NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 10a0567n.06
No. 09-1336 FILED
Aug 30, 2010
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff - Appellee, )
) On Appeal from the United
v. ) States District Court for the
) Eastern District of Michigan
DI’MITRI R. HENDERSON, )
)
Defendant Appellant. )
Before: GIBBONS and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges, and SARGUS, District Judge.*
SARGUS, District Judge. Defendant-Appellant Di’Mitri Henderson (“Appellant”)
challenges the sentence imposed by the district court for violations of supervised release. Of four
alleged supervised release violations, Appellant admitted to one (failure to report to the probation
department) and, following several violation hearings, was found guilty of another (larceny).1 On
March 9, 2009, Appellant was sentenced to two years in custody followed by one year of supervised
release.
Appellant contends that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the district court
allegedly based Appellant’s sentence on inaccurate information, failed to consider the factors set
forth in 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553(a) and 3583(c), and treated the supervised release advisory range as
*
The Honorable Edmund A. Sargus, Jr., United States District Judge for the Southern District of
Ohio, sitting by designation.
1
The district court found that the evidence did not establish by a preponderance that Appellant
committed the other two alleged violations, robberies on April 15, 2008 and June 2, 2008.
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mandatory in imposing an additional one year of supervised release. Appellant also asserts that his
sentence is substantively unreasonable because the district court allegedly arbitrarily selected his
sentence, based the sentence on impermissible factors, and gave an unreasonable amount of weight
to such factors.
For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the sentence imposed by the district court.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellant was originally convicted of Aiding and Abetting the Transportation of Counterfeit
Securities in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2314 (R. 1 at 17), a Class C felony for the purpose of 18 U.S.C.
§ 3583(e)(3). 18 U.S.C. § 3559. After serving his sentence, he commenced a three year term of
supervised release in February of 2008. (R. 1 at 19; R. 2 at 1.) On October 22, 2008, the district
court issued a warrant for Appellant’s arrest based on four alleged violations of supervised release:
(1) an April 15, 2008 incident which resulted in state charges of Armed Robbery, (2) an incident on
May 2, 2008 which resulted in state charges of Unarmed Robbery, (3) a June 2, 2008 incident which
resulted in state charges of Robbery, and (4) failure to report to the probation office. (R. 2.) At a
hearing on November 19, 2008, Appellant admitted to the fourth violation, failure to report to the
probation office. (R. 24 at 5–6; R. 26 at 121–22.) Following several evidentiary hearings, the
district court found by a preponderance of the evidence that Appellant also committed the second
violation by committing larceny from a person, a felony in the state of Michigan, on May 2, 2008.
(R. 26 at 392.)
After having found that Appellant committed the second and fourth violations, and
immediately prior to sentencing, the district court gave Appellant, his counsel, and the Government
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an opportunity to speak. Appellant’s counsel indicated that Appellant, who suffers from seizures
due to a gunshot wound to his head, wished to be allowed to live with his mother. (R. 26 at 393.)
The Government emphasized that the larceny violation was a serious offense, a “predatory crime of
violence,” and asked the court to consider a the maximum term of two years. (Id. at 395–96.)
The district court began its sentencing discussion by noting that the parties had not objected
to the probation officer’s calculation of an advisory range of 30 to 37 months, but the maximum
statutory penalty for the violation was two years. The court stated:
[T]he Court is drawn to a sentence of 24 months simply by attending to the
recommended range that begins six months higher than that. And I must say, given
the nature of the offense and the impact that such offenses have on the victims of
crime, a sentence at the lowest possible end of the guideline range strikes me as being
insufficient. But I am constrained by the statutory two-year maximum. The
defendant here has a history of assault. He has a history of larceny. He has a history
of weapons-related offenses dating back to a very early age. He failed to report,
failed to stay in touch with his probation officer, and all the while, was engaging in
at least the behavior that I have found proven by a preponderance of the evidence
here, that is to say illicit behavior. And combined with the extraordinary cell phone
usage that the defendant contributed to, if he is not wholly responsible for it, it’s
difficult for me to see how the defendant was doing anything productive or useful to
himself, his efforts to rehabilitate or benefit himself, his family, society or anybody
else during the time he was on release and failed to report and staying out of touch,
but at least robbing Ms. Waraniak.
(R. 26 at 397–98.) The court then sentenced Appellant to two years in custody followed by one year
of supervised release. Regarding the term of supervised release, the court stated, “it will be a case
to monitor for the Court to determine whether the defendant has made reasonable steps to try to
accommodate himself upon his next release to the requirements of the law.” (Id. at 398.)
