NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 13a0993n.06
Nos. 12-2012, 12-2013, 12-2014, 12-2015 FILED
Nov 20, 2013
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
In re: JOHN RICHARDS HOMES BUILDING )
COMPANY, L.L.C., )
)
-Debtor. )
)
)
KEVIN ADELL, )
)
-Appellee/Cross-Appellant, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
JOHN RICHARDS HOMES BUILDING ) THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
COMPANY, L.L.C., ) MICHIGAN
)
-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, )
)
and ) OPINION
)
HONIGMAN, MILLER, SCHWARTZ & COHN )
LLP, )
)
-Appellee. )
Before: ROGERS, STRANCH, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.
BERNICE B. DONALD, Circuit Judge. The parties, Kevin Adell and John Richards
Homes Building Co., cross-appeal the district court’s decision affirming in part and reversing in part
an order of the bankruptcy court. The bankruptcy court’s order granted counsel for the alleged
debtor, John Richards Homes Building Co., $1,854,192.73 in attorney’s fees for costs incurred
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enforcing a 2003 judgment of the bankruptcy court pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 303(i) and, pursuant to
both 11 U.S.C. § 105 and the court’s inherent power, assessed $2.8 million in punitive damages
against Adell, the creditor who filed the initial involuntary bankruptcy petition, for his
post-judgment conduct. The district court affirmed the attorney’s fee award but reversed the
punitive damages award. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
I.
This appeal marks the second time these parties, John Richards Homes Building Co., L.L.C.
(“JRH”) and Kevin Adell (“Adell”), have come before this Court over the course of an acrimonious
eleven-year dispute that has been litigated, at various times, in seven different federal courts and two
different state court systems.1 Accordingly, this section begins with the facts as described by this
Court in the prior appeal, supplemented by a description of the parties’ conduct in the Florida
litigation that followed the 2003 judgment of the bankruptcy court and the litigation that led to the
instant appeal.
In Adell v. John Richards Homes Bldg. Co., L.L.C. (In re John Richards Homes Bldg. Co.,
L.L.C.) (“In re JRH I”), 439 F.3d 248 (6th Cir. 2006), this Court summarized the initial factual
background of the litigation in the bankruptcy court as follows:
1
The federal courts are as follows: the Supreme Court of the United States, the Eastern District of
Michigan Bankruptcy Court, the District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, the Sixth Circuit Court
of Appeals, the Middle District of Florida Bankruptcy Court, the District Court for the Middle District of
Florida, and the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals. There were also lawsuits filed in the Michigan and
Florida state courts.
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As the bankruptcy court found, in December 2001, Adell and JRH entered into a
Residential Building and Purchase Agreement whereby JRH, in exchange for
$3,030,000, agreed to sell Adell a 1.8 acre parcel of property in Bloomfield Hills,
Michigan, and to construct a home for Adell on the property, with construction to
begin “within a reasonable time after the completion of building plans and issuance
of permits.” On February 28, 2002, the deal closed. The closing documents
allocated $1,750,000 out of the $3,030,000 for the land purchase.
Over the next few months, Adell’s relationship with JRH and its principal, John
Shekerjian, soured. . . . He told Shekerjian that he wanted another builder to build
his house and, apparently, barred JRH from the property. He also became upset
about the amount he had paid for the land, contending that it was only worth $1
million instead of $1.75 million.
On June 6, 2002, after a number of conversations, meetings, letters and other
interactions between Adell or his representatives and JRH or its representatives,
Adell filed a civil suit against JRH and Shekerjian in the Oakland County Circuit
Court. The complaint included a number of claims, all of which essentially rested
on two allegations: (1) that Shekerjian and JRH had orally told Adell that the land
was worth $1,000,000, and that the home they would construct for him would have
a value of $2,000,000, despite the fact that the executed sale documents allocated
$1,750,000 to the value of the land, leaving at most $1,280,000 for the home
construction; and (2) that Shekerjian for JRH had told Adell that construction would
begin immediately after the sale closed, even though they knew that was impossible
because there were “water problems” with the property, and that the resulting delay
in commencing construction was not “reasonable.” On June 18, 2002, JRH and
Shekerjian jointly filed an answer, denying the substance of all of Adell’s claims,
stating affirmative defenses, and including a verified counter-complaint.
...
On June 24, 2002, less than a week after JRH and Shekerjian filed their responses in
the state court case and without any further discussion or communication, Adell, as
the sole petitioning creditor, filed an involuntary bankruptcy petition against JRH
pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 303(b)(2). According to the petition, Adell’s own claim
against JRH for fraud and breach of contract was in the amount of $800,000. Adell
sought to maximize the publicity attending his filing by hiring a public relations firm,
Marx Layne, to publicize alleged defects in JRH’s performance of its construction
and financial obligations.
