NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 12a0580n.06
No. 11-5053
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
In re: AREDIA AND ZOMETA PRODUCTS ) Jun 05, 2012
LIABILITY LITIGATION ) LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
__________________________ )
)
CLARISSA SIMMONS, substituted on behalf )
of James Simmons, deceased, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE MIDDLE
v. ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
)
NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS )
CORPORATION, )
)
Defendant-Appellee. )
)
)
BEFORE: BOGGS, SUHRHEINRICH and COOK, Circuit Judges.
SUHRHEINRICH, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Clarissa Simmons (“Plaintiff”), widow and
personal representative of James Simmons (“Simmons”), appeals the decisions of the district court
granting summary judgment in favor of Defendant Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (“NPC”
or “Defendant”) and prohibiting Simmons’s treating physicians and retained expert from offering
expert testimony on the cause of Simmons’s injury in this product-liability action. We AFFIRM.
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I. Background
A. Facts
Simmons developed osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), a severe bone disease affecting the jaw,1
allegedly as a result of using the prescription medications Zometa and Aredia, drugs produced by
NPC. For thirty-five years, Simmons smoked a pack of cigarettes a day. In November 2000,
Simmons was diagnosed with lung cancer. In 2002, the cancer metastasized to Simmons’s bones,
and he was prescribed Zometa to treat it. In May 2003, Simmons developed renal insufficiency and
was switched to Aredia. Zometa and Aredia are FDA-approved intravenous bisphosphonate drugs2
prescribed for the prevention and treatment of skeletal related events, such as bone fractures and
spinal cord compression, in patients suffering from certain types of cancer that has metastasized to
the bone. They are also prescribed for the treatment of another complication of cancer,
hypercalcemia of malignancy, a potentially fatal elevation of calcium in the blood.
From 1999 to November 2002, Simmons was treated by dentist Dr. Mohamed Zamaludin.
In October 2002, Simmons began complaining of pain in his right lower jaw, and saw Zamaludin
in November. On February 28, 2003, he visited an oral surgeon, Dr. E. Ross Meyer. Dr. Meyer
determined that all that remained of Tooth 29 was its root, which was infected and needed to be
removed. Tooth 29 was removed on March 5, 2003. This is the location where Simmons
experienced his jaw problems.
1
ONJ “results in the gums being eaten away until the bone is replaced.” Thomas v. Novartis
Pharm. Corp., (6th Cir. ) 443 F. App’x 58, 60.
2
“Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs that derive their name from their chemical structure,
which contains two phosphonate groups . . . , covalently bonded to a carbon atom.” Thomas, 443
F. App’x at 60.
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In July 2003, Simmons began experiencing jaw pain again. In July 2004, he began treatment
with Dr. George Obeid, an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. A biopsy on his jaw showed the presence
of osteomyelitis, an infection of the jaw bone.
In April 2006, Simmons filed this product-liability action.
B. Plaintiff’s Experts
1. Dr. Obeid
Plaintiff offered Dr. Obeid as a “non-retained” expert.3 Dr. Obeid is a board-certified oral
and maxillofacial surgeon. He is head of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at
Washington Hospital Center in Washington, D.C. Dr. Obeid is also a member of the American
Association of Oral Maxillo Surgeons.
Dr. Obeid opined in his deposition testimony that he found a “very close association”
between ONJ and biosphosphonates. Dep. at 16. Dr. Obeid testified that he considers himself an
expert in osteomyelitis 4 as it relates to the oral maxillofacial region. Dep. at 24-25. Dr. Obeid
testified that bisphosphonates such as Aredia and Zometa do not metabolize and thus can accumulate
in the body and cause problems. He opined that leaving Simmons on his Aredia treatment
“compounded the issue” and worsened his jaw condition. Dr. Obeid stated that although Simmons
needed to have certain teeth extracted, because he was receiving the Zometa and Aredia
bisphosphonate treatment, Dr. Obeid “could not predict with certainty the outcome of the procedure”
and was concerned that he “might expose new bone and make his condition worse.” Id. at 43. Dr.
