NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 09a0643n.06
No. 08-5293 FILED
Sep 16, 2009
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE MIDDLE
v. ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
)
CHRISTOPHER L. SIMPSON, ) OPINION
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
BEFORE: COLE, CLAY, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
COLE, Circuit Judge. Christopher L. Simpson appeals the district court’s judgment
sentencing him to 84 months of imprisonment after he pleaded guilty to one count of possessing
a firearm as a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2) and one count
of possessing a firearm after being convicted of the misdemeanor offense of domestic violence
in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(9) and 924(a)(2). On appeal, Simpson argues that the
sentence imposed was procedurally and substantively unreasonable. For the reasons that follow,
we conclude that the district court committed procedural error, and we VACATE Simpson’s
sentence and REMAND for resentencing.
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No. 08-5293
United States v. Simpson
I. BACKGROUND
A. Procedural history
Simpson pleaded guilty to one count of possessing a firearm as a convicted felon in
violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2) and one count of possessing a firearm after
being convicted of the misdemeanor offense of domestic violence in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§
922(g)(9) and 924(a)(2). On September 10, 2007, the district court held a sentencing hearing
and imposed a sentence of 84 months of imprisonment on each count, to run concurrently, and
three years of supervised release on each count, also to run concurrently. The court filed its
judgment on February 14, 2008, and Simpson timely appealed.
B. Substantive facts
After Simpson pleaded guilty, the United States Probation and Pretrial Services
department prepared a Presentence Investigation Report in which it calculated Simpson’s
advisory sentencing range under the United States Sentencing Guidelines (the “Guidelines”) to
be 92 to 115 months’ imprisonment. Simpson filed a sentencing position statement and a
sentencing memorandum in which he requested a sentence significantly below the advisory
Guidelines range based on emotional and physical abuse he suffered as a child, the lack of adult
male role models in his formative years, and the severe handicap of his infant son. The
Government opposed a departure or variance and requested a sentence within the advisory
Guidelines range. The district court concluded that Simpson’s difficult childhood was “extreme”
and “extraordinary” and applied a one-level downward departure under Guidelines § 5K2.0.
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(R.42, Sent’g Tr. 178-79, 185.)1 This resulted in a new Guidelines range of 84 to 105 months,
and the district court sentenced Simpson to 84 months of imprisonment on each of the two
counts, to run concurrently, and three years of supervised release.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of review
We review sentences for reasonableness under an abuse-of-discretion standard. See Gall
v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 586, 594 (2007); United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 260-61
(2005); United States v. Sedore, 512 F.3d 819, 822 (6th Cir. 2008). Reasonableness in this
context has both procedural and substantive components. Sedore, 512 F.3d at 822.
A district court commits procedural error and abuses its sentencing discretion by:
failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the
Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors,
selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately
explain the chosen sentence—including an explanation for any deviation from the
Guidelines range.
Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597. Under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), a sentencing court must consider:
(1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics
of the defendant;
(2) the need for the sentence imposed--
(A) to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for
the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense;
(B) to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct;
(C) to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and
(D) to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational
training, medical care, or other correctional treatment in the most
effective manner; . . . .
1
“R.__” refers to the district court docket entry number of documents available
electronically through the district court docket report.
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18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1)-(2).
A reviewing court must also consider the substantive reasonableness of the sentence.
Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597. A sentence may be substantively unreasonable if the sentencing court
“select[ed] the sentence arbitrarily, bas[ed] the sentence on impermissible factors, . . . or [gave]
an unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.” United States v. Ferguson, 456 F.3d
660, 664 (6th Cir. 2006) (quotation marks omitted). However, the “touchstone” of substantive
reasonableness is “whether the length of the sentence is reasonable in light of the § 3553(a)
factors.” United States v. Tate, 516 F.3d 459, 469 (6th Cir. 2008). This Court grants a
rebuttable presumption of substantive reasonableness to sentences within the advisory
Guidelines range. United States v. Williams, 436 F.3d 706, 708 (6th Cir. 2006); see also Rita v.
United States, 551 U.S. 338, 354 (2007) (permitting courts of appeals to adopt such a
presumption).
Although Simpson did not raise an objection at sentencing asserting the claim he now
makes on appeal, plain-error review does not apply in this case. While we typically review
claims of procedural unreasonableness for plain error unless they were preserved by an objection
at sentencing, see United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 385-86, 390-91 (6th Cir. 2008) (en
banc), we have not followed this course when considering claims that the sentencing court
misunderstood the scope of its authority in light of recent changes in the law of sentencing. See
United States v. Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d 568, 579-81 (6th Cir. 2009) (holding that plain-error
review did not apply to claim that the district court misunderstood the scope of its sentencing
authority, even when the defendant failed to object at sentencing); see also United States v.