On July 1, 2002, JRH filed a motion to dismiss the petition. Noting that Adell’s
claim against JRH cited in the petition was also the basis for Adell’s state court civil
complaint against JRH and Shekerjian, and that JRH and Shekerjian had recently
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filed pleadings denying all of Adell’s claims, JRH argued that Adell’s claim was the
subject of a “bona fide dispute,” precluding its use as the basis for the petition. JRH
also argued that Adell was required to have at least three petitioning creditors
because JRH was an entity with 12 or more creditors. Should the petition be
dismissed, JRH asked the bankruptcy court to award it fees, costs and damages
pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 303(i). On July 12, 2002, Adell’s bankruptcy attorneys filed
a notice that three additional creditors had joined in the filing of the petition.
On July 15, 2002, the bankruptcy court held a hearing on JRH’s motion to dismiss.
Ruling from the bench, the court granted the motion, concluding that Adell was not
qualified to serve as a creditor in an involuntary bankruptcy because his claim
against JRH was not undisputed. The court explained:
The record that is before the Court overwhelmingly establishes that
there is a bona fide dispute concerning this petitioning creditor’s
claim against the Alleged Debtor . . . [and] . . . that there are
significant genuine issues of material fact concerning any disposition
of the issues raised in the [state court case], . . . such fundamental
issues as which of the parties breached the contract, which of the
parties was the first to breach the contract. There are clear issues of
fact concerning particularly the fraud claim and the statutory claim.
Having rejected the sole petitioning creditor, Adell, the bankruptcy court ruled that
it could not permit the joinder of other putative creditors. Adell did not appeal the
bankruptcy court’s dismissal of the petition.
After a period of discovery, followed by a two-day evidentiary hearing, the
bankruptcy court granted JRH’s [§ 303(i)] motion on April 25, 2003. In a thorough
opinion, the court found that Adell filed the involuntary bankruptcy petition against
JRH in bad faith and awarded JRH compensatory damages in the amount of
$4,100,000, punitive damages in the amount of $2,000,000, and attorneys’ fees and
costs in the amount of $313,230.68.
Adell appealed to the district court. On August 5, 2004, in another thorough opinion,
the district court ratified the bankruptcy court decision.
Id. at 252-54 (citations omitted).
While Adell’s direct appeals were pending in the District Court for the Eastern District of
Michigan and this Court, he liquidated his assets in Michigan and used the proceeds to purchase a
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$2.8 million home in Florida in order to take advantage of that State’s unlimited homestead
exemption. In re John Richards Homes Bldg. Co, L.L.C. (“In re JRH II”), 405 B.R. 192, 203 (E.D.
Mich. 2009). Adell admitted under oath that he took this action in order to protect his assets. In re
John Richards Homes Builders Co., L.L.C. (“In re JRH III”), 461 B.R. 1, 19 (Bankr. E.D. Mich.
2011). JRH continued its efforts to collect on the bankruptcy court’s $6.4 million judgment, but in
November of 2003 Adell filed for bankruptcy in Florida, invoking the automatic stay. In re JRH II,
405 B.R. at 204. The parties then litigated various aspects of that bankruptcy filing in the Florida
federal courts for the next four years. See id. at 204-07.
After this Court affirmed the initial Michigan bankruptcy court judgment on the involuntary
petition on March 1, 2006, Adell paid the $6.4 million judgment in full on April 3, 2006. In re JRH
II, 405 B.R. at 206. Subsequently, on April 21, 2006, Honigman, Miller, Schwartz, & Cohn
(“HMSC”), counsel for JRH, filed two motions in the Eastern District of Michigan Bankruptcy
Court: one for additional punitive damages and a “Second Application for Compensation of
Attorney Fees and Expenses” seeking an additional $2 million in fees and costs—mostly incurred
during the Florida litigation—under 11 U.S.C. § 303(i). Id. at 207. The bankruptcy court initially
denied this fee application, holding that it could not make such an award in light of a split of
authority on the issue of “whether § 303(i) authorizes the bankruptcy court to award fees and costs
beyond those directly incurred in defending the involuntary petition.” Id. at 208. JRH appealed to
the district court, and the district court reversed and remanded. Id. at 201.
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On remand, the bankruptcy court entered the order at issue in this appeal, granting JRH’s
second motion for attorney’s fees and motion for additional punitive damages. See In re JRH III,
461 B.R. at 14, 22. The bankruptcy court awarded JRH $1,854,192.73 in attorney’s fees and $2.8
million in punitive damages. Id. Adell appealed to the district court, which affirmed the award of
attorney’s fees and reversed the award of punitive damages. (PageID 9308.) Both parties timely
appealed to this Court. (Page ID 9338, 9373.)
II.
A.
