ELECTRONIC CITATION: 2009 FED App. 0009P (6th Cir.)
File Name: 09b0009p.06
BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL OF THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
In re: BENJAMIN RITCHIE, )
)
Debtor. )
_____________________________________ )
)
STEPHEN PALMER, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 09-8011
)
WASHINGTON MUTUAL BANK, )
)
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
for the Eastern District of Kentucky
Case No. 08-50315; Adversary No. 08-05067
Argued: August 19, 2009
Decided and Filed: September 24, 2009
Before: FULTON, HARRIS, and SHEA-STONUM, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judges.
____________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Nathan L. Swehla, LERNER, SAMPSON & ROTHFUSS, Cincinnati, Ohio, for
Appellant. John D. Kermode, ATKINSON, SIMMS & KERMODE, Lexington, Kentucky, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Nathan L. Swehla, LERNER, SAMPSON & ROTHFUSS, Cincinnati,
Ohio, for Appellant. John D. Kermode, ATKINSON, SIMMS & KERMODE, Lexington, Kentucky,
for Appellee.
____________________
OPINION
____________________
THOMAS H. FULTON, Chief Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judge. Washington Mutual Bank
f/k/a Washington Mutual Bank, F.A., successor by merger to Washington Mutual Home Loans f/k/a
North American Mortgage Company (“WaMu”) appeals an order of the bankruptcy court granting
the motion for summary judgment of Stephen Palmer, chapter 7 trustee (“Trustee”), and avoiding
WaMu’s lien on the debtor’s manufactured home.
I. ISSUES ON APPEAL
The issues raised by this appeal are whether the doctrine of lis pendens applies to personal
property for which a certificate of title is required under Kentucky law, and whether the bankruptcy
court was precluded by a prior state court judgment from avoiding WaMu’s interest in the debtor’s
manufactured home.
II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Sixth Circuit has jurisdiction to decide this appeal.
The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky has authorized appeals to the
Panel, and neither party has timely elected to have this appeal heard by the district court. 28 U.S.C.
§§ 158(b)(6), (c)(1). A final order of the bankruptcy court may be appealed as of right pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1). An order granting summary judgment is final. Buckeye Ret. Co., LLC, Ltd.
v. Swegan (In re Swegan), 383 B.R. 646, 649 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2008).
The bankruptcy court’s grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Schultz v. U.S., 529
F.3d 343, 349 (6th Cir. 2008). “Under a de novo standard of review, the reviewing court decides an
issue independently of, and without deference to, the trial court’s determination.” General Elec.
Credit Equities, Inc. v. Brice Rd. Devs., LLC (In re Brice Rd. Devs., LLC), 392 B.R. 274, 278
(B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2008).
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III. FACTS
On October 22, 2001, Benjamin Ritchie (“Debtor”) executed a promissory note and mortgage
in consideration for a $47,000 loan from WaMu. The mortgage encumbered both real estate located
at 1790 Mount Mariah Road, Carlisle, Kentucky, 40311, and a manufactured home to be situated on
the real property. The mortgage was duly and properly filed in the Nicholas County Clerk’s Office
on October 31, 2001.
The Debtor used the proceeds of the loan to purchase a manufactured home which was
subsequently rendered a total loss as a result of heavy fire damage. As the named loss payee on the
insurance policy for the home, WaMu received and released the insurance proceeds to the Debtor
to purchase a replacement manufactured home. WaMu failed, however, to record its lien on the
certificate of title to the replacement manufactured home.
On January 20, 2006, WaMu initiated a foreclosure action on the property in the Nicholas
County Kentucky Circuit Court. The Debtor appeared in the foreclosure case, through his attorney,
and filed an answer to the foreclosure complaint. WaMu then amended its complaint to add the
Debtor’s wife, Nina Ritchie (“Ritchie”), as a defendant, and to include its claim that it held a security
interest in the manufactured home located on the real property. The amended complaint asserted that
while the parties intended the mortgage to secure a valid, first lien on the manufactured home, the
Debtor and Ritchie failed to surrender the title to the home preventing WaMu from noting its lien
on the title. WaMu sought a judgment from the state court that it had a valid lien on the home, as
well as an order that the home be deemed a fixture on the property and sold as part thereof in
satisfaction of its lien. On October 2, 2006, WaMu filed a notice of lis pendens in the Nicholas
County Kentucky land records. The notice specifically referenced the manufactured home.
