NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 13a0375n.06
No. 10-4563
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) Apr 15, 2013
) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
Plaintiff - Appellee, )
)
v. ) On Appeal from the United
) States District Court for the
CLARENCE REMBLE, ) Southern District of Ohio
)
Defendant - Appellant. )
Before: SILER and MOORE, Circuit Judges; and VAN TATENHOVE, District Judge.*
VAN TATENHOVE, District Judge. Clarence Remble was convicted by a jury of several
federal drug crimes. After sentencing, Remble appealed his conviction. The Sixth Circuit upheld
his conviction, but remanded for resentencing. Remble was again sentenced to the same length of
incarceration, and this appeal followed. For the reasons set forth below, the district court’s decision
will be AFFIRMED.
I.
Remble was sentenced to life imprisonment after a jury found him guilty of conspiracy to
possess with intent to distribute in excess of 50 grams of methamphetamine, in excess of 50 grams
of crack cocaine, in excess of 500 grams of cocaine, and an amount of marijuana in violation of 21
U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A). United States v. Anderson, 333 F.App’x 17, 20-21 (6th Cir.
* The Honorable Gregory F. Van Tatenhove, United States District Judge for the Eastern District
of Kentucky, sitting by designation.
No. 10-4563, United States v. Remble
2009). Remble appealed his conviction, and it was affirmed, but in light of the Supreme Court’s
decisions in Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85 (2007), and Spears v. United States, 555 U.S.
261 (2009), it was vacated and remanded to the district court for resentencing. Anderson, 333
F.App’x at 21-28.1
Prior to resentencing, Remble filed a sentencing memorandum in which he argued that a 1:1
crack-to-powder ratio should be applied and that his guideline range should be 360 months to life.
Remble’s counsel repeated those arguments at the actual resentencing hearing, while the government
again argued for imposition of the life sentence. Before stating Remble’s sentence, the court offered
thoughts on whether any mitigating factors favored a reduced sentence for Remble. The court
explained that “[t]here’s essentially nothing about [] Remble which is mitigating,” and also
concluded despite “not find[ing] any specific authority on this point” that it could “not consider any
new, post-sentencing information.” The court also decided against applying the 1:1 crack-to-powder
ratio. Rather, it applied the 100:1 ratio that existed at the time of the initial sentencing. Further, the
court declined to vary downward to the 360-month sentence requested by Remble, and ultimately
1
Spears and Kimbrough stand for the proposition that a district court may vary from Guidelines
ranges based solely on policy considerations, including disagreements with the Guidelines.
Kimbrough, 552 U.S. at 115 (the Court holding “that sentencing courts are free to reject the
Sentencing Guidelines’ 100-to-1 crack-to-powder ratio.”); Spears, 555 U.S. at 265-266 (where this
Court held that “district courts are entitled to reject and vary categorically from the crack-cocaine
Guidelines based on a policy disagreement with those Guidelines.”). At the time of Remble’s
sentencing, the district court did not have the benefit of that authority, Anderson, 333 F.App’x at 26,
and we were unable to “determine from the record before us whether the district judge would have
imposed the same sentence had she known that she had discretion to vary categorically from the
crack-cocaine guidelines based on policy disagreement.” Id. at 26. Our inability to draw this
conclusion based on the record before us, made resentencing appropriate.
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No. 10-4563, United States v. Remble
reimposed the life sentence explaining that although it was a “severe sentence, it is warranted under
the circumstances of the case.” Consequently, this appeal followed.
II.
A.
The issues raised by Remble on appeal were not raised at the resentencing, therefore plain
error analysis is appropriate in deciding them. District courts are required “after pronouncing the
defendant’s sentence but before adjourning the sentencing hearing, to ask the parties whether they
have any objections to the sentence just pronounced that have not previously been raised.” United
States v. Bostic, 371 F.3d 865, 872 (6th Cir. 2004). A failure to object to an error at sentencing
forfeits any challenge to sentencing on appeal. See United States v. Kincaide, 145 F.3d 771, 784 (6th
Cir. 1998). We may, however, find plain error when reviewing an issue raised for the first time on
appeal if the error is clear or obvious, and it affects substantial rights. See, e.g., United States v.
