*
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 12a1265n.06
No. 11-2535
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
VONLEE NICOLE TITLOW, ) DEC 7, 2012
) LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. )
)
CORRECTIONAL MEDICAL SERVICES, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
INCORPORATED,* ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
) EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
Defendant, )
)
GREGORY NAYLOR, Doctor; CRAIG )
WITHROW; Dr. HARESH PANDYA; Dr. )
JEFFERY STIEVE, )
)
Defendants-Appellants. )
Before: COOK and WHITE, Circuit Judges; SHARP, District Judge.**
COOK, Circuit Judge. Defendants-Appellants Dr. Gregory Naylor, Dr. Haresh Pandya, and
Dr. Jeffery Stieve, doctors in the Michigan Department of Corrections (“MDOC”), and correctional
officer Craig Withrow appeal the district court’s denial of their motion for summary judgment
seeking qualified immunity. Plaintiff-Appellee Vonlee Titlow, an MDOC prisoner, sued the
*
The district court granted summary judgment to Correctional Medical Services, Inc. and it
is not a party to this appeal.
**
The Honorable Kevin H. Sharp, United States District Judge for the Middle District of
Tennessee, sitting by designation.
No. 11-2535
Titlow v. Corr. Med. Servs., Inc.
defendants under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that their deliberate indifference to her serious medical
needs violated her Eighth-Amendment rights. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM in part and
REVERSE in part the district court’s decision.
I.
Though born male, Titlow suffers from Gender Identity Disorder and considers herself
female. Before incarceration in the MDOC, Titlow received silicon injections to increase her breast
size. These injections caused recurring, severe pain in Titlow’s breasts during her incarceration.
Though several physicians recommended that Titlow receive a surgical consultation, MDOC
officials twice denied the consultation before acquiescing in 2009. In 2006, an MDOC correctional
officer allegedly denied her access to medical treatment. Titlow claims that these denials amounted
to deliberate indifference to her serious medical need. In May 2007, Titlow brought this lawsuit
seeking declaratory, injunctive, and monetary relief.
A. The Medical-Claims Review Process
In the MDOC, prison doctors provide all necessary medical care within their level of
expertise, and request authorization for additional care from MDOC’s network provider when a
prisoner needs care beyond a prison doctor’s expertise. If the network provider, Correctional
Medical Services (“CMS”), denies the doctor’s request, then the doctor may appeal to CMS’s
Medical Director for Utilization. If the Director for Utilization rejects this initial appeal, the doctor
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may pursue a second-step appeal to the MDOC’s Medical Services Advisory Committee (the
“Committee”), a panel of physicians and healthcare personnel that oversees the authorization of
medical procedures for prison inmates. The prisoner’s doctor shoulders the burden to initiate
appeals.
After a doctor files this second-step appeal, an MDOC Regional Medical Director forwards
the prisoner’s complete medical file to the Committee. The Committee discusses each pending
appeal at its monthly meetings and attempts to reach a consensus on whether to approve the
requested treatment. Absent consensus, the Committee’s Chief Medical Officer decides whether to
grant the request. The Committee then explains its decision to the appealing physician in a
memorandum, allowing resubmission of the request should the circumstances change.
B. Titlow’s Treatment History & Drs. Naylor, Pandya, and Stieve
The Committee considered Titlow’s request for surgery three times. It denied her appeal on
January 25, 2005 and November 18, 2008, but ultimately granted her request on May 26, 2009.
Defendants-Appellants Drs. Naylor, Pandya, and Stieve, three MDOC doctors, served on the
Committee at different times during Titlow’s second-stage appeals. Below, we recount the events
leading to each Committee decision.
In December 2004, Titlow reported breast pain to Dr. Keith Camaan, who located hard tissue,
edema, and scarring; prompting him to request a surgical consultation. CMS administrator Dr.
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James Forshee denied the consultation because he considered the procedure cosmetic. Dr. Camaan
then initiated a second-step appeal to the Committee. On January 25, 2005, the Committee upheld
the denial and recommended in its memo to Dr. Camaan that Titlow stop taking Premarin, a female
hormone known to cause breast tenderness. Dr. Naylor, then the Chief Medical Officer, sat on the
Committee for Titlow’s January 25, 2005 denial.
Thereafter, Titlow’s severe breast pain persisted, causing her to seek repeated treatments.