In November, 2006, WaMu filed a motion for summary judgment as to the Debtor, who had
answered the complaint, and a motion for default judgment as to Ritchie, who had not answered the
complaint. At a hearing on the motions, counsel for the Debtor raised the issue of whether WaMu
held a valid lien on the home in the absence of a notation on the title. The motion for summary
judgment was denied and Ritchie was permitted time to answer the complaint. The Debtor and
Ritchie then filed an answer denying that WaMu held a valid lien on the home.
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In February, 2007, WaMu again filed a motion for summary judgment which was denied by
the state court based on the challenge as to the creation and perfection of the lien on the home. The
court permitted WaMu to again amend its complaint to assert additional facts in support of its
position that it held a valid lien. Because no answer was filed to this amended complaint, WaMu
moved for a default judgment. Counsel for the Debtor appeared at a hearing on the motion for
default, and that motion was denied. Still no answer was filed and WaMu again moved for a default
judgment. Despite an appearance and opposition by counsel for the Debtor once again, on January
22, 2008, the state court granted the motion for default judgment and entered a judgment and order
of sale. The state court found, in pertinent part, that:
[T]he parties intended that [WaMu] was to be given a security interest in the original
manufactured home on the real estate . . . and that its interest was not perfected due
to the non-feasance of [the Debtor] and/or Defendant Kentucky Escrow Corp.
Subsequently, the . . . manufactured home was destroyed by a fire and the
manufactured home was replaced with proceeds from the Hazard Insurance Policy
that listed [WaMu] as a covered beneficiary. As a result, the Court finds that
under the Equitable Lien Doctrine, [WaMu’s] interest transferred from [the
original home] to the current manufactured home on the real estate . . . by virtue
of the fact that the insurance proceeds . . . were to be used to purchase the [new]
manufactured home.
The Court further finds that the manufactured home is permanently affixed to the
land but not in conformance with KRS 186A.297.
The Court hereby directs [the Debtor] to surrender the title . . . .
The Court further finds that [WaMu] is entitled to have the manufactured home on
the subject real estate sold together with the real estate . . . .
....
The Court further finds that said promissory note is further secured by the
[manufactured home] . . . .
(J.A. at 1034-36.) (emphasis added.)
On February 14, 2008, the Debtor filed a petition for relief under chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy
Code.1 The Trustee then filed an adversary complaint pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 544, 547, 550, and
551 in which he asserted that WaMu failed to perfect its lien on the Debtor’s manufactured home
prior to the Debtor filing his petition for relief, and therefore, any interest WaMu may have in the
1
The Debtor’s wife, Nina Ritchie, did not join in the petition.
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home is avoidable by the Trustee. Furthermore, the Trustee asserted that any interest WaMu may
have obtained by virtue of the state court judgment was avoidable as a preferential transfer.
WaMu asserted in response that its notice of lis pendens filed in the land records placed the
Trustee on constructive notice of its interest in the manufactured home thereby precluding the
Trustee from obtaining a subsequent superior interest and avoiding WaMu’s interest. WaMu further
argued that res judicata and the Rooker-Feldman doctrine prevented the bankruptcy court from
effectively overturning its interest in the home which had been recognized by the state court’s
judgment and sale order. Finally, WaMu argued that there was no preferential transfer.
In December, 2008, the Trustee and WaMu filed cross motions for summary judgment. The
bankruptcy court held a hearing on the motions on January 23, 2009, at which it ordered each party
to file proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. On February 17, 2009, the bankruptcy court
issued an order adopting the proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law submitted by the
Trustee, granting the Trustee’s motion for summary judgment, and denying the summary judgment
motion of WaMu. The Trustee’s conclusions of law adopted by the bankruptcy court were, in
pertinent part, that a lien on the Debtor’s manufactured home, which is personal property, can only
be perfected by a notation on the certificate of title; WaMu’s lien was not noted on the certificate of
title; the lien is unperfected; the filing of a notice of lis pendens did not perfect the lien; the doctrine
of lis pendens does not apply to personal property and because WaMu “did not perfect its interest
in the manufactured home prior to the debtor filing for bankruptcy protection, the trustee as a
hypothetical judgment lien creditor obtains priority and the lien is avoidable. 11 U.S.C. § 544.”