Barajas-Nunez, 91 F.3d 826, 830 (6th Cir. 1996). Under plain error review, the party claiming error
must show “(1) error (2) that ‘was obvious or clear,’ (3) that ‘affected defendant’s substantial rights’
and (4) that ‘affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.’” United
States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 386 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing United States v. Gardiner, 463 F.3d 445,
459 (6th Cir. 2006)).
Here, after the district court announced Remble’s sentence, the court asked both parties
whether they had any “comments, objections, suggestions” to the sentence imposed. Defense
counsel remarked that she had “no comments or suggestions” but requested that their objection, to
the length of the sentence, be noted for the record. Upon hearing defense counsel’s comment, the
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No. 10-4563, United States v. Remble
court asked whether there were “[a]ny more specific objections,” to which defense counsel
responded “[n]o, ma’am.” Because neither of the issues raised on appeal was objected to at the end
of the sentencing, plain error review is appropriate.
B.
1.
Neither party argues that error ultimately did not occur here. During resentencing, the district
court remarked that it could not consider Remble’s post sentence conduct. However, Pepper v.
United States, 131 S.Ct. 1229 (2011), decided after Remble was sentenced, reached a contrary result,
holding that post-sentencing information could in fact be considered on resentencing. 131 S.Ct. at
1241-42.
Given the existence of error, the Court must next determine whether error was clear or
unclear at the time of resentencing. The Supreme Court has explained that “where the law at the
time of trial was settled and clearly contrary to the law at the time of appeal . . . it is enough that an
error be ‘plain’ at the time of appellate consideration.” Johnson v. United States¸ 520 U.S. 461, 468
(1997). Remble asserts that United States v. Worley, 453 F.3d 706, 707 (6th Cir. 2006), and United
States v. Gapinski, 561 F.3d 467, 475 (6th Cir. 2009), clearly prohibited the district court from
considering any post-sentencing information prior to the Pepper decision.
Those cases are distinguishable from this one because both were remanded in light of United
States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), which rendered the sentencing Guidelines advisory. Worley,
453 F.3d at 707 (holding that a Booker remand did not permit consideration of a defendant’s
rehabilitative efforts subsequent to the original sentencing); Gapinski¸ 561 F.3d at 471 (explaining
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No. 10-4563, United States v. Remble
that the Court vacated Gapinski’s sentence and remanded to the district court for resentencing “‘in
accordance with Booker and its progeny, and in light of any other relevant factors.’”). Remble’s
case, on the other hand was remanded in light of Kimbrough and Spears. 333 F.App’x at 26, 28.
In United States v. Butler, 443 F.App’x 147, 152 (6th Cir. 2011), we addressed this very
issue. We made clear that we had “never held that district courts resentencing on remand under
Kimbrough – or any basis other than Booker – may not consider post-sentence conduct during
resentencing.” Id. at 152. Remble does not believe Butler is applicable here. He claims that in that
decision post-sentence conduct was not raised “in the defendant’s sentencing memorandum or at
sentencing,” but instead was raised in the presentence investigation report. Remble also asserts that
the district court in Butler did not remark that it was prohibited from considering post-sentencing
information.
Remble proffers another case as more analogous, United States v. Schray, 383 F.3d 430, (6th
Cir. 2004). There, the district court asserted that it lacked the authority to sentence the defendant
to a term of imprisonment less than the statutory minimum, 120 months, but higher than what was
mandated by the federal sentencing guidelines, 63 to 78 months. Id. at 433. The Schray court found
that the district court’s “understanding of the law was contrary to United States v. Stewart¸ 306 F.3d
295 (6th Cir. 2002),” where it had been “held that it was permissible for the district court to sentence
the defendant to anything beneath the statutory minimum; the term can exceed the guidelines range.”