When we confront an appeal that originated in bankruptcy court, our review takes a different
form than an appeal that originated in district court. See Alfes v. Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp. (In re
Alfes), 709 F.3d 631, 636 (6th Cir. 2013). “We evaluate the bankruptcy court decision directly,
without being bound by the district court’s determinations, and conduct an independent examination
of the record.” In re JRH I, 439 F.3d at 254. This Court reviews the bankruptcy court’s factual
findings for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. Hills v. McDermott (In re Wicker), 702
F.3d 874, 877 (6th Cir. 2012). “We will not disturb the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact unless
there is the ‘most cogent evidence of mistake of justice.’” WesBanco Bank of Barnesville, Ohio v.
Rafoth (In re Baker & Getty Fin. Servs. Inc.), 106 F.3d 1255, 1259 (6th Cir. 1997) (quoting Newton
v. Johnson (In re Edward M. Johnson & Assocs., Inc.), 845 F.2d 1395, 1401 (6th Cir. 1988)). The
issue of whether bankruptcy courts have the authority to impose punitive damages under 11 U.S.C.
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§ 105(a) or by invoking their inherent authority is a question of law that we therefore review de
novo. See Positive Software Solutions, Inc. v. New Century Mortg. Corp., 619 F.3d 458, 460 (5th
Cir. 2010); Walters v. Webre (In re Webre), 88 B.R. 242, 244 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1988).
Additionally, because Adell has not argued that the bankruptcy court’s award of punitive
damages violates the United States Constitution, we review both the assessment of and amount of
punitive damages for abuse of discretion. Cooper Indus., Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Grp., Inc., 532
U.S. 424, 433 (2001) (“If no constitutional issue is raised, the role of the appellate court, at least in
the federal system, is merely to review the trial court’s ‘determination under an abuse-of-discretion
standard.’” (quoting Browning-Ferris Indus. of Vt., Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc., 492 U.S. 257, 279
(1989))). This Court also reviews for abuse of discretion both a lower court’s award of sanctions
under 11 U.S.C. § 105(a), Henderson v. Kisseberth (In re Kisseberth), 273 F.3d 714, 721 (6th Cir.
2001), and any award of sanctions pursuant to the lower court’s inherent authority as recognized in
Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32 (1991), First Bank of Marietta v. Hartford Underwriters Ins.
Co., 307 F.3d 501, 510 (6th Cir. 2002). “The question is not how the reviewing court would have
ruled, but rather whether a reasonable person could agree with the bankruptcy court’s decision; if
reasonable persons could differ as to the issue, then there is no abuse of discretion.” Barlow v. M.J.
Waterman & Assocs., Inc. (In re M.J. Waterman & Assocs. Inc.), 227 F.3d 604, 608 (6th Cir. 2000).
A lower court thus abuses its discretion “when it commits a clear error of judgment, such as
applying the incorrect legal standard, misapplying the correct legal standard, or relying upon clearly
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erroneous findings of fact.” Auletta v. Ortino (In re Ferro Corp. Derivative Litig.), 511 F.3d 611,
623 (6th Cir. 2008).
B.
Section 303 of the Bankruptcy Code allows a group of creditors to file an “involuntary case,”
also known as an involuntary petition, against an alleged debtor and bring her into bankruptcy court.
11 U.S.C. § 303(a)-(b). In subsection (i), the statute provides a remedy for alleged debtors in the
event that an involuntary petition is dismissed “other than on consent of all petitioners and the
debtor.” Id. § 303(i). That remedy gives the court discretion to grant judgment: “(1) against the
petitioners and in favor of the debtor for--(A) costs; or (B) a reasonable attorney’s fee; or (2) against
any petitioner that filed the petition in bad faith, for--(A) any damages proximately caused by such
filing; or (B) punitive damages.” Id.
This appeal requires us to answer the following question: does § 303(i) permit a bankruptcy
court to award costs and attorney’s fees when those fees were incurred in collateral proceedings after
dismissal of the underlying involuntary petition? Because this portion of the appeal presents a pure
question of law, our review is de novo. In re Wicker, 702 F.3d at 877; see also United States v.
Shafer, 573 F.3d 267, 272 (6th Cir. 2009) (“A matter requiring statutory interpretation is a question
of law requiring de novo review . . . .” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
1.
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The starting point for any exercise in statutory interpretation is the language of the statute
itself. Barnhart v. Sigmon Coal Co., Inc., 534 U.S. 438, 450 (2002). “The first step is to determine
whether the language at issue has a plain and unambiguous meaning with regard to the particular
dispute in the case.” Id. (quoting Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 340 (1997)) (internal
quotation marks omitted). The Supreme Court of the United States has given the lower federal
courts some specific guidance on interpreting the Bankruptcy Code. See United States v. Ron Pair
Enter., Inc., 489 U.S. 235 (1989) (interpreting § 506 of the Bankruptcy Code). In Ron Pair, the
Supreme Court cautioned that “[t]he plain meaning of legislation should be conclusive, except in
the rare cases [in which] the literal application of a statute will produce a result demonstrably at odds
with the intentions of its drafters.” Id. at 242 (quoting Griffin v. Oceanic Contractors, Inc., 458 U.S.