(J.A. at 1112.) Further, the conclusions of law adopted by the court were that the Trustee’s
complaint was not barred by either res judicata or the Rooker-Feldman doctrine because none of the
bankruptcy court’s holdings conflicts with the state court judgment; and, finally, that “[e]ven if
[WaMu] is correct that res judicata or the Rooker-Feldman doctrine apply and require this Court to
hold that the Circuit Court Judgment perfected the defendant’s lien, which is disputed, the lien was
perfected during the preference period and is avoidable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 547.” (J.A. at 1113.)
WaMu’s timely appeal followed.
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IV. DISCUSSION
Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 544(a)(1), a bankruptcy trustee holds the status of a hypothetical
judgment lien creditor who is deemed to have perfected his interest as of the date of the filing of the
bankruptcy petition. See 11 U.S.C. § 544(a)(1); Rogan v. Bank One, Nat’l Ass’n (In re Cook), 457
F.3d 561, 564 (6th Cir. 2006). Whether the Trustee’s interest as a hypothetical judgment lien holder
is superior to WaMu’s interest in the Debtor’s manufactured home is governed by Kentucky law.
In re Cook, 457 F.3d at 566.
Under Kentucky law, a manufactured home is personal property unless and until one
complies with Kentucky Revised Statute § 186A.297 which provides the means to convert a
manufactured home to an improvement to the real estate upon which it is located.2 PHH Mortgage
Servs. v. Higgason, 345 B.R. 584, 586 (E.D. Ky. 2006). It is undisputed that the Debtor did not
comply with Kentucky Revised Statute § 186A.297. Therefore, the manufactured home at issue
remains personal property. Kentucky Revised Statute § 186A.070 requires that a state resident of
a manufactured home obtain a certificate of title, and that the sole means of perfecting a lien on a
manufactured home which remains personal property is by placing a notation of the lien on that
certificate of title. K.R.S. § 186A.190(1), (2); see also PHH Mortgage Servs., 345 B.R. at 587;
Hiers v. Bank One, 946 S.W.2d 196, 198 (Ky. App. 1996).
It is undisputed that WaMu’s lien was not noted on the Debtor’s certificate of title when the
Debtor filed his petition for relief. In fact, WaMu does not argue that its lien was perfected in
accordance with Kentucky law. WaMu asserts, however, that pursuant to the holdings in Kendrick
v. CIT Small Bus. Lending Corp. (In re Gruseck & Son, Inc.), 385 B.R. 799 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2008)
(unpub.) No. 06-8091, 2008 WL 1756243, appeal dismissed 558 F.3d 482 (6th Cir. 2009), and
Treinish v. Norwest Bank Minn., N.A. (In re Periandri), 266 B.R. 651 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2001), its
notice of lis pendens filed in the land records put the Trustee on constructive notice of its interest in
the home. WaMu further argues that because the lis pendens was filed prior to the filing of the
Debtor’s petition for relief and thus prior to the Trustee’s resulting position as a bona fide purchaser
2
In order to convert a manufactured home to an improvement to real estate upon which it
sits, the owner must execute an affidavit attesting that the home has been or will be permanently
affixed to the real estate and must surrender the certificate of title to the home to the lien holder.
K.R.S. § 186A.297.
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or judgment lien holder, the Trustee cannot obtain an interest superior to that of WaMu even though
WaMu’s lien was not perfected.
In Gruseck, the trustee sought to avoid a mortgage on the debtor’s real property pursuant to
the Trustee’s status as a bona fide purchaser under 11 U.S.C. § 544(a)(3). The trustee asserted that,
because the notary acknowledgment was defective, the mortgage was not properly recorded and did
not provide constructive notice to a bona fide purchaser. The creditor had, however, filed a notice
of lis pendens prior to the debtor’s bankruptcy filing. The Gruseck Panel held that while the
defective mortgage did not provide constructive notice, the notice of lis pendens did, and that notice
precluded the trustee from avoiding the defective mortgage. Gruseck, 385 B.R. 799 at *7. The Panel
then concluded that the creditor’s interest in the debtor’s property was superior to that of the trustee
with the status of a bona fide purchaser under § 544(a)(3). Id.; see also Periandri, 266 B.R. at 654
(applying Ohio law and holding that lis pendens filing precluded trustee from avoiding defective
mortgage under § 544(a)(3)).