Id. (citing 306 F.3d at 332). Because of this misunderstanding, the Schray court vacated and
remanded the matter for resentencing. Id.at 433-35.
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No. 10-4563, United States v. Remble
The facts in Schray are distinguishable from the circumstances presented here. In Schray,
the law was settled prior to the district court’s error, whereas here there was no clear law prohibiting
the district court from considering post-sentence conduct at the time of Remble’s resentencing.
Furthermore, the method by which the post-sentence conduct is communicated is not relevant to the
analysis. Whether the information is communicated in a presentence investigation report or during
a sentencing hearing is inconsequential to determining whether clearly established law prohibited
review of post sentence conduct in the Kimbrough-Spears context. Moreover, the district court’s
assertion that it could not consider such information has no bearing on whether the law in this circuit
clearly prohibited considering it.
Butler teaches that in the Kimbrough-Spears context this circuit had never prohibited a
district court from considering post-sentence conduct. We simply had not had the occasion to hold
the review of post-sentencing conduct appropriate.
2.
Drawing this conclusion does not end the analysis. Neither the Supreme Court nor this Court
has instructed on how to measure error when the law is unclear at the time of trial court proceedings.
United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734 (1993) (the Supreme Court chose not to address “the
special case where the error was unclear at the time of trial but becomes clear on appeal because the
applicable law has been clarified.”)
There is a split in the circuits as to the appropriate way to approach this matter. The Fifth,
Ninth, and D.C. Circuits have held that Johnson provides a narrow exception to a generally broad
rule that error is plain only if it was clear at the time of the district court’s ruling. United States v.
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No. 10-4563, United States v. Remble
Henderson, 646 F.3d 223, 225 (5th Cir. 2011); United States v. Turman, 122 F.3d 1167, 1170 (9th
Cir. 1997); United States v. Mouling, 557 F.3d 658, 663-64 (D.C. Cir. 2009), cert. denied, S. Ct. 795
(2009). Under this approach Remble would be without hope because the error was not clear at the
time of resentencing.
The Seventh, Tenth, and Eleventh Circuits have ruled that plain error is measured at the time
of appeal regardless of whether the law was settled at the time of trial. United States v. Ross, 77 F.3d
1525, 1539-40 (7th Cir. 1996); United States v. Cordery¸ 656 F.3d 1103, 1107 (10th Cir. 2011);
United States v. Smith, 402 F.3d 1303, 1315 n. 7 (11th Cir. 2005), vacated on other grounds by 545
U.S. 1125 (2005). The Eleventh Circuit explained “‘that this approach has the advantage of avoiding
the necessity of distinguishing between cases in which ‘the law at the time of trial was settled and
clearly contrary to the law at the time of appeal’ on the one hand and cases in which it was merely
‘unsettled’ on the other.’” Cordery¸ 656 F.3d at 1107 (quoting Smith, 402 F.3d at 1315).
The Seventh Circuit, in Ross, explaining the importance of plain error review, opined that
“the stringent requirements of plain error review [] must not be viewed as a yardstick for measuring
the magnitude of the district court’s mistake…” 77 F.3d at 1539. Given the purpose of plain error
review, the court concluded that irrespective of whether the matter is settled “at the time of trial or
merely at the time of appeal,” an obvious and plain error “is one that is clear and uncontroverted at
the time of appeal.” Id. We adopt this approach, and conclude that in light of the Supreme Court’s
holding in Pepper, the district court’s error is now clear. Hence, Remble has established the second
prong of the standard.
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No. 10-4563, United States v. Remble
3.
Notwithstanding that error is clear, Remble’s substantial rights were not affected.
“Generally, an error does not affect substantial rights unless it is prejudicial-in other words, the error
‘must have affected the outcome of the district court proceedings.’” United States v. Davis, 514 F.3d
596, 615 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Olano, 507 U.S. at 734). The defendant has the burden of proving
that the error was prejudicial. Olano, 507 U.S. at 734.