Over the next three years, six physicians, one psychiatrist, and a physician’s assistant treated Titlow
for breast pain. These professionals made at least four requests to CMS for a surgical consultation
on Titlow’s behalf, but a CMS official denied each request. Despite these repeated first-stage
denials, no doctor pursued a second-step appeal to the Committee until 2008. Titlow filed this
§ 1983 claim in May 2007.
In January 2008, Dr. Robert Crompton examined Titlow and informed her that he would
appeal her case to the Committee. Ten months later, on November 18, 2008, it denied Titlow’s
request for “general surgery.” Dr. Stieve, as Acting Chief Medical Officer, participated in this
denial. Unlike the January 2005 denial, the November 18, 2008 memo included no explanation or
alternative treatment suggestions.
Several months later, Titlow received treatment for pain and bloody discharge from her right
breast. Days later, Titlow’s retained expert for her lawsuit, Michael Busito, prepared a report from
his review of Titlow’s medical records. He concluded that Titlow needed a surgical consultation and
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bilateral mastectomies, which the Committee approved upon reviewing Titlow’s appeal on May 26,
2009. Dr. Stieve (Chief Medical Officer) and Dr. Pandya (MDOC Region II Medical Officer)
participated in this approval. The Committee further commented, “DR. H. PANDYA TO
DOCUMENT APPROVAL AND STRESS NON APPROVAL OF ELECTIVE PLASTIC
RECONSTRUCTION.” (See May 26, 2009 MSAC Approval.) After Titlow underwent successful
surgery, her medical condition “improved tremendously.” (Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J. at 24, ID #1831.)
C. Titlow’s April 14, 2006 Interaction with Officer Withrow
During Titlow’s incarceration, Officer Craig Withrow worked as an MDOC correctional
officer at Titlow’s facility. On April 14, 2006, at approximately 4:00 a.m., Titlow requested that
Withrow call the prison hospital because she suffered a great deal of pain in her head and breast.
Withrow “snickered” and “responded in a mocking tone, that he would try to call, but doubted [the
hospital] would see [Titlow].” (Titlow Aff. at 1 ¶ 4, ID #1993.) Withrow failed to seek any medical
care for Titlow, neglected to record her condition in the guards’ log book, and did not return to check
on her. Titlow alleges this was “not the first time that Withrow [was] aware of [Titlow’s] pain.” (Id.
at 1 ¶ 5, ID #1993.) Titlow received medical attention only after Withrow’s shift ended.
Titlow filed a grievance against Withrow. The prison warden, S. L. Burt, issued a written
response to her complaint. Burt wrote that “[w]hile it appears [Officer Withrow] had a reasonable
expectation that the nurse would be is [sic] the unit in a short period following your request; based
on the language in [the applicable policy], Health Care should have been called and allowed to make
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a determination on whether you should be seen.” (Grievance Resp. at 2, ID #2023.) Burt would
ensure that “all staff are aware of the provision in [MDOC] policy to call medical staff,” and address
the staff involved. (Id.) Withrow disputes Titlow’s account, claiming that she “never complained
of chest pains.” (Withrow Dep. at 46:6–15, ID #2037.)
D. District Court Findings
Titlow claims that Withrow’s failure to assist her and the Committee’s denials of surgery
constituted deliberate indifference to her serious medical need in violation of the Eighth
Amendment’s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. At the district court, Defendants-
Appellants’ motion for summary judgment included four non-parties to this appeal: CMS, Craig
Hutchison (CMS’s Medical Director), Keith Ivens (CMS’s Director for Utilization), and Crystal Rice
(another MDOC correctional officer). The district court granted qualified immunity to CMS and
Hutchison. It denied qualified immunity to the four Defendants-Appellants, Rice, and Ivens. (Op.
& Order at 1, 25, ID #2211, 2235.) We dismissed with prejudice Titlow’s claim against Rice after
Rice received a discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 727. Ivens did not appeal.
The district court found that Titlow suffered from a serious medical need and that she raised
“a genuine issue of material fact with respect to whether Defendants, in the aggregate, reached a
contrary administrative as opposed to medical conclusion based on [Titlow’s] unique condition.”
(Op. & Order at 17, #2227 (emphasis added).) The district court arrived at this conclusion by
considering all the defendant doctors’ actions together—despite their different roles in Titlow’s
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medical care: Naylor, Stieve, and Pandya’s involvement occurred during three Committee meetings,
whereas Ivens, CMS, and Hutchison influenced Titlow’s first-stage appeals.