The court then asked whether the parties had any mistakes, concerns, or corrections for the
record. Appellant’s counsel stated that, although he may need to research the issue, he believed that
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once the court had revoked Appellant’s supervised release and given him the maximum term of
imprisonment, the court was precluded from imposing additional supervised release. The court
asked Appellant’s counsel to follow up and seek correction of the sentence if the supervised release
was in fact unauthorized by statute. (R. 26 at 398–400.) Judgment was entered on March 9, 2009;
Appellant filed this timely appeal on March 18, 2009. (R. 21, 22.)
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review sentences imposed following revocation of supervised release under the same “deferential
abuse-of-discretion standard” that we apply to sentences imposed following conviction, a standard
we clarified in United States v. Bolds, 511 F.3d 568, 578 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Gall v. United
States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007); Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 341 (2007); United States v.
Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 260–61 (2005)). This standard has both procedural and substantive
components. Id. at 578 (citing Gall, 552 U.S. at 51).
If a sentencing judge, after announcing a proposed sentence, asks the parties whether they
have any objections not previously raised, and if the parties do not object, then plain-error review
applies on appeal to those arguments not preserved in the district court. United States v. Vonner, 516
F.3d 382, 385 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (citing United States v. Bostic, 371 F.3d 865, 872–73 (6th
Cir. 2004)). To demonstrate plain error, a party must “show (1) error (2) that ‘was obvious or clear,’
(3) that ‘affected defendant’s substantial rights’ and (4) that ‘affected the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of the judicial proceedings.’” Id. at 386 (quoting United States v. Gardiner, 463 F.3d 445,
459 (6th Cir. 2006)). “‘[O]nly in exceptional circumstances’ will we find such error—only . . .
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‘where the error is so plain that the trial judge . . . [was] derelict in countenancing it.’” Id. at 386
(quoting Gardiner, 463 F.3d at 459).
A. Procedural Reasonableness Review
Our procedural reasonableness review consists of three steps. First, we must ensure that the
district court properly calculated the applicable advisory range.2 Second, the court must
have considered the § 3553(a) factors as well as the parties’ arguments for a sentence outside the
advisory range, giving both parties an opportunity “‘to argue for whatever sentence they deem
appropriate,’” considering the § 3553(a) factors, and making an individualized assessment based on
the facts and the § 3553(a) factors. Bolds, 511 F.3d at 579–80 (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 49).
Finally, we must “ensure that the district court has ‘adequately explain[ed] the chosen sentence to
allow for meaningful appellate review and to promote the perception of fair sentencing.’” Id. at 580
(quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 50). “Reversible procedural error occurs if the sentencing judge fails to
‘set forth enough [of a statement of reasons] to satisfy the appellate court that he has considered the
2
As we noted in Bolds:
Because there are no Guidelines for supervised release revocation sentences, . . . “[i]n
imposing a term of imprisonment following revocation of supervised release, the
district court must consider the policy statements contained in Chapter Seven of the
Sentencing Guidelines [as well as] the relevant statutory factors listed in 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a).” These policy statements indicate that in imposing such a sentence “the
court should sanction primarily the defendant's breach of trust, while taking into
account to a limited degree, the seriousness of the underlying crime and the criminal
history of the violator.” U.S.S.G. ch. 7, pt. A, Introductory Comment 3(b) (2006).
The policy statements also provide suggested ranges for appropriate sentences based
upon the grade of supervised release violation and the criminal history category of
the defendant. See U.S.S.G. § 7B1.4(a) (2006).
Bolds, 511 F.3d at 579 n.5 (citations omitted).
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parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal decision making authority.’”
Id. (quoting Rita, 551 U.S. at 356).
“[T]he record must contain the district court’s rationale for concluding that the sentence
imposed is ‘sufficient but not greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes’ of sentencing set
forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” Id. at 580. While the district court need not “engage in a ‘ritualistic
incantation to establish consideration of a legal issue’” or “make specific findings related to each of
the factors considered,” the court must articulate the reasons it reached the sentence imposed. Id.
at 580 (quoting United States v. McClellan, 164 F.3d 308, 310 (1999); citing United States v.