Mr. Remble asserts that in the “interests of fundamental fairness, resentencing is appropriate
to allow the district court to consider all relevant information as Congress indicated in 18 U.S.C. §
3661.” Remble concedes that “no specific post-sentencing information was offered at resentencing,”
but justifies the lack of proffered material by noting that “this Circuit’s cases clearly prohibited such
information.” In light of the ruling in Butler, this rationale is faulty. As already noted, this circuit’s
cases did not clearly prohibit such information from being submitted and considered. The district
court’s conclusion simply turned out to be wrong.
Nevertheless, Remble asserts that “one significant post-sentencing fact” exists in the form
of a memorandum issued on July 15, 2011, by Attorney General Eric H. Holder, Jr., advising all
federal prosecutors to apply the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, Pub.L. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372, to all
persons sentenced after August 3, 2010. Despite its existence, it was not proffered to the district
court. Although Remble concedes this point, he hedges by explaining that “[a]rguably, however,
none was offered because it would not have been allowed.” Remble posits that Gapinski and Worley
“likely chilled [] Remble’s ability to submit new information.” [Id.at 15.]
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No. 10-4563, United States v. Remble
Careful review of those cases would have revealed that post-sentence information was only
clearly prohibited in the context of a Booker remand. Gapinski, 561 F.3d at 471; Worley, 453 F.3d
at 707; see also Butler¸ 443 F.App’x at 152 (the court explaining that it had “never held that district
courts resentencing on remand under Kimbrough – or any basis other than Booker – may not
consider post-sentence conduct during resentencing.”). Further, there is no evidence by Remble that
the memorandum would have affected the outcome of his resentencing. Instead, Remble argues that
the Department of Justice’s change in policy “should have be[en] considered by the district court in
determining the appropriate sentence to impose.” Remble does not, however, cite to any authority
which mandates that a district judge consider internal memoranda written by the United States
Department of Justice. Thus, there is no argument persuasive enough to warrant finding that the
district court’s error was prejudicial.
C.
The second issue raised by Remble is whether the district court’s decision not to vary on the
basis of the crack-to-powder ratio was plain error. Given the change of law after resentencing, error
has been established. During resentencing, Remble argued that the district court should apply a 1:1
crack-to-powder ratio in deciding his sentence. He considered the ratio appropriate because he
perceived that the 18:1 ratio had a discriminatory impact on African Americans. Relying on United
States v. Carradine, 621 F.3d 575 (6th Cir. 2010), the district court explained that the Fair
Sentencing Act of 2010 could not be applied retroactively to Remble. Recently, however, the
Supreme Court has held that the FSA’s mandatory minimum sentences, and the reduced disparity
between crack and powder cocaine, apply to defendants committing offenses prior to its effective
9
No. 10-4563, United States v. Remble
date, August 3, 2010. Dorsey v. United States¸132 S. Ct. 2321, 2326 (2012). The new standards
apply to Remble because he committed his offenses prior to, but was sentenced after, the August 3,
2010 enactment date. See Anderson, 333 F.App’x at 20-21. Under these standards, the crack-to-
powder ratio was reduced to 18:1.
Notably, because Remble is subject to these new standards, the government raised concern
during oral argument that an Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), error may have occurred
given these new thresholds. The Apprendi court held that “any fact that increases the penalty for a
crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to the jury, and proved beyond
a reasonable doubt.” 530 U.S. at 490. Here, the jury that convicted Remble returned a special verdict
finding that he had conspired to possess and distribute in excess of 50 grams of crack cocaine. See
also Anderson, 333 F.App’x at 20-21. At the time of his trial, 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) provided
that an offense involving more than 50 grams of crack subjected Remble to prison term of not less
than 10 years to life imprisonment. Under the new standards, the crack cocaine threshold triggering
the 10 years to life sentence is 280 grams. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii). The special findings made
by the jury did not trigger the higher crack cocaine threshold. Therefore, the concern is that Remble
was convicted and subjected to an increased penalty of imprisonment without the government having
proven beyond a reasonable doubt that he possessed the requisite amount of cocaine.