564, 571 (1982)) (second alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). If “the statute’s
language is plain, the sole function of the courts is to enforce it according to its terms.” Id. at 241
(quoting Caminetti v. United States, 242 U.S. 470, 485 (1917)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The particular dispute at this point concerns whether § 303(i) permits a bankruptcy court to
award fees for services rendered in collateral proceedings after dismissal of the underlying
involuntary petition. The language of § 303(i) clearly authorizes the bankruptcy court to award costs
and fees to a prevailing alleged debtor for defending against an involuntary case up to the time of
the petition’s dismissal: “If the court dismisses a petition under this section other than on consent
of all petitioners and the debtor, . . . the court may grant judgment . . . in favor of the debtor for costs
or a reasonable attorney’s fee.” 11 U.S.C. § 303(i). The statute is ambiguous, however, with respect
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to the award of attorney’s fees for post-dismissal expenses in collateral litigation. This ambiguity
arises because the statute is silent as to the issues of timing and location of awards of attorney’s fees;
§ 303(i) does not expressly allow or prohibit a bankruptcy court from awarding fees beyond those
directly incurred by the debtor in defending against the involuntary petition in bankruptcy court,
such as fees incurred defending appeals and in collateral proceedings. See id.
The existence of ambiguity in § 303(i) is bolstered by the split of authority among the federal
courts as to whether the statute permits awards of post-dismissal costs and fees. See In re JRH II,
405 B.R. at 212-15 (examining the conflicting federal cases). Some federal courts have reasoned
that, because the great majority of legal expenses could be incurred following the dismissal of the
involuntary petition, it would “fly in the face of legislative intent and common sense” for the
Bankruptcy Code not to have authorized post-dismissal fees pursuant to § 303(i). Glannon v.
Carpenter (In re Glannon), 245 B.R. 882, 895 (D. Kan. 2000) (quoting In re Landmark Distrib.,
Inc., 195 B.R. 837, 846 (Bankr. D. N.J. 1996)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Other federal
courts have reasoned that the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure provide their own mechanism
for awarding single or double costs to an appellee if an appellant pursues a frivolous appeal from
the dismissal of an involuntary petition. In re Law Center, 304 B.R. 136, 139 (Bankr. M.D. Penn.
2003) (relying on In re Allen-Main Assocs., Ltd. P'ship, 229 B.R. 577, 578 (Bankr. D. Conn. 1999)).
In re Landmark Distributors represents one of the well-reasoned cases holding that § 303(i)
permits a bankruptcy court to award attorney’s fees for expenses incurred after the dismissal of an
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involuntary petition. In re Landmark Distrib., Inc., 195 B.R. 837. In Landmark, three creditors filed
an involuntary petition against Landmark Distributors, Inc. Id. at 839. After a four-day trial, the
bankruptcy court dismissed the involuntary petition. Id. at 840. The district court affirmed that
initial holding, and then the parties began litigating “the issue of Landmark’s entitlement to an award
of damages in the context of a dismissed involuntary proceeding pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 303(i).”
Id. After a twenty-four day trial on that issue, the bankruptcy court awarded Landmark $3.2 million
in compensatory damages, $500,000 in punitive damages, and reasonable costs and attorney’s fees.
Id. The litigation continued as Landmark’s attorneys prepared and submitted their fee applications
and the creditors filed objections. Id. at 840-45. The bankruptcy court overruled the creditors’
objection that “only those fees and costs that were incurred in connection with the dismissal aspect
of these proceedings are subject to being assessed, not those relating to the bad faith and damages
aspect of these proceedings.” Id. at 842, 845.
In overruling the creditors’ objections, the bankruptcy court reasoned that it “would fly in
the face of legislative intent and common sense” to deny the fees requested for the damages phase
of the case. Id. There was “nothing in the Code or case authority limiting an award to the date of
dismissal,” id. (quoting In re Advance Press & Litho, Inc., 46 B.R. 700, 703 (D. Colo. 1984))
(internal quotation marks omitted), and, due to the length of the damages trial, approximately 87%
of the fees requested were incurred after the dismissal of the involuntary petition. Id. The
bankruptcy court’s reasoning also took into account that Landmark was “truly a case of first
reported impression, not only insofar as the filing of an involuntary petition in extreme bad faith
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caused the alleged debtor’s financial demise, but because the compensatory and punitive damages
award under § 303(i) totaled in the millions.” Id. This case stands out among the persuasive
authorities given its striking similarity to the facts of JRH’s initial dispute with Adell in bankruptcy
court.