Next, the court considered the individual liability of each defendant. It found that
“defendants Stieve, Pandya, and Naylor were each involved in the subsequent [Committee] process
which repeatedly denied the requests of [Titlow’s] physicians . . . despite a medical record which
provided objective indications of [Titlow’s] condition.” (Id. at 21, ID #2231.) It found that Titlow
“raise[d] a genuine issue of material fact with respect to whether those denials amounted to
deliberate indifference.” (Id. at 22, ID #2232.) The court then denied qualified immunity to Ivens,
Stieve, Pandya, and Naylor because they “were directly involved in those denials.” (Id.)
As for Officer Withrow, the court found that Titlow “presented sufficient evidence to raise
a genuine issue of material fact” because “the allegations, if true, are sufficient to demonstrate
deliberate indifference.” (Id. at 24.)
II.
A. Standard of Review & Jurisdiction
We review de novo the denial of qualified immunity in an action brought under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983. See Scicluna v. Wells, 345 F.3d 441, 444 (6th Cir. 2003). “[F]or an interlocutory appeal to
be appropriate, a defendant seeking qualified immunity must be willing to concede to the facts as
alleged by the plaintiff and discuss only the legal issues raised by the case.” Id. (quoting Shehee v.
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Luttrell, 199 F.3d 295, 299 (6th Cir. 1999)). Thus, we accept all of Titlow’s allegations as true and
view all facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to her. Id. at 444–45.
B. Analysis
Plaintiffs may seek money damages from government officials who have violated their
constitutional rights. But the officials may claim qualified immunity “so long as they have not
violated a clearly established right.” Camreta v. Greene, 131 S. Ct. 2020, 2030–31 (2011) (internal
quotation marks omitted). Plaintiffs carry the burden of proving that the state officials are not
entitled to qualified immunity. See Ciminillo v. Streicher, 434 F.3d 461, 466 (6th Cir. 2006). To
defeat qualified immunity, Titlow must satisfy a two-step inquiry: First, viewing the facts in the
light most favorable to Titlow, has she shown that a constitutional violation occurred? Second, was
the right clearly established at the time of the violation? Phillips v. Roane Cnty., Tenn., 534 F.3d
531, 538–39 (6th Cir. 2008); Silberstein v. City of Dayton, 440 F.3d 306, 311 (6th Cir. 2006).
1. Deliberate Indifference
To prevail on her deliberate-indifference claim, Titlow first must show that she suffered
from a “sufficiently serious” medical need, which Defendants-Appellants concede. (Appellant Br.
at 24–25) Next, she must allege facts which, if true, would show that each official (1) subjectively
perceived facts from which to infer substantial risk to her, (2) inferred the risk, and then (3)
consciously disregarded the risk. See Comstock v. McCrary, 273 F.3d 693, 703 (6th Cir. 2001)
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(citing Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994)). Each defendant’s conduct must evidence
“deliberateness tantamount to an intent to punish.” Hicks v. Frey, 992 F.2d 1450, 1455 (6th Cir.
1993) (quoting Molton v. City of Cleveland, 839 F.2d 240, 243 (6th Cir. 1988)).
Though “‘federal courts are generally reluctant to second guess medical judgments’ . . . it is
possible for medical treatment to be ‘so woefully inadequate as to amount to no treatment at all.’”
Alspaugh v. McConnell, 643 F.3d 162, 169 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting Westlake v. Lucas, 537 F.2d 857,
860 n.5 (6th Cir. 1976)). Because officials “do not readily admit this subjective component . . . it
is permissible for reviewing courts to infer from circumstantial evidence that a prison official had
the requisite knowledge.” Phillips, 534 F.3d at 540 (internal quotation marks and punctuation
omitted). We must evaluate the liability of each defendant individually. See, e.g., id.,at 542 (“Where
. . . the district court is faced with multiple defendants asserting qualified immunity defenses, the
court should consider whether each individual defendant had a sufficiently culpable state of mind.”);
Garretson v. City of Madison Heights, 407 F.3d 789, 797 (6th Cir. 2005) (“[The] subjective
component must be addressed for each officer individually.”).