This concern, however, is allayed because of the jury’s finding as to the amount of
methamphetamine Remble possessed. Although the jury did not find that Remble possessed and
distributed more than 280 grams of crack cocaine, they did find that Remble had conspired to
possess and distribute more than 50 grams of methamphetamine. Anderson, 333 F.App’x, at 20. The
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No. 10-4563, United States v. Remble
threshold for methamphetamine possession did not change under the new rules, and still carries with
it an automatic prison sentence of at least 10 years to life imprisonment. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A).
Based on this finding, the district court’s imposition of a life sentence was appropriate as it pertains
to the Apprendi issue.
Still, error has been established as it relates to application of the new standards to Remble.
Nevertheless, Remble has not shown how the district court’s decision to apply the 100:1 ratio
affected his substantial rights. District courts are generally granted discretion to consider the crack-
to-powder cocaine disparity in determining an appropriate sentence for a career offender. See United
States v. Michael, 576 F.3d 323, 327-28 (6th Cir. 2009). Remble alleges that “[b]y abdicating its
authority and failing to exercise its discretion, the district court’s decision was procedurally
unreasonable.” He also asserts that this case is analogous to Gapinski. Gapinski, in a sentencing
memorandum, argued for a downward departure and a variance from the sentencing guidelines.
Gapinski, 561 F.3d at 474. The district court rejected his arguments, but we were not satisfied “that
the district court adequately considered Gapinski's argument for a lower sentence based upon his
substantial assistance to the government.” Id. at 474-75. “The record . . . [did] not show that the
district court ever considered or explained its reasons for rejecting Gapinski’s argument for a lower
sentence based on [] substantial additional cooperation.” Id. at 475. The sentence was vacated and
the matter was remanded for resentencing because of the lack of consideration given to Gapinski’s
argument. Id. at 478.
Gapinski, however, is distinguishable. There, the district court did not fulfill its
responsibility under the Bostic rule, so the issue was reviewed under a procedural reasonableness
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No. 10-4563, United States v. Remble
standard. Id. at 473-74. Moreover, the record did not make clear that the district court listened to
Gapinski’s argument for a lower sentence. Ultimately, we held that there was not enough
information to “say that the district court ‘set forth enough to satisfy [us] that he ha[d] considered
the parties arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal decisionmaking
authority.’” Id. at 476 (quoting Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 356 (2007)).
Here, the record paints a far different picture. The district court was fully “aware” of the
discussion surrounding the propriety of the 100:1 ratio disparity between crack and powder cocaine
sentences. Despite the district court’s incorrectly concluding that it was unable to apply the FSA
retroactively, that did not affect the outcome of the proceeding. The district court would not have
rendered a different prison sentence. According to the transcript of the resentencing, the district
court noted that even accounting for the new ratio, Remble’s “recommended sentence, or sentencing
range, would still be life in prison.” The court also noted “treating crack cocaine the same as powder
cocaine . . . produces a Guidelines range in which life imprisonment is [still] a possible sentence.”
[Id.] Due consideration was given to the 1:1 ratio, but based on the district court’s findings,
changing the ratio would not have changed the outcome for Remble.
III.
Because neither of the district court’s errors affected substantial rights, resentencing is
unnecessary. Accordingly, Remble’s sentence is AFFIRMED.
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No. 10-4563, United States v. Remble
KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment. I agree with
the majority’s conclusion, but write separately to explain how I reach that result. I therefore join in
the judgment affirming Remble’s sentence for the reasons that follow.