3
The district court excluded a number of non-retained experts. On appeal, Plaintiff protests
only the exclusion of Dr. Obeid.
4
Osteomyelitis is an acute or chronic bone infection.
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Obeid testified that a 2003 article by Dr. Robert Marx5 and a 2004 article by Dr. Salvatore Ruggerio
recommended conservative treatment given uncertainty whether the jaw bone would heal after an
invasive procedure. Dep. at 44-45. In addition, in January 2005, Plaintiff and Simmons contacted
Dr. Marx, who advised against extracting any remaining teeth. Dep. at 46.
2. Dr. Gutman
Plaintiff retained Dr. Edward Gutman also on the issue of specific causation. Dr. Gutman
is an experienced oral surgeon. He has written numerous publications and given many presentations
on dental issues and serves as a consultant to the Maryland State Board of Dental Examiners. Dr.
Gutman testified that based on what he had read, it was his opinion “with a reasonable degree of
dental certainty” that “the majority of people on bisphosphonate who have an invasive procedure will
develop ONJ.” Dep. at 170. He stated that Simmons’s ONJ could have been prevented through
prophylactic treatment and avoiding an extraction while on Aredia and Zometa.
C. Procedural History
On April 19, 2006, Simmons and Plaintiff brought this product-liability action in Maryland
state court, alleging that NPC’s prescription cancer drugs Aredia and Zometa caused Simmons to
develop ONJ and loss of consortium as to Clarissa. NPC removed the action to the United States
District Court for the District of Maryland based on federal diversity jurisdiction. The Judicial Panel
on Multidistrict Litigation transferred the action under 28 U.S.C. § 1407 to the United States District
Court for the Middle District of Tennessee (“MDL court”) and assigned it to Chief Judge Todd
Campbell. After transfer to the MDL court, Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed Novartis Corporation.
5
Dr. Marx was subsequently retained as one of Plaintiff’s experts, but solely on the issue of
general causation.
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After Simmons died of lung cancer on April 11, 2007, Clarissa was substituted as the personal
representative of his jaw injury claims in this survival action.
NPC moved to exclude, inter alia, the testimony of Drs. Obeid and Gutman, on the issue of
causation. NPC also moved for summary judgment.
On December 7, 2010, the MDL court granted Defendant’s motion for summary judgment
on all of Plaintiff’s claims. The court granted the motion to exclude any testimony by Dr. Obeid as
to the cause of Simmons’s injury. The court held that “Dr. Obeid has no admissible specific
causation expert testimony to be offered,” R. 101 at 5, because Plaintiff failed to point to any
opinion of Dr. Obeid, “under oath and to a reasonable degree of medical certainty” as to the cause
of Simmons’s ONJ. The court also noted that simply because Dr. Obeid told Simmons he had ONJ
from the Aredia and Zometa drugs (and could diagnosis the medical condition) did not mean he was
qualified to give an expert opinion as to specific causation. Id. at 6.
By a separate order dated December 7, 2010, the district court granted Defendant’s motion
to exclude Dr. Gutman’s testimony, also finding that Dr. Gutman was not qualified to testify about
the specific cause of Simmons’s ONJ. R. 102. The court held that Gutman’s opinion lacked the
sound methodology and foundation required by Daubert. The court noted that Dr. Gutman admitted
that his information was based solely on literature Plaintiff’s counsel sent him and that, other than
these articles, there was no methodology behind his opinion. R. 102 at 5.
Because Plaintiff no longer had proof of an essential element of her product-liability claim
under Maryland law, i.e. specific causation, the district court granted summary judgment to
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Defendant and dismissed the case. R. 103, 104.6
This appeal followed.
II. Analysis
A district court’s grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Ky. Speedway, LLC, v.
Nat’l Ass’n of Stock Car Auto Racing, Inc., 588 F.3d 908, 915 (6th Cir. 2009). Summary judgment
is appropriate if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,
together with the affidavits, if any, “show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and
that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2).7 Summary
judgment is appropriate if the nonmoving party fails to make a showing sufficient to carry her burden
of proof on an essential element of that party’s case. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322
(1986).