WaMu’s reliance upon Gruseck and Periandri here is misplaced and fails to support its
position for two reasons. First, the doctrine of lis pendens, as applied in Gruseck and Periandri,
does not apply to personal property for which Kentucky law requires a certificate of title.
Kentucky’s lis pendens statute applies to real property. K.R.S. § 382.440.3 In fact, Kentucky defines
lis pendens as “‘[a] notice, recorded in the chain of title to real property, . . . to warn all persons that
certain property is the subject matter of litigation, and that any interests acquired during the pendency
of the suit are subject to its outcome.’” U.S. Bank, NA v. Hasty, 232 S.W.3d 536, 541 n.6 (Ky. App.
2007) (quoting Greene v. McFarland, 43 S.W.3d 258, 260 (Ky. 2001)) (emphasis added).
3
K.R.S. § 382.440 provides, in pertinent part:
No action, . . . commenced or filed in any court of this state, in which the title to, or
the possession or use of, or any lien, tax, assessment or charge on real property, or
any interest therein, is in any manner affected or involved, . . . shall in any manner
affect the right, title or interest of any subsequent purchaser . . . of such real property,
or interest for value and without notice thereof, except from the time there is filed,
in the office of the county clerk of the county in which such real property or the
greater part thereof lies, a memorandum stating . . . . (emphasis supplied.)
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WaMu attempts to avoid this conclusion by citing to two Kentucky Supreme Court cases in
which the court found that despite the enactment of the lis pendens statute in 1896, the common law
doctrine of lis pendens still applied to personal property. See P.A. Stark Piano Co. v. Fannin, 279
S.W. 1080 (Ky. 1926) (applying doctrine of lis pendens to sale of piano); New Holland Mach. Co.
v. Bell, 357 S.W.2d 868 (Ky. 1962) (filing of complaint regarding chattel mortgages created lis
pendens over property subject to dispute). These cases cited by WaMu are inapposite, however, as
they were decided applying the applicable law prior to Kentucky’s adoption of the Uniform
Commercial Code (“UCC”) which now governs priorities between conflicting security interests. See
Williams v. Fulmer, 695 S.W. 2d 411, 413 (Ky. 1985) (Kentucky adopted the UCC in 1960); Cessna
Fin. Corp. v. Skyways Enters., Inc., 580 S.W. 2d 491, 494 (Ky. 1979) (“Kentucky has adopted the
Uniform Commercial Code and its provisions govern priorities between conflicting security
interests.”) The UCC, as adopted by Kentucky, does not provide for the filing of a notice of lis
pendens on personal property. Moreover, the Kentucky statute governing lis pendens, K.R.S.
§ 382.440, does not create a lien or affect the priority of security interests. Strong v. First
Nationwide Mtg. Corp., 959 S.W. 2d 785 (Ky. App. 1998) (notice of lis pendens filed before
creditors’ judgment liens did not give ex-wife’s subsequent judgment lien priority over husband’s
lien creditors); accord Redondo Constr. Corp. v. United States, 157 F.3d 1060, 1065 (6th Cir. 1998)
(“Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 382.440 is not intended to establish priority among creditors, but to give
notice to subsequent purchasers of a cloud on title and to warn creditors of the need to seek other
sources of security for their debt.”).4
The second reason that WaMu’s reliance upon Gruseck and Periandri fails is that the trustees
in those cases were seeking to avoid the creditors’ interests in real property based on their power
under 11 U.S.C. § 544(a)(3) as bona fide purchasers, while here the Trustee sought to avoid any
interest of WaMu in personal property pursuant to his power as a hypothetical judgment lien
creditor under § 544(a)(1). On February 14, 2008, when the Debtor filed his bankruptcy petition,
the Trustee became a judgment lien creditor. 11 U.S.C. § 544(a)(1); In re Lynum, 246 B.R. 537, 539
(Bankr. E.D. Ky. 2000) (citing Matter of Quality Holstein Leasing, 752 F.2d 1009 (5th Cir. 1985)).
4
At oral argument, WaMu’s counsel conceded that he could not cite this Panel to any
Kentucky cases which applied lis pendens to personal property for which a certificate of title is
required.