Titlow’s appeal came before the Committee only three times. Because it granted her surgery
request at its May 26, 2009 meeting, we find that authorizing her requested treatment does not evince
a “deliberateness tantamount to an intent to punish.” See Hicks, 992 F.2d at 1455. We narrow our
focus to the Committee’s January 25, 2005 and November 18, 2008 denials to determine whether,
viewing all inferences in Titlow’s favor, Drs. Naylor, Pandya, or Stieve individually acted with
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deliberate indifference toward her serious medical need. We then analyze Officer Withrow’s refusal
to call for medical care on April 14, 2006.
a. Dr. Pandya
Dr. Pandya’s involvement in authorizing Titlow’s treatment occurred on May 26, 2009, when
he served on the Committee that granted Titlow’s request. Granting Titlow’s request for surgery
lacks the “deliberateness tantamount to an intent to punish,” and qualified immunity therefore shields
Pandya from liability. Titlow gleans deliberate indifference from Pandya’s confusion during his
deposition about when the MDOC first offered Titlow surgery. Despite any knowledge Dr. Pandya
may have had of Titlow and her medical issues, he lacked authority as Regional Medical Officer to
authorize or deny Titlow’s requested consultations. According to the MDOC Review and Appeals
Process for Offsite Health Services, Regional Medical Officers’ involvement in the treatment-
approval process occurs after a doctor initiates a second-step appeal to the Committee. The Regional
Medical Officer then “assur[es] that all needed documentation and information . . . is present.”
(MDOC Offsite Health Services Operating Procedure at 4 ¶ 21, ID #1887.) If incomplete, the
Regional Medical Officer “obtains the needed information” (id.) and “[f]orwards the case with all
supporting documentation to the Chief Medical Officer’s . . . secretary,” (Id. ¶ 22, ID #1887).
Titlow provides no evidence that Pandya, as Regional Medical Officer apart from his Committee
service, acted with deliberate indifference toward Titlow by failing to provide all documentation.
Qualified immunity therefore shields Pandya from liability.
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b. Dr. Naylor
Dr. Naylor’s involvement in Titlow’s treatment approval came during the Committee’s
January 25, 2005 denial. The district court found that “[a]t the time of the 2005 denial it cannot be
said that the MSAC’s failure to approve a surgical consultation amounted to deliberate indifference,”
because “it was plausible for the MSAC to conclude that conservative treatment options should first
be explored or that more information was necessary to make an informed decision.” (Op. & Order
at 19, ID #2229) We agree. The Committee denied the surgical consultation, but then provided a
specific alternative treatment plan when it recommended “stopping Premarin.” (Jan. 25, 2005 MSAC
Denial, ID #2089.) The district court correctly concluded that by proposing an alternative treatment
plan on January 25, 2005, the Committee lacked “deliberateness tantamount to an intent to punish.”
Naylor only participated in this meeting, and qualified immunity therefore shields him.
c. Dr. Stieve
Dr. Stieve served as the Chief Medical Officer during the Committee’s November 18, 2008
denial. Citing Titlow’s repeated and continual complaints of severe breast pain and her treating
physicians’ recommendations, the district court found that Titlow raised sufficient evidence to
withstand summary judgment “with respect to whether Defendants, in the aggregate, reached a
contrary administrative as opposed to medical conclusion based on [Titlow’s] unique condition.”
(Op. & Order at 17, ID #2227 (emphasis added).) But in deliberate-indifference cases, “the
subjective component must be addressed . . . individually.” Garretson, 407 F.3d at 797. We find
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it problematic that the district court used the aggregate involvement of Ivens, Naylor, Pandya, and
Stieve in “repeated[] deni[als]” (Op. & Order at 21, ID #2231) to find a genuine issue of material
fact without individually evaluating each defendant’s knowledge. Because the court failed to
determine whether the facts, viewed in Titlow’s favor, could demonstrate Stieve’s individual
culpability when it denied Titlow’s November 18, 2008 appeal, we do so now.
Stieve argues that he did not exhibit deliberate indifference because “[s]tate doctors on the
[Committee] responded to Plaintiff’s needs in a professionally responsible manner with alternative,
but more conservative, treatment plans,” and mere differences in doctors’ opinions cannot support
a deliberate-indifference claim. (Appellant Br. at 26.) Yet, “it is possible for medical treatment to
be ‘so woefully inadequate as to amount to no treatment at all.’” Alspaugh 643 F.3d at 169 (quoting
Westlake, 537 F.2d at 860 n.5). To defeat qualified immunity, Titlow must raise a genuine issue of
material fact as to whether Stieve (1) subjectively perceived facts from which he could infer
substantial risk to Titlow, (2) inferred the risk, and then (3) consciously disregarded it. See
Comstock , 273 F.3d at 703. We find that Titlow did.