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Guest, 564 F.3d 777, 779 (2009) (examining whether a trial court understood its authority to
vary from the crack cocaine Guidelines without applying plain-error review); United States v.
Johnson, 553 F.3d 990, 995-96 (6th Cir. 2009) (same). In Herrera-Zuniga, we determined that
it would be inappropriate to apply Vonner’s forfeiture rule to . . . Herrera-
Zuniga’s claim that the district court lacked the authority to categorically reject
the [applicable] base offense level prescribed under [the Guidelines] given the
lingering confusion in the circuit as to whether such claims are “procedural” or
“substantive” challenges.
Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d at 579. We also noted that the Vonner rule is a court-developed rule
that “was adopted entirely for practical reasons” and that Vonner “expressly encouraged ‘a
common-sense application of the plain-error doctrine,’ and instructed future courts to apply the
rule ‘with an eye to the realities of the facts and circumstances of each sentencing proceeding.’”
Id. at 580 (quoting Vonner, 516 F.3d at 391).
As in Herrera-Zuniga, the issue before us is whether the district court correctly
understood the scope of its authority to reject the Guidelines. Simpson raises this as both a
procedural and a substantive claim, but we conclude that it is appropriately framed as a
procedural-unreasonableness claim. See Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597 (stating that a district court
commits procedural error when it “treat[s] the Guidelines as mandatory”). Simpson’s confusion
about how to frame his claim is understandable given the “overlap” between procedural and
substantive reasonableness considerations, an area of law that this Court has continued to clarify
in recent years. See Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d at 579-80. Rather than penalize Simpson for his
failure to recognize his claim as a procedural one, we will not apply Vonner’s forfeiture rule
here. See id. at 579-81. Accordingly, despite the fact Simpson did not object below, we will
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review his claim under the normal abuse-of-discretion standard. See Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 591;
Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d at 581.
Additionally, in cases in which an appellant claims that the sentencing court
misunderstood its authority, we will only remand based upon an “indication of error in the
record,” not upon “mere conjecture” that the court felt improperly constrained. Guest, 564 F.3d
at 779, 781. The record in this case indicates an error in the district court’s understanding of its
authority to vary from the Guidelines.
B. The district court’s misunderstanding of its authority prevented it from considering
Simpson’s request for a variance
Simpson argues that his sentence was procedurally unreasonable because the district
court treated the Guidelines’ restrictions on departures as mandatory and did not recognize its
authority to vary outside of the Guidelines range. In his sentencing position statement and
sentencing memorandum he requested both a departure and a variance based on a number of
mitigating factors and emphasized that the district court had discretion to vary below the
advisory range based on factors prohibited or discouraged by the Guidelines’ discussion of
departures. Simpson claims that the district court ignored his request for a variance and only
considered whether he was entitled to a departure under § 5K2.0 of the Guidelines.
We have stated that the actual terminology used by a court when imposing a sentence is
not critical. See Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d at 586 (explaining that this Court has “not required
that district courts carefully distinguish between whether the decision to deviate from the
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advisory Guidelines range is based on a departure or variance.”).2 The salient issue is whether
the sentencing court recognized the advisory nature of the Guidelines and its full authority to
impose a sentence outside the Guidelines range. See Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 596-97 (requiring judge
to “consider all of the § 3553(a) factors to determine whether they support the sentence
requested by a party,” to “make an individualized assessment based on the facts presented,” and
to refrain from presuming that the Guidelines range is reasonable or treating the Guidelines as
mandatory); United States v. Stephens, 549 F.3d 459, 466-67 (6th Cir. 2008) (explaining that a
sentencing court has different, broader authority to vary from the suggested Guidelines range
based on the § 3553(a) factors than to depart from it based on § 5 of the Guidelines).
In this case, the district court began its pronouncement of sentence by noting, “[b]efore I
state the sentence, the Court has considered the defendant’s motion for downward departure
based primarily on his background and circumstances.” (R.43, Sent’g Tr. 176.) The court then
discussed Simpson’s troubled upbringing and family circumstances, stating:
[T]he family ties and responsibilities is a category that’s recognized in the
guidelines, as well as his other responsibilities. I mean his background and
upbringing can be considered.
All of these must exist to [sic] an extraordinary way. The guidelines say
that neither of these matters should ordinarily be considered by the Court,
2
“A Guidelines ‘departure’ refers to the imposition of a sentence outside the advisory range
or an assignment of a criminal history category different than the otherwise applicable category .