The leading case holding that § 303(i) does not permit a bankruptcy court to award attorney’s
fees for expenses incurred after dismissal of an involuntary petition is the Ninth Circuit’s decision
in Higgins v. Vortex Fishing Systems, Inc., 379 F.3d 701 (9th Cir. 2004). In Higgins, several
creditors, including Higgins, filed an involuntary petition against Vortex Fishing Systems, Inc. Id.
at 704-05. After trial, the bankruptcy court dismissed the petition. Id. at 705. The Ninth Circuit
ultimately affirmed the bankruptcy court’s order. Id. Vortex then filed a motion for attorney’s fees
and costs pursuant to § 303(i). Id. The bankruptcy court granted that motion on summary judgment,
and the United States District Court for the District of Arizona affirmed on appeal. Id. The creditors
then took their case back to the Ninth Circuit. Id.
Although the Ninth Circuit affirmed the bankruptcy court’s grant of summary judgment “on
the issue of initial litigation attorney’s fees and costs pursuant to § 303(i),” it reached a different
conclusion regarding “the portion of the bankruptcy court’s award . . . of fees and costs attributable
to the appeals process.” Id. at 708 (emphasis added). The Ninth Circuit reasoned that Rule 38 of
the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure provides the “only authority for awarding discretionary
appellate fees in bankruptcy appeals,” and that “we should not infer from a bankruptcy court’s
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express discretionary authority to award fees at the trial court level a similar authority to award fees
at the appellate level.” Id. (quoting State of Cal. Emp’t Dev. Dep’t v. Taxel (In re Del Mission, Ltd.),
98 F.3d 1147, 1154 (9th Cir. 1996)) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted).
The Ninth’s Circuit’s decision in Higgins, however, suffers from a crucial flaw: the opinion
relied on previous Ninth Circuit holdings from Vasseli v. Wells Fargo Bank, National Association
(In re Vasseli), 5 F.3d 351 (9th Cir. 1993), and In re Del Mission, 98 F.3d 1147, which addressed
§§ 523(d)2 and 105(a) of the Bankruptcy Code, not § 303(i). Section 303(i)’s standard for the
assessment of fees is quite different from the standards embodied in Rule 38 and § 523(d). Rule 38
requires that the appeal be “frivolous” before an appellate court is authorized to award single or
double costs to an appellee. Fed. R. App. P. 38. Section 523(d) requires that the court find “that the
position of the creditor was not substantially justified,” and prevents the court from awarding fees
“if special circumstances would make the award unjust.” 11 U.S.C. § 523(d). In contrast, the Ninth
Circuit recognized the following in Higgins concerning awards of fees under § 303(i):
The plain language of the statute presents only two prerequisites for an award of fees,
costs, or damages under § 303(i)(1): 1) the court must have dismissed the petition on
some ground other than consent by the parties; and 2) the debtor must not have
waived its right to recovery under the statute.
2
Section 523(d) provides:
If a creditor requests a determination of dischargeability of a consumer debt . . . and such
debt is discharged, the court shall grant judgment in favor of the debtor for the costs of, and
a reasonable attorney's fee for, the proceeding if the court finds that the position of the
creditor was not substantially justified, except that the court shall not award such costs and
fees if special circumstances would make the award unjust.
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Higgins, 379 F.3d at 705. Higgins did not explain why §§ 523(d), 105(a), and 303(i) should be
similarly limited. Rather, the Ninth Circuit considered itself bound to deny the award of appellate
attorney’s fees under § 303(i) because of the broad holding in In re Del Mission, which addressed
bankruptcy courts generally. We have no such limiting precedent in this Circuit.
Another flaw in Higgins is that it frustrates the plain intent of Congress to provide a complete
remedy for debtors who successfully defend against an involuntary petition. The Ninth Circuit’s
opinion explicitly acknowledges this problem:
This holding creates a discrepancy that only Congress can rectify. Despite
Congress’s clear intent to award attorney’s fees and costs to an alleged debtor who
successfully defends an involuntary bankruptcy bid, the debtor remains exposed to
appellate attorney’s fees unless it can be demonstrated that the appeal was frivolous
under Rule 38.
Id. at 709 n.3. Adell argues, primarily based on Higgins, that a “broad construction [of § 303(i) to
include fees incurred after dismissal] would conflict with the prerogative of other courts to regulate
their own proceedings through an award of attorneys’ fees for conduct occurring before them.”
Appellee Br. at 31. This argument, however, fails to recognize the distinct standards outlined above
for the award of fees under different provisions of the Bankruptcy Code and the Federal Rules of
Appellate Procedure. It “is evident from the alternative provisions of § 303(i)(1) and (2) that
Congress sensed there would be situations where the burdens imposed upon debtors, even in good-
faith circumstances, should require the losing creditors to pay for the burden they . . . created.” In
re Advance Press, 46 B.R. at 702. This congressional intent exists irrespective of the availability
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of costs and fees under other provisions of the Bankruptcy Code or the Federal Rules of Appellate
Procedure.