A district court’s decision to exclude expert testimony is reviewed for abuse of discretion,
Tamraz v. Lincoln Elec. Co., 620 F.3d 665, 668 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v.
Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152 (1999), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 2454 (2011), even when the decision
results in summary judgment. Nelson v. Tenn. Gas Pipeline Co., 243 F.3d 244, 248 (6th Cir. 2001)
(citing Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 142-43 (1997). “A district court abuses its discretion
if it bases its ruling on an erroneous view of the law or a clearly erroneous assessment of the
evidence.” Ky. Speedway, 588 F.3d at 915 (internal quotation marks omitted).
6
The district court noted that it had previously found that there were genuine issues of
material fact as to whether Aredia or Zometa generally cause ONJ, and applied that ruling in this
case. R. 103 at 2.
7
The parties filed their briefs prior to the amended version of Rule 56 on December 1, 2010.
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Federal Rule of Evidence 702 states:
If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to
. . . determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or
otherwise, if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony
is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the
principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.
Fed. R. Evid. 702.8 It is the district court’s duty to ensure that all expert evidence “rests on a reliable
foundation.” Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 597 (1993). Rule 702 gives
district courts a “gatekeeping role” in screening the reliability of expert testimony. Id.; Kumho Tire
Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152 (1999). District courts are given “broad latitude” in
making this assessment. Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 139 (citing Gen. Elec., 522 U.S. at 143).
There is no dispute that the substantive law of Maryland applies. Under Maryland law, the
plaintiff in a product-liability suit must show generally that the defendant’s products could cause the
injury and specifically that the defendant’s products were the cause-in-fact (i.e. specific cause) of the
injury. Giddings. v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 192 F. Supp. 2d 421, 423 (D. Md. 2002). To satisfy
this burden, expert testimony is usually required. Id.
A. Dr. Obeid
Plaintiff argues that the district court abused its discretion in concluding that Dr. Obeid did
not offer any opinions on causation. As the district court noted, a treating physician’s testimony is
subject to Daubert. See Gass v. Marriott Hotel Servs., Inc., 558 F.3d 419, 426 (6th Cir. 2009).
Plaintiff was therefore required to demonstrate that Dr. Obeid’s reasoning or methodology was
scientifically valid and that he properly applied that reasoning or methodology to the facts at issue.
8
The language of Fed. R. Evid. 702 was amended effective December 1, 2011. The changes
are stylistic only.
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Id. Plaintiff has not met that burden.
First, contrary to Plaintiff’s assertion, Dr. Obeid never opined that Aredia and Zometa caused
Simmons’s ONJ. Plaintiff relies on Dr. Obeid’s statement that he found “a very close association”
between ONJ and bisphosphonates. However, Dr. Obeid also specifically acknowledged that he
“didn’t establish causation” in evaluating Simmons’s ONJ. Dep. at 16. See Nelson, 243 F.3d at 253
(noting that “an association does not mean there is a cause and effect relationship” and that “[b]efore
any inferences are drawn about causation, the possibility of other reasons for the association must
be examined”). Plaintiff also claims that Dr. Obeid stated that he relied on case reports from Dr.
Marx suggesting that Aredia would “compound[] the issue” of ONJ. Dep. at 33. However, Dr.
Obeid clarified that he was not aware of any evidence suggesting that by continuing to use Aredia,
Simmons’s condition worsened. Dep. at 33. Furthermore, Dr. Obeid agreed that the present level
of evidence did not support a cause-and-effect relationship between bisphosphonate exposure and
ONJ. Dep at 36. 9
Plaintiff also claims that Dr. Obeid’s medical records “conclusively link” Simmons’s ONJ
with his use of Aredia and Zometa. Simmons’s July 31, 2004, consult record from Dr. Obeid and
his medical residents state “Biphosphonate induced osteonecrosis area.” R. 78-6 at 2. On November
23, 2004, the note indicates that Simmons had exposed and necrotic bone. R. 78-8 at 2. However,
it is not clear if Dr. Obeid himself created these medical records, and the diagnosis is merely an
9
Dr. Obeid was responding to a statement found in a 2009 article. Furthermore, his counsel
objected, stating that Dr. Obeid was offered as a fact witness and that the article went beyond the
scope of anything he would have considered in 2003. Dep. at 36.