. . result[ing] from the district court’s application of a particular Guidelines provision, such as
§ 4A1.3 or § 5 part K.” United States v. Grams, 566 F.3d 683, 686 (6th Cir. 2009). “A ‘variance’
refers to the selection of a sentence outside of the advisory Guidelines range based upon the district
court’s weighing of one or more of the sentencing factors of § 3553(a).” Id. at 686-87. “While the
same facts and analyses can, at times, be used to justify both a Guidelines departure and a variance,
the concepts are distinct.” Id. at 687.
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however, in departing downward. They, of course, can be considered in
determining where in the guidelines range the defendant should be sentenced.
(Id. at 177 (emphasis added).) The court explained that it was “moved by the report of the
defendant’s upbringing,” that it believed that it was “an extraordinary circumstance” that took
the case “out of the heartland of cases,” and that it would grant a one-level downward departure
based upon this factor. (Id. at 178-79.) Thereafter, the Court stated that “[c]ontrary to the
request of the Government, I’m going to sentence Mr. Simpson to the low end of the guidelines
range” and stated that it believed the sentence would be “just, but not greater than necessary to
meet the sentencing goals in the case.” (Id. at 180.) Other than brief statements at the end of the
sentencing hearing, the district court made little reference to the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. §
3553(a) or the advisory nature of the Guidelines, although it noted that “[t]he Guidelines are not
mandatory, of course. They’re simply advisory.” (R.43, Sent’g Tr. 186.)
The district court also prepared a statement of reasons (“STR”) that further explained the
sentence imposed. (R.48, STR 1-5.) After summarizing the mitigating circumstances presented
by Simpson, the court stated:
Defendant’s reasons for requesting a downward departure are factors not
ordinarily relevant in considering a motion for downward departure, and, in fact,
departures for the reasons requested herein are disfavored. However, such factors
may be considered if they exist in an extraordinary way. Having considered
Defendant’s unfortunate upbringing by his mother . . . the Court finds
circumstances are present to an unusual degree and are so extreme as to make this
case extraordinary.
(Id. at 5.) The court used this analysis to justify a one-level Guidelines departure. The court
then concluded its STR with a brief discussion of the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
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Both at sentencing and in the STR, the court followed the same model of (1) calculating
the Guidelines range; (2) determining if any of the mitigating factors presented “extraordinary
circumstances” sufficient to justify a Guidelines departure; and (3) determining what sentence
within the relevant range was justified in light of the factors set forth in § 3553(a). This
approach is impermissible for several reasons.
First, the court proceeded as if the Guidelines restrictions on departures are mandatory,
and as if the § 3553(a) factors are only relevant if they rise to the level of “exceptional”
circumstances as stated in § 5 of the Guidelines. See U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0 (departures based on
offender characteristics are only warranted if the characteristic is “present to an exceptional
degree”). This approach was erroneous because mitigating factors—even those that are not
“exceptional” or “extraordinary”—are proper considerations in determining whether a sentence
should fall outside of the Guidelines range. See Grams, 566 F.3d at 686-87 (discussing the
court’s authority to select “a sentence outside of the advisory Guidelines range based upon the . .
. weighing of one or more of the sentencing factors of § 3553(a)”); see also United States v.
Henry, 545 F.3d 367, 385 (6th Cir. 2008) (“Gall rejects the notion . . . that extraordinary
circumstances are required ‘to justify a sentence outside the Guidelines range.’”) (quoting Gall,
128 S. Ct. at 595).
This mistake significantly affected the sentencing court’s understanding of its authority
because “‘variances from Guidelines ranges that a District Court may find justified under the
sentencing factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)’ include a much broader range of
discretionary decisionmaking” than departures. Stephens, 549 F.3d at 466-67 (emphasis added)
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(quoting Irizarry v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 2198, 2202-03 (2008)); United States v. Davis, 537
F.3d 611, 617 (6th Cir. 2008) (“[A] trial judge’s authority to exercise independent judgment in
granting a variance after applying the § 3553(a) factors differs from his authority to grant
departures.”); see also United States v. Buchanan, 449 F.3d 731, 740 (6th Cir. 2006) (Sutton, J.,
concurring) (“[T]he guidelines’ restrictions on granting departures do not circumscribe a trial
court’s decision to grant a [§ 3553(a)] variance”). The district court’s statements indicate that it
felt “bound by the pre-Gall standard of review” and the Guidelines’ restrictions on departures
that require extraordinary or exceptional circumstances to justify a below-Guidelines sentence.