The Supreme Court’s decision in Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384
(1990)—cited by Adell for support in his brief—is not to the contrary. In Cooter & Gell, the
Supreme Court considered the propriety of awarding appellate costs as sanctions under Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 11. Id. at 405-09. The Supreme Court’s holding that Rule 11 does not authorize
such awards derived, in the first instance, from Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 1’s limitation “that
the Rules only ‘govern the procedure in the United States district courts.’” Id. at 406 (quoting Fed.
R. Civ. P. 1). The Supreme Court also read Rule 11 in harmony with Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 38 because it wished to “avoid th[e] somewhat anomalous result” of giving “a district
court the authority to award attorney’s fees to the appellee even when the appeal would not be
sanctioned under the appellate rules.” Id. at 407.
But Cooter & Gell is distinguishable because, unlike the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,
§ 303(i) does not explicitly state that it only applies to proceedings in bankruptcy courts. As
discussed above, § 303(i) reflects congressional intent to make even creditors who file an
involuntary petition in good faith and commit no misconduct before the court “pay for the burden
they . . . created” by filing the petition if it is dismissed other than by consent of all the parties. In
re Advance Press, 46 B.R. at 702.
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Adell also argues that the literal language of § 303(i), which authorizes “a reasonable
attorney’s fee” in the singular, should prevent the bankruptcy court from making a second award of
costs and fees. This reading of the statute would produce, however, exactly the kind of result Griffin
cautions the federal courts to avoid: one “demonstrably at odds with the intentions of [the statute’s]
drafters.” Griffin, 458 U.S. at 571. Construing § 303(i) to authorize awards of post-dismissal fees
is, therefore, the approach most faithful to legislative intent.
Accordingly, § 303(i) authorizes bankruptcy courts to award fees and costs for services
rendered after an involuntary petition has been dismissed. See In re Landmark, 195 B.R. at 846.
Our holding recognizes that filing of an involuntary petition “leaves a permanent scar, even if
promptly dismissed,” In re SBA Factors of Miami, Inc., 13 B.R. 99, 101 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 1981), and
prevents debtors from “remain[ing] exposed to appellate attorney’s fees unless it can be
demonstrated that the appeal was frivolous under Rule 38.” Higgins, 379 F.3d at 709 n.3.
2.
In ruling that “a bankruptcy court may award attorney fees and costs in post-judgment
proceedings under § 303(i) for time spent litigating in collateral proceedings in other forums,”
(PageID 9330), the district court drew an analogy between § 303(i) and the fee-shifting provision
of 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b).3 (PageID 9326-30.) Several federal courts, including this Court, have
3
Section 1988(b) provides in pertinent part:
In any action or proceeding to enforce a provision of sections 1981, 1981a, 1982, 1983,
1985, and 1986 of this title, title IX of Public Law 92-318 [20 U.S.C.A. § 1681 et seq.], the
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allowed prevailing parties within the meaning of § 1988 to collect attorney’s fees for litigation
conducted in collateral fora. Weisenberger v. Huecker, 593 F.2d 49, 54 (6th Cir. 1979) (“We
conclude that implementation of Congressional policy requires the awarding of attorney’s fees for
time spent pursuing attorney’s fees in the cases presently under review. This award should also
include amounts for legal time spent defending and prosecuting the instant appeals.”). Those courts
allow such fee awards despite the fact that § 1988—like § 303(i)—does not explicitly authorize fee
awards for work performed in collateral proceedings. See 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b).
Balark v. Curtin is a representative example of these cases and bears some resemblance to
the facts of the instant appeal. 655 F.2d 798 (7th Cir. 1981). In Balark, the plaintiff, Bertha Balark,
had become a judgment creditor of the defendants, six City of Chicago police officers, after winning
her 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim against them. Id. at 799. A year after that judgment was entered, Balark
“returned to federal court to collect her judgment by garnishing the wages of the defendants.” Id.
at 800. After winning this garnishment action, Balark sought attorneys fees under § 1988(b). Id.
The district court denied her motion for fees, and Balark appealed. Id.
Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 [42 U.S.C.A. § 2000bb et seq.], the Religious
Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000 [42 U.S.C.A. § 2000cc et seq.], title VI
of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [42 U.S.C.A. § 2000d et seq.], or section 13981 of this title,
the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a
reasonable attorney's fee as part of the costs . . . .
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Relying on its decision in Bond v. Stanton, where that court held attorneys are generally
entitled to collect fees “incurred in litigating and establishing their entitlement to fees” under §
1988(b), 630 F.2d 1231, 1235 (7th Cir. 1980), the Seventh Circuit reasoned:
Plaintiff seeks fees for her efforts to collect the judgment awarded her in her
successful action under the civil rights laws. Congress has determined that
attorneys’ fees are necessary to fulfill the purposes of the civil rights laws by
transferring the costs of litigation to those who infringe upon basic civil rights. The
compensatory goals of the civil rights laws would thus be undermined if fees were
not also available when defendants oppose the collection of civil rights judgments.