Plaintiff claims that the district court erred in relying on counsel’s characterization of Dr.
Obeid as a fact witness. It does not matter here, because counsel’s characterization does not affect
our analysis in this case.
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hypothesis, which does not satisfy Daubert and Rule 702. See Tamraz, 620 F.3d at 670-72.
Next, Plaintiff claims that, as reflected by their deposition testimony, Dr. Obeid told both her
and her husband that Aredia and Zometa caused Simmons to develop ONJ. However, these
statements represent the conclusions of Dr. Obeid’s medical residents. Moreover, these are simply
hypotheses. See Tamraz, 620 F.3d at 670.
Plaintiff also asserts that Dr. Obeid’s “conservative treatment” of Simmons (i.e. the decision
not to extract any teeth) demonstrates that he had a causation opinion. The record does not support
this assertion. The record reflects that Dr. Obeid merely acquiesced in the Simmons’s desire to forgo
further extractions after Plaintiffs had spoken with Dr. Marx. Specifically, Dr. Obeid testified that
because “he [Dr. Obeid] could not promise them good outcome . . . [he] agreed to that.” Dep. at 46-
47. This does not amount to an opinion on specific causation.
Absent an opinion regarding causation, the district court did not abuse its discretion in
excluding Dr. Obeid’s testimony.
Alternatively, Plaintiff contends that Dr. Obeid utilized a “differential diagnosis” to
determine the cause of Simmons’s jaw problems.10 This court recognizes “differential diagnosis”
as an appropriate method for determining specific causation. Best v. Lowe’s Home Ctrs., Inc., 563
F.3d 171, 178 (6th Cir. 2009). As part of “differential diagnosis” the expert must accurately
diagnose the nature of the disease, reliably rule in the possible causes of it, and reliably rule out the
rejected causes. See Tamraz, 620 F.3d at 674; Best, 563 F.3d at 179.
Again, the record does not support Plaintiff’s claim. Dr. Obeid, who considers himself to
10
The district court did not separately address the methodology or Dr. Obeid’s qualifications.
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be an expert in osteomyelitis in the mouth, Dep. at 24-25, testified that Simmons had osteomyelitis.
Dep. at 39-40. However, nowhere in his testimony did Dr. Obeid rule out osteomyelitis as the sole
cause of Simmons’s ONJ. At most his testimony reflects that he adopted a “conservative course of
treatment” based on the recommendations of Drs. Marx and Ruggiero (in their case reports) because
none of the doctors “was sure whether the bone is going to heal after a procedure or not.” Dep. at
44. In short, Plaintiff has not met her burden of demonstrating that Dr. Obeid employed a reliable
methodology for ruling out osteomyelitis as a possible cure of the ONJ. See Tamraz, 620 F.3d at
674. The district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding any causation testimony from Dr.
Obeid.
In addition, Plaintiff challenges the district court’s conclusion that Dr. Obeid was not
qualified to give an expert opinion as to causation. In support, she points to two publications and
three presentations listed on his curriculum vitae. The two published case reports (which Plaintiff
failed to file as part of her opposition to NPC’s Daubert motion) are not helpful because as Dr.
Obeid himself explained, he did not establish causation in those case reports, but simply a “very
close association.” Dep. at 16. Dr. Obeid also agreed with the statement in the 2009 position paper
of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS”) that “the current level
of evidence does not fully support a cause-and-effect relationship between bisphosphonate exposure
and necrosis of the jaws.” Dep. at 36. Dr. Obeid was apparently not asked (by either party) to
explain his presentations, but he acknowledged in his deposition testimony that he had never been
involved in any clinical trials regarding the drugs in question, had never served as a peer reviewer
for any articles that involve ONJ, Dep. at 16, 27, and had never conducted any research on ONJ (or
bisphosphonates) other than the two case reports. Dep. at 23. Furthermore, he stated that he is not
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an expert or specialist in epidemiology, endocrinology, pharmacology, toxicology, radiology, or
pathology. Dep. at 24.