See Guest, 564 F.3d at 780. As a result, the court dismissed some of Simpson’s mitigation
evidence as unworthy of consideration when, in fact, the court was required to consider that
evidence. See Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 596-97.
Second, both the sentencing hearing transcript and STR make clear that the court
considered the relevant § 3553(a) factors in the context of deciding what sentence within the
advisory Guidelines range was appropriate. (R.43, Sent’g Tr. 177 (“All of these [mitigating
factors] must exist to [sic] an extraordinary way. The guidelines say that neither of these matters
should ordinarily be considered by the Court, however, in departing downward. They, of course,
can be considered in determining where in the guidelines range the defendant should be
sentenced.”); R.48, STR 6 (“The Court has discussed some of the relevant factors which the
Court considered in determining the appropriate sentence within the guideline range, including
the nature and circumstances of the offense, as well as the history and characteristics of the
Defendant.”) (emphasis added).) As explained above, a sentencing court errs if it limits its
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consideration of the § 3553(a) factors to where within the Guidelines range to impose the
sentence.
Third, the court’s repeated references to Simpson’s “request for a downward departure”
and its failure to acknowledge Simpson’s request for a variance support the view that the district
court misunderstood its authority to vary from the Guidelines range, rather than merely to grant a
Guidelines departure. To be sure, the sentencing court was not required to use the term
“variance” when addressing Simpson’s arguments, and its failure to do so is not error per se. See
Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d at 586-87. However, the court’s failure to acknowledge Simpson’s
request for a variance, in the context of the other statements it made, suggests that it did not
recognize its authority to vary from the Guidelines absent extraordinary circumstances. See
Stephens, 549 F.3d at 466-67 (finding it “particularly troubling” that the court “followed defense
counsel’s lead and used the term ‘departure’ exclusively in rejecting [defendant’s]
arguments . . . .”).
The Government argues that the district court properly understood the scope of its
authority for several reasons. First, the court referenced the advisory nature of the Guidelines
several times. (R.43, Sent’g Tr. 186 (“The Guidelines are not mandatory, of course. They’re
simply advisory.”); R.48, STR 4 (“[T]he Supreme Court made clear that the guidelines
promulgated by the United States Sentencing Commission are merely advisory.”).) While these
statements support the Government’s argument when considered in isolation, the substance and
structure of the district court’s analysis show that it effectively treated the Guidelines’ limitations
on departures as mandatory. The Government notes that the district court discussed the § 3553(a)
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factors, stating in the STR that it had “considered all the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)”
and concluded that “[b]ased on the facts and circumstances in this case, . . . the sentence imposed
[would] be just punishment for this particular offense and . . . in the best interest of the public.”
(Id. at 5-6.) This argument fails because, as discussed above, the record indicates that the court
considered the § 3553(a) factors for the improperly narrow purpose of deciding what sentence
within the advisory Guidelines range was appropriate. Finally, the district court also explained
during the sentencing hearing that it would only grant a one-level Guidelines departure because
Simpson has an extensive criminal history—a history that the court described at length in both the
sentencing hearing and STR. This cannot be construed as indicating that the court recognized its
broad authority to vary from the Guidelines range rather than merely to depart from it based on
exceptional circumstances. While we recognize that the concepts of variances and departures
have sometimes blurred in recent years, and while this district court has considerable experience
in administering sentences in the post-Booker era, the rationale set forth on the record is in
conflict with our recent precedent, and we must grant Simpson’s request for a remand.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we conclude that the district court committed procedural
error. Therefore, we VACATE Simpson’s sentence and REMAND for resentencing to allow the
court to consider Simpson’s mitigation arguments with full recognition of its authority to vary
from the Guidelines range.
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KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge, dissenting. Our task in this appeal would have been
greatly simplified, if not eliminated entirely, had Simpson merely told to the district court what he
tells us now—namely, that the district court failed to consider his request for a variance. That is a
good indication that plain-error review ought to apply here. And I think our caselaw, notably
United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc), bears out that indication. The
majority declines to apply Vonner, suggesting there is sufficient confusion regarding the nature of
Simpson’s claim (i.e., whether it is substantive or procedural) that we should apply the narrow
exception to Vonner set forth in United States v. Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d 568 (6th Cir. 2009). I
do not agree that there can plausibly be any such confusion. Simpson’s claim is that the district
court failed altogether to consider his claim for a variance. That claim is quintessentially
procedural, which brings it within the heartland of Vonner, and which in turn makes the claim
subject to plain-error review. I do agree with the majority that the district court erred by failing
separately to consider Simpson’s request for a variance; but under the circumstances present here,
I do not think the error was plain. I therefore respectfully dissent.
13