Jackson, 408 F.3d 301, 305 (6th Cir. 2005)). It is insufficient simply to list the § 3553(a) factors and
the defendant’s various characteristics without referring to the applicable advisory range or
explaining the decision to stay within or deviate from that range. Id. (citing United States v. Cousins,
469 F.3d 572, 577 (6th Cir. 2006)). Rather, “[t]he district court must provide a clear explanation of
why it has either accepted or rejected the parties’ arguments and thereby chosen the particular
sentence imposed, regardless of whether it is within or outside of the Guidelines.” Id. (citing Gall,
552 U.S. at 51).
B. Substantive Reasonableness Review
After we have found the district court’s sentencing decision to be procedurally sound, we
must “then consider the substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed under an abuse-of-
discretion standard.” Id. at 581 (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 51). In reviewing for substantive
reasonableness, we must “‘take into account the totality of the circumstances, including the extent
of any variance from the Guidelines range.’” Id. (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 51). For sentences
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within the advisory range, we may apply a rebuttable presumption of substantive reasonableness, but
we may not apply a presumption of unreasonableness to sentences outside the applicable advisory
range. Id. (citing Gall, 552 U.S. at 51; Rita, 551 U.S. at 354-55; United States v. Williams, 436 F.3d
706, 708 (6th Cir. 2006)); United States v. Noel, No. 08-5988, 2010 U.S. App. Lexis 7248 (6th Cir.
2010) (unpublished panel opinion applying a presumption of reasonableness to a statutory maximum
sentence that fell below the Guidelines range) (citing United States v. Johnson, 445 F.3d 793, 798
(5th Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1199 (2006)). In general, we must give “due deference” to
the district court’s conclusion that the sentence imposed is warranted by the § 3553(a) factors.
Bolds, 511 F.3d at 581 (citing Gall, 552 U.S. at 51). “The fact that [we] might have reasonably
concluded that a different sentence was appropriate is insufficient to justify reversal of the district
court.” Id. (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 51).
III. DISCUSSION
A. Procedural Reasonableness
As discussed above, we review the district court’s decision for procedural reasonableness in
three steps, ensuring that the district court: (1) properly calculated the advisory range; (2) considered
the other § 3553(a) factors and the parties’ arguments; and (3) adequately articulated its reasoning
for imposing the chosen sentence, including any rejection of the parties’ arguments. Id. Because
Appellant does not appeal on the basis of any objection he preserved at sentencing, he must
demonstrate plain error: obvious or clear error that affected his substantial rights as well as the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings. Vonner, 516 F.3d at 386.
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First, Appellant does not dispute that the district court properly calculated the applicable
advisory range to be 30 to 37 months.
Second, the record shows that the district court gave both parties “the opportunity to argue
for whatever sentence they deem appropriate” and made an individualized assessment based on the
facts and upon a thorough consideration of all of the § 3553(a) factors. It is undisputed, and the
sentencing hearing transcript shows, that the court provided an opportunity for Appellant and the
Government to speak in support of whatever sentence they deemed appropriate. (R. 26 at 393–96.)
Appellant contends, however, that the district court failed to consider the statutory factors, instead
treating the supervised release advisory range as mandatory. (Def.’s Br. 16.) The record shows,
however, that the district court made an individualized assessment based upon the § 3553(a) factors.
Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3), a district court may revoke a term of supervised release and
sentence a supervised release violator to an additional prison term after considering the factors set
forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). The district court considered and addressed the factors set forth in
§ 3553(a)(1) when it discussed the nature of the offense; the impact that such offenses have on
victims; the Appellant’s history of assault, larceny, and, at an early age, weapons-related offenses;
and the Appellant’s failure to report to his probation officer. (R. 26 at 397; PSI at 7–10 (criminal
history including, inter alia, four charges of carrying a concealed weapon, two larceny charges, and
one assault charge).) The district court further considered Appellant’s extraordinary mobile phone
use, for which Appellant’s mother was billed, and noted that “it’s difficult . . . to see how the
defendant was doing anything productive or useful to himself, his efforts to rehabilitate or benefit
himself, his family, society or anybody else.” (R. 26 at 369, 398.)
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It also appears that the court considered factors under § 3553(a)(2)(D), providing Appellant
with correctional treatment in the most effective manner, when it imposed additional supervised
release and stated that “it will be a case to monitor for the Court to determine whether the defendant
has made reasonable steps to try to accommodate himself upon his next release to the requirements
of the law.” (R. 26 at 398.)3
Appellant also contends that the district court based the sentence on inaccurate information.
(Def.’s Br. 15.) Specifically, during sentencing, the district court noted that “it’s difficult . . . to see
how the defendant was doing anything productive or useful . . . during the time he was on release
and failed to report and [was] staying out of touch, . . . [and] robbing [the victim].” (R. 26 at 398.)