Plaintiff maintains that Dr. Obeid’s opinions are also based on his own experience. As
Plaintiff correctly notes, “‘the text of Rule 702 expressly contemplates that an expert may be
qualified on the basis of experience.’” Dickenson v. Cardiac & Thoracic Surgery of E. Tenn. P.C.,
388 F.3d 976, 980 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 702 advisory committee’s note (2000
Amendments) (emphasis added)). See also Gass, 558 F.3d at 427-28. Plaintiff’s reliance on
Dickenson and Gass is misplaced. As those courts explained, “[t]he exclusion of a medical doctor’s
professional opinion, rooted in that doctor’s ‘extensive relevant experience,’ is ‘rarely justified in
cases involving medical experts as opposed to supposed experts in the area of product liability.’”
Gass, 558 F.3d at 427 (quoting Dickenson, 388 F.3d at 982). Here, however, Dr. Obeid’s own
testimony reveals that his experience as an oral surgeon, while it may qualify him to diagnose
Simmons’s ONJ, did not prepare him to explain the etiology of Simmons’s ONJ. See Tamraz, 620
F.3d at 673; cf. Thomas v. Novartis Pharm. Corp., 443 F. App’x 58, 62 (6th Cir. 2011) (holding that
the plaintiff “failed to make the connection between [the treating physician’s] experience and
bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw” and “it is not enough to show that [the treating
physician] can recognize and treat osteonecrosis of the jaw”).
In short, Plaintiff failed to show that Dr. Obeid meets the requirements to give an expert
opinion on the causation of his ONJ. The district court did not abuse its discretion by excluding Dr.
Obeid’s testimony.
B. Dr. Gutman
Plaintiff complains that the district court erred in concluding that Dr. Gutman lacked the
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experience and knowledge necessary for a reliable evaluation of the etiology of Simmons’s ONJ.
However, as the district court found, the record reflects that Dr. Gutman had no knowledge of the
etiologies of ONJ prior to meeting Simmons, and then gained only a limited familiarity based on
literature supplied to him by Plaintiff’s counsel.
As the district court found, Dr. Gutman testified in his deposition testimony that he has never
treated any patients who were taking Aredia or Zometa or any other bisphosphonate, Dep. at 102,
140, 210, had never diagnosed a patient with ONJ, Dep at 162, 163, 303, or determined a cause of
a patient’s ONJ. Dep. at 303. Dr. Gutman stated that although he was previously aware, as part of
“the general dental public” of the association of ONJ with Aredia and Zometa, it did not affect his
practice. Dep. at 155-56. He stated that if he ever had such a patient, he would refer them to an oral
surgeon. Dep. 156. In addition, Dr. Gutman admitted that he was not an expert on Zometa, Aredia,
bisphosphonates, or ONJ, except as to Simmons’s case. Dep. at 159-60.
As the district court also found, Dr. Gutman’s testimony revealed that he had no independent
expertise from any other source other than the six articles Plaintiff’s counsel gave him, that these
articles were the foundation of his opinion, and that there was no other methodology supporting his
opinion. Dep. at 48, 54-55, 57-58, 59, 177, 179, 201, 303. Dr. Gutman stated that he has never
written or edited any articles, abstracts, or books which address ONJ or bisphosphonates. Dep. at
45, 151. He has also never conducted any kind of laboratory or clinical study of Aredia or Zometa.
Dep. at 162, 202.
Plaintiff argues that Dr. Gutman is a dentist who is trained in oral surgery and is an expert
in treating teeth and the mouth and diagnosing infections and other diseases. But this knowledge,
standing alone, does not qualify him to evaluate the cause of Simmons’s ONJ. See, e.g., Sigler v.