Before Titlow’s November 18, 2008 denial, Stieve knew of Titlow’s medical issues. (Stieve
Dep. at 61:5–14, ID #1948.) Stieve also admitted that the medical needs of prisoners with Gender
Identity Disorder “are not to be taken lightly.” (Id. at 23:1–2, ID #1939.) These statements raise a
genuine issue of material fact on the first two elements: whether Stieve subjectively perceived
substantial risk to Titlow and inferred the risk. Further, whether Stieve consciously disregarded that
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risk also constitutes an unresolved material fact. Although it played no role in the first-level appeals
to CMS, the Committee had access to “all supporting documentation” concerning these appeals.
(MDOC Offsite Health Services Operating Procedure at 3 ¶ 22, ID #1887.) By November 2008,
Titlow’s treatment history consisted of numerous first-stage appeals and denials, and the
Committee’s own January 2005 denial. The return of the same appeal after nearly four years also
suggests that more conservative treatment options failed. What is more, the 2008 appeal included
at least three additional years of treatment records than existed at the 2005 denial stage.
Despite the richer medical record, the November 18, 2008 Committee denied Titlow’s claim
without explanation or comment. This absence contrasts the January 25, 2005 Committee denial that
suggested a reasonable, more conservative treatment plan (eliminating Premarin), and the May 26,
2009 approval that reflected the Committee’s deliberation by expressing the non-approval of plastic
reconstruction. On these facts, a jury could find that Stieve acted with “deliberateness tantamount
to an intent to punish” by denying the surgical consultation on November 18, 2008. As such, Titlow
carries her burden regarding qualified immunity’s deliberate-indifference prong.
d. Officer Craig Withrow
Titlow alleges that Officer Withrow’s failure to immediately seek medical assistance on April
14, 2006 amounted to deliberate indifference. Titlow testified that she suffered unbearable pain that
was obvious to Withrow. But Withrow neither sought medical attention nor documented her
requests for medical care. The warden’s written response to Titlow’s grievance lends support to her
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claim. We agree with the district court that Titlow raises a genuine issue of material fact about
whether Withrow acted with deliberate indifference.
2. Violation of Clearly Established Constitutional Rights
Titlow must still demonstrate that Dr. Stieve and Officer Withrow’s conduct violated a
clearly established constitutional right. For a right to be “clearly established,” a reasonable official
must understand that the action violates the claimed right. See Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635,
640 (1987). A plaintiff need not demonstrate that the “very action in question has previously been
held unlawful . . . but . . . in the light of pre-existing law the unlawfulness must be apparent.” Id.
(internal citations omitted).
Defendants-Appellants argue that “disputes that lie solely within the adequacy of treatment
and the course of treatment prescribed do not rise to . . . an Eighth Amendment violation.”
(Appellant Br. at 32.) A government doctor merits qualified immunity if “he has merely made a
reasonable mistake in his medical judgment,” but “he is not entitled to such immunity if he correctly
perceived all the relevant facts, understood the consequences of such facts, and disregarded those
consequences in his treatment of a patient.” LeMarbe v. Wisneski, 266 F.3d 429, 440 (6th Cir.
2001). Assuming the jury accepts Titlow’s facts, it could view Stieve’s November 18, 2008 denial
as a conscious disregard for Titlow’s health in violation of her “right not to have [her] serious
medical needs disregarded by [her] doctors.” See id.
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The record also reflects that Withrow, by disregarding Titlow’s unmistakable pain, violated
a clearly established right. See Fitzke v. Shappell, 468 F.2d 1072, 1076 (6th Cir. 1972) (“[W]here
the circumstances are clearly sufficient to indicate the need of medical attention for injury or illness,
the denial of such aid constitutes the denial of constitutional due process.”); see also Dominguez v.
Corr. Med. Servs., 555 F.3d 543, 552 (6th Cir. 2009); Estate of Carter v. City of Detroit, 408 F.3d
305, 313 (6th Cir. 2005).
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s denial of qualified immunity
with respect to Drs. Pandya and Naylor. We AFFIRM the district court’s denial with respect to Dr.
Stieve and Officer Withrow, and REMAND for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
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