Remble first argues that the district court committed plain error when it stated that “it may
not consider any new, post-sentencing information in these proceedings.” R. 777 (Resentencing Tr.
at 14:4–5) (Page ID #4515). Under plain-error review, we must evaluate whether “(1) there is an
error, (2) the error is plain, . . . (3) the error affects substantial rights[, and (4)] . . . the error seriously
affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Henderson v. United
States, 133 S. Ct. 1121, 1126–27 (2013) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted).
Concerning the first requirement, the Supreme Court’s decision in Pepper v. United States, 131 S.
Ct. 1229 (2011), makes clear that the district court’s statement was error: “We hold that when a
defendant’s sentence has been set aside on appeal, a district court at resentencing may consider
evidence of the defendant’s postsentencing rehabilitation.” Id. at 1236. Moreover, even though
Pepper was decided after the resentencing hearing, the second requirement is satisfied, as the
Supreme Court recently established in Henderson that “as long as the error was plain as of . . . the
time of appellate review[,] the error is ‘plain’ within the meaning of the [four-part standard].” 133
S. Ct. at 1124–25.
Remble’s argument fails, however, under the third requirement—that the error must affect
his substantial rights—as Remble has failed to proffer any evidence of postsentencing rehabilitation
or conduct. The memorandum presented by Remble on appeal does not fall within the ambit of
rehabilitation or conduct; rather, it depicts the evolving position of the Department of Justice vis-a-
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No. 10-4563, United States v. Remble
vis the Fair Sentencing Act. While this letter may provide support for Remble’s argument that the
district court should apply a lower powder-to-crack cocaine ratio, it does not constitute evidence of
postsentencing rehabilitation or conduct. Because Remble has failed to provide any postsentencing
rehabilitation or conduct that would support a lower sentence, his substantial rights have not been
affected.
Remble’s second argument addresses the 100:1 powder-to-crack cocaine ratio applied by the
district court during Remble’s resentencing. Specifically, he contends that the district court erred
by failing to use its discretion to apply a 1:1 powder-to-crack cocaine ratio in calculating his
sentence. Appellant Br. at 10. If the district court had acted within its discretion in this manner,
Remble argues, his Guidelines range would have been 360 months to life imprisonment instead of
life imprisonment. Id. In light of Dorsey v. United States, 132 S. Ct. 2321 (2012), it is clear that the
district court should have applied the 18:1 powder-to-crack cocaine ratio established in the Fair
Sentencing Act at his resentencing hearing. Id. at 2326. However, because the district court
attributed 15 kilograms of crack cocaine to Remble in the initial sentencing, which we affirmed on
direct appeal, United States v. Anderson, 333 F. App’x 17, 25–26 (6th Cir. 2009), the advisory
sentence would remain life imprisonment under the Guidelines. U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES
MANUAL § 2D1.1 (2012). I would therefore affirm on this ground.
Additionally, I cannot agree with Remble’s argument that the district court erred by declining
to use its discretion to apply a 1:1 powder-to-crack cocaine ratio. Although a district court may
exercise its discretion to vary a defendant’s sentence based solely on policy disagreements, it is not
required to do so in any given case. Spears v. United States, 555 U.S. 261, 264 (2009); Kimbrough
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No. 10-4563, United States v. Remble
v. United States, 552 U.S. 85, 91 (2007). The district court addressed Remble’s argument that a 1:1
powder-to-crack cocaine ratio should apply, which is all that is required. United States v. Gapinski,
561 F.3d 467 (6th Cir. 2009).
Finally, although “the Fair Sentencing Act increased the amount of crack cocaine necessary
to subject Mr. Remble to a statutory sentencing range of 10 years to life to 280 grams,” Appellant
Supp. Br. at 7, both parties agree that Remble’s sentence does not violate Apprendi v. New Jersey,
530 U.S. 466 (2000), because “[t]he statutory maximum sentence applicable to Clarence Remble was
life imprisonment based on the jury finding that he was responsible for more than 50 grams of
methamphetamine.” Appellant Supp. Br. at 6; see also 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A).
I would therefore affirm the judgment of the district court sentencing Remble to life
imprisonment.
15