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Am. Honda Motor Co., 532 F.3d 469, 478-79 (6th Cir. 2008) (holding that the district court properly
excluded proposed expert’s testimony because his evidence pertained to area in which he lacked
expertise); cf. Tamraz, 620 F.3d at 673 (holding that the plaintiff conflated his proposed expert
doctor’s expertise in diagnosis with a doctor’s expertise in etiology, remarking that “most treating
physicians have more training in and experience with diagnosis than etiology”). In short, the district
court did not err in concluding that Dr. Gutman’s opinion lacks the sound methodology and
foundation required under Daubert, when he had read only six articles on the subject provided to him
by counsel, had performed no laboratory or clinical tests, and did not treat bisphosphonate patients.11
The district court also did not abuse its discretion in excluding Dr. Gutman’s specific-
causation opinion as unreliable because it was not derived from scientifically valid principles but
rather relied exclusively on the scientific literature provided by Plaintiff’s counsel. Dr. Gutman
made no attempt to verify this information, such as doing his own research for other articles, and
then drawing an independent conclusion. As the district court noted, this court views with special
caution expert testimony prepared solely for purposes of litigation, rather than flowing from an
expert’s line of scientific or technical work. See Johnson v. Manitowoc Boom Trucks, Inc., 484 F.3d
426, 434-35 (6th Cir. 2007).
The district court correctly concluded that Dr. Gutman failed to perform a reliable differential
11
Plaintiff’s reliance on Streimer v. Biondo, 873 N.Y.S.2d 515 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2008)
(unpublished), is misplaced. The fact that other physicians have been found qualified to opine on
ONJ causation does not establish Dr. Gutman’s qualifications. It also appears that Plaintiff is
somehow using this case to bolster her argument that because Dr. Gutman’s reliance on the body of
literature regarding the relationship between ONJ and bisphosphonates rests in large part on Dr.
Ruggiero’s expertise, Gutman was qualified to testify on causation. However, as she acknowledges
in her brief, Dr. Ruggiero testified that no “cause and effect” relationship has been established
between bisphosphonates and ONJ. Appellant’s Br. 51.
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diagnosis. Dr. Gutman conceded that he did not apply a differential diagnosis. Dep. at 223.
Nonetheless, Plaintiff says that Dr. Gutman actually testified about other possible causes of
Simmons’s ONJ. But Dr. Gutman admitted that he did no research into alternative risk factors for
ONJ. Dep. at 207. Dr. Gutman admitted that Simmons had osteomyelitis, and that osteomyelitis
can cause ONJ, and he conceded that he did not rule out osteomyelitis and potential exacerbating
factors such as smoking, chemotherapy, diabetes, anemia, and general dental health. Dep. at 223
(osteomyelitis); 224-25 (smoking); 240-45 (chronic suppurative osteomyelitis); 250-54 (chronic
diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis); 274-76, 283-84, 290-91 (corticosteroids and chemotherapy); 278-
83, 284-90 (diabetes); 296 (general dental health).
Thus, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Dr. Gutman
was not qualified to testify about the specific cause of Simmons’s ONJ in this case because his
opinion lacks the sound methodology and foundation required by Fed. R. Evid. 702 and Daubert.
C. Summary Judgment
Because Plaintiff failed to demonstrate an essential element of her case, specific causation,
the grant of summary judgment was appropriate. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. See Thomas, 443
F. App’x at 64.
D. Alternative Argument
For the first time on appeal, Plaintiff offers statistical analysis that over 88 % of all cases of
ONJ in individuals who have received bisphosphonates are caused by the bisphosphonates, proffered
by Dr. Wayne Ray. She therefore argues that because Simmons had ONJ, and took Aredia and
Zometa, she has submitted sufficient evidence to survive summary judgment. Because this issue was
not presented to the district court, which means that the district court did not have an opportunity to
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address the admissibility of Dr. Ray’s testimony, we decline to address it. See United States v.
Ellison, 462 F.3d 557, 560 (6th Cir. 2006).
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, as well as those found in the orders of the district court dated
December 7, 2010, R. 101, 102, 103, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
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