An award of compensation for injuries sustained as a result of unconstitutional state
action would be “diluted” if fees were denied to plaintiffs required to contest
substantial efforts to resist or obstruct the collection of civil rights judgments. The
victory would be hollow if plaintiffs were left with a paper judgment not negotiable
into cash except by undertaking burdensome and uncompensated litigation.
Balark, 655 F.2d at 803 (citations omitted). This reasoning is applicable to the fee-shifting provision
of § 303(i) and the effort required of JRH “to contest substantial efforts [of Adell] to resist or
obstruct the collection of” the bankruptcy court’s 2003 judgment. Id.
In enacting § 303(i), Congress determined that “there would be situations where the burdens
imposed upon debtors, even in good-faith circumstances, should require the losing creditors to pay
for the burden they . . . created.” In re Advance Press, 46 B.R. at 702. The compensatory goals
underlying § 303(i) would thus be “undermined if fees were not also available when [creditors]
oppose the collection of” bankruptcy court judgments dismissing involuntary petitions. See Balark,
655 F.2d at 803. This is especially true in the context of the involuntary petition where the filing
“leaves a permanent scar, even if promptly dismissed.” In re SBA Factors, 13 B.R. at 101. The
bankruptcy court’s 2003 judgment for over $6 million against Adell, including $2 million worth of
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punitive damages, would likewise have been diluted—or even rendered a nullity—if JRH had not
taken on the burdensome task of contesting Adell’s Florida bankruptcy filing.
Our reasoning here does not suffer from the same defect as the Ninth Circuit’s in Higgins.
While Higgins was bound by cases that did not allow awards of attorney’s fees because Rule 38
already provides a procedure for awarding fees in frivolous appeals, § 303(i) is concerned with bad
faith, rather than simply frivolous, litigation. Given the similar concern and congressional intent
behind § 1988 and § 303(i), it is consistent with congressional intent to apply the principles
underlying § 1988 to § 303(i).
Accordingly, § 303(i) authorizes bankruptcy courts to award fees for services rendered in
direct appeals and in collateral proceedings enforcing a judgment after the dismissal of an
involuntary petition. The bankruptcy court, therefore, did not err when it awarded HMSC
$1,854,192.73 in fees.
III.
On October 27, 2011, the bankruptcy court issued its ruling on JRH’s “Motion for
Assessment of Additional Punitive Damages Based on Post-Award Conduct.” See In re JRH III,
461 B.R. at 15. The motion sought “an award of sanctions for Adell’s continuing pattern of abuse
of the judicial process in evading the § 303(i) judgment.” Id. at 14. JRH requested these sanctions
under both § 105 of the Bankruptcy Code and the bankruptcy court’s inherent power. Id.
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JRH alleged, and the bankruptcy court found, that the following facts supported a second
award of sanctions against Adell:
1. Adell’s perjury in repeatedly testifying in objection to JRH’s request for an order
requiring the sale of his new home in Florida that he had become a resident of
Florida, which was the basis of his claim that he was entitled to the Florida
homestead exemption.
2. Adell’s active participation with STN.com and Adell Broadcasting Corp. in
evading the post-judgment garnishment process by falsely stating in their disclosures
that they owed Adell no money due to their setoff rights arising from loans that they
had made to him.
3. Adell’s filing and prosecution of his unnecessary and abusive bankruptcy petition
in Florida to obtain a stay of the judgment when he could afford to post a bond to
obtain a stay.
Id. The bankruptcy court also considered that Adell “took his assets to Florida to escape this court’s
punishment, and has so admitted.” Id. at 19. Adell testified on August 17, 2010: “I moved to
Florida to protect my assets, and I took certain steps. And I just wanted to protect my assets while
we waited on appeal.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
As directed by the Supreme Court in State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v.
Campbell, 538 U.S. 408 (2003), the bankruptcy court then weighed “(1) the degree of
reprehensibility of the defendant’s misconduct; (2) the disparity between the actual or potential harm
suffered by the plaintiff and the punitive damages award; [and] (3) the difference between the
punitive damages awarded by the [judge] and the civil penalties authorized or imposed in
comparable cases” to ensure that the award of punitive damages complied with due process. In re
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JRH III, 461 B.R. at 21 (citing State Farm, 538 U.S. 408). After conducting this analysis, the
bankruptcy court entered an order assessing $2.8 million in punitive damages against Adell. As to
the amount of the damages, the bankruptcy court stated:
For filing the involuntary bankruptcy petition in bad faith, the Court punished Adell
in an amount that was approximately half of the compensatory damages. The Court
now concludes that an enhanced sanction in an amount that is approximately 50%
more than the compensatory damages [or fee award] of $1,854,192.73 is necessary
and appropriate in this case. The Court therefore fixes the sanction against Adell in
the amount of $2,800,000.
Id. at 22.
A.
