NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 09a0740n.06
No. 08-5960 FILED
Nov 17, 2009
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
DORIS ARNOLD, Administrator of the Estate of )
Gerald Lynn Cornett, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
KENTUCKY MEDICAL SERVICES )
FOUNDATION, INC., ) ON APPEAL FROM THE
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
Intervening Plaintiff-Appellee, ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN
) DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
v. )
) OPINION
LEXINGTON-FAYETTE URBAN COUNTY )
GOVERNMENT, et al. )
)
Defendants, )
)
KRISTINE LAFOE; ANTHONY ESTEP; KENNETH )
ISAACS; RONALD GAUNCE; MARIA JONES )
GAINES; CLARENCE McCOY; and ROBERT )
WILLIAMS; in their individual capacities, )
)
Defendants-Appellants. )
)
BEFORE: NORRIS and COLE, Circuit Judges; ADAMS, District Judge.*
ALAN E. NORRIS, Circuit Judge. This case arises out of a tragic set of circumstances that
resulted in the death of Gerald Cornett. The appellants were all employed in some capacity at the
*
The Honorable John R. Adams, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by
designation.
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Arnold v. Lafoe
Fayette County, Kentucky, Detention Center in mid-August 2005 when Mr. Cornett was brought in
after being charged with public intoxication. Some hours later, he slipped into a coma and was taken
to a local hospital where he died a few days thereafter. Among other things, his estate seeks
compensation from the appellants because they failed to provide the level of basic care for Mr.
Cornett mandated by the United States Constitution. The district court denied appellants’ motion
for qualified immunity, a ruling that is immediately appealable. Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511
(1985). Because the district court failed to engage in the required individualized assessment of the
actions of each defendant, see Phillips v. Roane County, Tenn., 534 F.3d 531, 541-42 (6th Cir.
2008), we reverse and remand to afford it an opportunity to do so.
As we explained in Phillips, “[t]he Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual
punishment generally provides the basis to assert a § 1983 claim of deliberate indifference to serious
medical needs, but where that claim is asserted on behalf of a pre-trial detainee, the Due Process
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment is the proper starting point.” Id. at 539 (citing City of Revere
v. Mass. Gen. Hosp., 463 U.S. 239, 244 (1983)). Such claims have both an objective and subjective
component. The former requires a plaintiff to show that he had a “serious medical”need that would
have been obvious to a layperson. Id. at 539-40. The latter requires him to “allege facts which, if
true, would show that the official being sued subjectively perceived facts from which to infer
substantial risk to the prisoner, that he did in fact draw the inference, and that he then disregarded
that risk.” Id. at 540 (quoting Comstock v. McCrary, 273 F.3d 693, 703 (6th Cir. 2001)).
The events for which plaintiff in this case seeks compensation began when he was brought
to the detention center and ended some hours later when he arrived at the local hospital. Each of the
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appellants had contact with Mr. Cornett that evening and, in plaintiff’s view, were deliberately
indifferent to his serious medical needs. In denying their claim of qualified immunity, the district
court concluded that “there is a genuine dispute as to whether the individual defendants acted with
deliberate indifference toward Cornett and thus violated his constitutional right to medical treatment
for a serious medical need.” Memorandum Opinion and Order, June 17, 2008 at 7-8. The problem
with this analysis is that it fails to address the individual culpability of each appellant. In Phillips
we made explicitly clear that a district court “faced with multiple defendants asserting qualified
immunity defenses, . . . should consider whether each defendant had a sufficiently culpable state of
mind.” Id. at 542. In other words, it is inappropriate to assess the care (or lack thereof) rendered to
Mr. Cornett by the detention center staff as a group. For liability to attach to an individual, he or
she must have known of Mr. Cornett’s serious medical need and knowingly disregarded the
substantial risk that it entailed. Id. at 540. On remand, it is incumbent on the district court to
determine what each appellant knew about Mr. Cornett’s condition, when he or she knew it, and
what, if anything, he or she did to address it. In making this analysis, of course, the district court
must resolve all contested material facts in favor of plaintiff.
The judgment is vacated and the cause remanded for proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
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No. 08-5960
Arnold v. Lafoe
COLE, Circuit Judge, concurring. I write separately because, while I agree with the
majority that remanding to the district court for individualized qualified immunity assessments is
the correct course of action, I believe that the record makes clear that at least some of the defendants
are not entitled to qualified immunity.
As the majority notes, in Phillips v. Roane County, 534 F.3d 531 (6th Cir. 2008), a
deliberate-indifference case arising from the death of an inmate, we stated that “[w]here . . . the
district court is faced with multiple defendants asserting qualified immunity defenses, the court
should consider whether each individual defendant had a sufficiently culpable state of mind.” Id.
at 542. However, we also emphasized that there is no “rule that plaintiffs cannot present general
allegations to prove that each individual defendant has the requisite knowledge for deliberate
indifference.” Id. Based on this, we affirmed the denial of qualified immunity for all of the
correctional officer defendants because we found that any correctional officer that came into contact
with the decedent during the time in question would have known about her medical problems and
“their failure to do anything about her ailments amounted to deliberate indifference.” Id. at 542. We
specifically stated that “given the modest size of the jail and the obvious nature of [the inmate’s]
symptoms, we find unpersuasive the claim that the officers were unaware of her condition.” Id. at
542 n.1.
This case presents a similar set of circumstances. All of the relevant events took place in
the intake area of the detention center over the course of several hours. The pertinent facts,
construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, are as follows. The decedent, Gerald Cornett,
was brought into the detention center on the arms of two police officers because he was too
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intoxicated to walk on his own. One of the officers who brought Cornett into the detention center
told detention center officials that Cornett had reported suffering a seizure earlier that night. His
blood-alcohol level was measured at .339, which in itself was supposed to have triggered a medical
assessment under detention center policy, and Cornett repeatedly asked for medical attention, which
he was never given. Cornett’s intoxication was obvious to the other inmates, and when summoned
by detention center officials to be photographed, he stumbled, knocked his head loudly against the
wall, and fell to the floor. After his fall, witnesses saw blood in his hair and on a chair where his
head had struck. Officials did not assist Cornett after his fall, and some even laughed at him. After
his fall, Cornett was photographed and led to a holding cell where officials laid him down on the
floor and left him alone and unattended for nearly an hour and a half. While in the holding cell,
Cornett slipped into a coma. Several days later, he died from the head injuries he suffered in the
intake area.
Given this set of facts, it is hard to believe that the officials attending to Cornett, particularly
after his head injury, were not aware of the seriousness of his condition. Accordingly, I believe that
at least some of the defendants acted with deliberate indifference to Cornett’s obvious medical needs
and are not entitled to qualified immunity.
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