Appellant contends that by referring to the supervised release violation as a form of “robbery,” the
court showed that it based its sentence on a crime other than larceny, which the court had found
committed by a preponderance of the evidence.
The record is clear, however, that the district court understood which crime Appellant
actually committed. Following several evidentiary hearings, and just moments before commencing
the sentencing, the district court had found by a preponderance of the evidence that “Defendant
engaged in behavior that amounts to larceny from a person, a felony in the state of Michigan.” (R.
3
The district court did not explicitly refer to the need for the sentence imposed to deter criminal
conduct, protect the public, and avoid unwarranted sentence disparities. However, “although
explicit mention of . . . [all of the statutory] factors may facilitate review, this court has never
required the ‘ritual incantation’ of the factors to affirm a sentence.” United States v. Johnson, 403
F.3d 813, 816 (6th Cir. 2005) (holding that “[t]he district court committed no error” where it “may not
have mentioned all of the statutory factors or the guidelines explicitly”) (citing United States v.
Washington, 147 F.3d 490, 490 (6th Cir. 1998)). We therefore find that the district court sufficiently
demonstrated consideration of the factors as required in 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3).
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26 at 392.) That the district court colloquially referred to Appellant’s violation as “robbing” the
victim, rather than as “committing larceny” from the victim, does not call into question the court’s
understanding or reasoning, and it certainly does not constitute plain error.
The record reflects that the district court carefully reviewed and considered Appellant’s
background, the nature and circumstances of the offense, and Appellant’s behavior during supervised
release. We find that the court did not commit plain error in imposing Appellant’s sentence and find
that the sentence was procedurally reasonable.
B. Substantive Reasonableness
Appellant also contends that his sentence is substantively unreasonable. Because the district
court imposed a statutory maximum sentence that fell below the advisory range, it is entitled to a
rebuttable presumption of substantive reasonableness, and we give due deference to the district
court’s conclusion that the sentence is warranted by the § 3553(a) factors. Bolds, 511 F.3d at 581
(citing Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597); Noel, 2010 U.S. App. Lexis 7248 (unpublished panel opinion) (citing
Johnson, 445 F.3d at 798, cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1199 (2006)).
Appellant asserts that his sentence is substantively unreasonable because the district court
arbitrarily selected his sentence, based the sentence on impermissible factors, and gave an
unreasonable amount of weight to such factors. (Def.’s Br. 19.) Appellant first contends that the
court “arbitrarily imposed the most severe sentence[] available.” (Id. at 20.) As discussed above,
the district court sufficiently explained its reasons for imposing the sentence, demonstrating that it
did not arbitrarily select such sentence.
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Appellant also asserts that the district court based its sentence on and gave an unreasonable
amount of weight to impermissible factors. During sentencing, the district court stated that
Appellant’s failure to stay in touch with his probation officer while “engaging in . . . illicit behavior”
(larceny), “combined with the extraordinary cell phone usage that the defendant contributed to, . . .
it’s difficult . . . to see how the defendant was doing anything productive or useful to himself, his
efforts to rehabilitate or benefit himself, his family, society or anybody else.” (R. 26 at 369, 398.)
Appellant points out that the court “spent much time discussing the records of [Appellant’s] cell
phone” and contends that “giving any weight to the cell phone usage was unreasonable and an abuse
of discretion.” (Def.’s Br. 20–21.)
We reject the notion that the district court’s consideration of Appellant’s mobile phone
records amounted to plain error. The district court spent significant time during the evidentiary
hearings inquiring into Appellant’s phone records because the records offered evidence as to
Appellant’s whereabouts and activity during the alleged violations of supervised release. (See R. 26
at 377–82.) During sentencing, the court referred to Appellant’s phone use only as supporting
evidence, along with Appellant’s supervised release violations, of Appellant’s apparently
unproductive use of his term of supervised release. Appellant’s possession and extensive use of a
mobile phone indicates that he had the means to call his probation officer and to otherwise comply
with the requirement of supervised release that he have regular contact with his probation officer.
Appellant, whose presentence investigation report indicates a history of assault, larceny, and
weapons-related offenses, violated the terms of his supervised release by failing to report to his
probation officer and by snatching a woman’s purse out of her hands. Considering the totality of the
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circumstances, including the advisory range, the § 3553(a) factors, the nature of the offense, and
Appellant’s history, we find that Appellant has not rebutted the presumption of substantive
reasonableness, and that the below-advisory range sentence imposed is substantively reasonable.
IV. CONCLUSIION
For the foregoing reasons, the sentence imposed by the district court is AFFIRMED.
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