given. Miranda
v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1967). Once a suspect invokes his right to remain silent or to counsel, the
police must terminate the interrogation. McGraw v. Holland, 257 F.3d 513, 517-18 (6th Cir. 2001).
Testimony elicited from further interrogation is inadmissible under Miranda. Edwards v. Arizona,
451 U.S. 477, 484-85 (1981). Bell invoked his right to counsel.
However, police may interrogate in violation of Miranda where public safety so requires.
New York v. Quarles, 467 U.S. 649, 659 (1984). We have explained that "[t]he public safety
exception applies ‘when officers have a reasonable belief based on articulable facts that they are in
danger.'" United States v. Williams, 483 F.3d 425, 428 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v.
Talley, 275 F.3d 560, 563 (6th Cir. 2001)). For an officer's belief to be reasonable, "at minimum,
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No. 08-5397
United States v. Bell
he must have reason to believe (1) that the defendant might have (or recently have had) a weapon,
and (2) that someone other than police might gain access to that weapon and inflict harm with it."
Id.
First, Bell argues that it was not objectively reasonable to believe he had or recently had a
weapon, because police searched him when he was taken into custody. No weapon was found, and
the holding room was under police control. However, the agents had a reasonable belief based on
articulable facts that Bell's situation was the rare circumstance in which a person in custody may
have gained access to a weapon. Bell vanished from his holding room for a period of time. When
the agents returned to the room, Bell had apparently just descended from the ceiling. The agents
could not be sure where he had gone. Bell could have gained access to another room or acquired any
weapon which might reasonably be found or fashioned in a ceiling.
Second, Bell argues that even if there had been a weapon, there could be no reasonable belief
that someone other than the police might gain access to it. However, the holding room had been
compromised. The police could no longer be sure that others did not have access to it.
Finally, Bell argues that the public safety exception should be construed narrowly because
it infringes on a fundamental constitutional right against self-incrimination. Therefore, Bell implies,
the rule should apply only where a dangerous weapon poses an immediate risk to public safety.
However, the agents' question was not designed to elicit testimonial evidence from Bell. Rather, as
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No. 08-5397
United States v. Bell
the Magistrate Judge stated, "the question asked by the agents was ... intended to quickly determine
what exactly was happening so that they could assess what action to take for their safety."
AFFIRMED.
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