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Under Kentucky law, an unperfected security interest, which WaMu does not dispute is what it
holds, is subordinate to the rights of a subsequent lien creditor, and that is one of several statuses
conferred on a bankruptcy trustee. K.R.S. § 355.9-317; In re Lynum, 246 B.R. at 539; South Bay
Enters., Inc. v. Mirada Bay Petroleum, Inc., 957 S.W. 2d 287 (Ky. App. 1997). Therefore, as a
hypothetical judgment lien creditor, the Trustee prevails over WaMu’s unperfected security interest,
regardless of any knowledge of WaMu’s interest in the Debtor’s manufactured home that the notice
of lis pendens may have conveyed, under Kentucky law. South Bay Enters., Inc., 957 S.W. 2d at 288
(quoting D. Leibson & R. Nowka, The Uniform Commercial Code of Kentucky, § 10.4(B)(1) (2d ed.
1992) (“‘[A] person who becomes a lien creditor before a security interest is perfected will defeat
the security interest even if the lien creditor has knowledge of the security interest.’”).
WaMu next asserts that the bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law “essentially find WaMu
does not have an interest in the manufactured home since WaMu did not perfect its lien under KRS
Chapter 186A.” (Appellant’s Br. at 17.) WaMu argues that the bankruptcy court was precluded
from doing so pursuant to res judicata and the Rooker-Feldman doctrine because the state court had
previously issued its judgment finding that WaMu has an equitable lien on the manufactured home
and that the note was secured by the home. The Trustee, on the other hand, asserts that the
bankruptcy court did not violate either res judicata or Rooker-Feldman because it did not contradict
any of the state court’s findings. We agree.
The bankruptcy court did not determine that WaMu does not have a valid lien interest.
Rather, it held that WaMu’s lien is unperfected and, therefore, the Trustee as a hypothetical judgment
lien creditor obtained priority and the lien is avoidable. The state court judgment did not perfect
WaMu’s lien interest. It simply found that WaMu has an equitable lien. Such an unperfected
equitable lien is subordinate to the Trustee’s subsequent interest as a hypothetical judgment lien
creditor. See Hunter v. Ohio Citizens Bank (In re Henzler Mfg. Corp.), 36 B.R. 303, 306 (Bankr.
N.D. Ohio 1984); Hassett v. Revlon, Inc. (In re O.P.M. Leasing Servs., Inc.), 23 B.R. 104, 120
(Bankr. S.D. N.Y. 1982) (“The legislative history of the Bankruptcy Code makes clear that Article
9 of the U.C.C. treats equitable liens as ‘unperfected security interests which the trustee can in any
case set aside.’”); see also In re Hendleman, 91 B.R. 475, 476 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1988) (equitable lien
in debtor’s property is by definition unperfected and can never survive attack by chapter 7 trustee).
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As one court has explained:
[T]he law of secured transactions (Article Nine of the Uniform Commercial Code
. . .) does not require that a security interest be recorded in order to create rights and
liabilities as between the two parties. A fundamental and crucial distinction exists
between the creation and attachment of a security interest . . . on the one hand, and
its perfection . . . on the other. The latter places the perfecting secured party in a
position superior to that of a wide range of hypothetical third parties, but does not
enhance its position vis-a-vis the debtor. Conversely, failure to perfect does not in
any way change the nature, nor diminish the extent of the secured party’s interest as
against the debtor. However . . . failure to perfect does have a significant effect on
the rights of a secured party in the context of bankruptcy.
Bank of Green Cove Springs v. Brooker (In re Brooker), 36 B.R. 839, 840-41 (Bankr. M.D. Fla.
1984).5
“[T]he sole means of perfecting . . . a security interest in [a manufactured home] is by
notation on the property’s certificate of title . . . .” K.R.S. 186A.190(2) (emphasis added). Because
WaMu failed to perfect its lien as required by Kentucky law, its interest in the Debtor’s
manufactured home must yield to the trustee’s interest as a hypothetical judgment lien creditor.
V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the order of the bankruptcy court granting the Trustee’s motion
for summary judgment is AFFIRMED.
5
Because we conclude that the Trustee’s interest as a hypothetical judgment lien creditor is
superior to that of WaMu’s unperfected lien, we need not reach the issue of whether the state court
judgment created a preferential transfer.
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