Section 105(a) of the Bankruptcy Code provides:
The court may issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or appropriate
to carry out the provisions of this title. No provision of this title providing for the
raising of an issue by a party in interest shall be construed to preclude the court from,
sua sponte, taking any action or making any determination necessary or appropriate
to enforce or implement court orders or rules, or to prevent an abuse of process.
11 U.S.C. § 105(a). Federal courts have held that this provision authorizes bankruptcy courts to
impose a variety of sanctions, including punitive damages, against litigants in response to their
wrongful conduct before the court. See, e.g., Bessette v. Avco Fin. Svcs., Inc., 230 F.3d 439, 445 (1st
Cir. 2000) (“Consistent with this determination, bankruptcy courts across the country have
appropriately used their statutory contempt power [under § 105(a)] to order monetary relief, in the
form of actual damages, attorney fees, and punitive damages, when creditors have engaged in
conduct that violates § 524.”); Fatsis v. Braunstein (In re Fatsis), 405 B.R. 1, 10-11 (B.A.P. 1st Cir.
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2009) (“Compensation for losses is not the only factor to be considered, however, because
[s]anctions stem, in part, from a need to regulate conduct during litigation. Thus, setting the amount
of an effective sanction may include punitive concerns as well as considerations of deterrence.”
(alteration in original) (citations omitted) (quoting Goya Foods, Inc. v. Wallack Mgmt. Co., 344 F.3d
16, 19 (1st Cir. 2003))).
B.
In Chambers, the Supreme Court addressed “whether the District Court, sitting in diversity,
properly invoked its inherent power in assessing as a sanction for a party’s bad-faith conduct
attorney’s fees and related expenses paid by the party’s opponent to its attorneys.” 501 U.S. at 35.
The litigation began when Chambers agreed to sell his television and radio station, CTR, to NASCO
for $18 million. Id. at 35-36. Six weeks later, Chambers decided that he no longer wanted to go
through with the deal. Id. at 36. Chambers refused to file the necessary paperwork with the Federal
Communications Commission, so NASCO filed suit for specific performance. Id.
Pursuant to a local rule in the Western District of Louisiana, NASCO notified Chambers on
a Friday that NASCO would file suit on the following Monday to obtain specific performance and
a temporary restraining order (TRO). Id. Chambers’ response to this notice was to attempt to
deprive the court of jurisdiction through a sham sale of the property at issue in the dispute. Id.
Chambers and his attorney created a trust, with Chambers’ sister as trustee and his three adult
children as beneficiaries, and convinced the president of CTR to execute warranty deeds conveying
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the property to the trust for recited consideration of $1.4 million. Id. at 37. Chambers’ attorney
“admitted that he had intentionally withheld [this] information from the court” in order to complete
the sham transaction before the judge granted NASCO’s TRO. Id. Chambers then went on to defy
the TRO and initiated “a series of meritless motions and pleadings and delaying actions.” Id. at 38
(internal quotation marks omitted).
The district eventually granted judgment to NASCO, and the Fifth Circuit rejected
Chambers’ appeal from the bench, held the appeal frivolous within the meaning of Federal Rule of
Appellate Procedure 38, and remanded to the district court for a calculation of fees and double costs.
Id. at 40. On remand, NASCO moved for sanctions under the court’s inherent power, Rule 11, and
28 U.S.C. § 1927. Id. The district court reasoned that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 and §
1927 were inadequate to address Chambers’ bad-faith conduct during the litigation, described as
“acts which degrade the judicial system,” including “attempts to deprive the Court of jurisdiction,
fraud, misleading and lying to the Court.” Id. at 42. The district court sanctioned Chambers nearly
$1 million, the full amount of NASCO’s litigation costs, and the Fifth Circuit affirmed under an
abuse of discretion standard. Id. at 40, 42.
On the subsequent appeal to the Supreme Court, the Chambers Court began its reasoning
with the following proposition: “Courts of justice are universally acknowledged to be vested, by
their very creation, with power to impose silence, respect, and decorum, in the presence, and
submission to their lawful mandates.” Id. at 43 (quoting Anderson v. Dunn, 19 U.S. 204, 227
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(1821)) (internal quotation marks omitted). The majority went on to acknowledge that the “power
to punish for contempts is inherent in all courts,” id. at 44 (quoting Ex parte Robinson, 86 U.S. 505,
510 (1873) (internal quotation marks omitted)), and that “[t]his power reaches both conduct before
the court and that beyond the court’s confines.” Id. “Because of their very potency, inherent powers
must be exercised with restraint and discretion. A primary aspect of that discretion is the ability to
fashion an appropriate sanction for conduct which abuses the judicial process.” Id. at 44-45 (citation
omitted). The Chambers court reasoned that because the “particularly severe sanction” of outright
dismissal of a lawsuit is within the court’s discretion, “the ‘less severe sanction’ of an assessment
of attorney’s fees is undoubtedly within a court’s inherent power as well.” Id. at 45 (quoting
Roadway Express, Inc. v. Piper, 477 U.S.752, 765 (1980)). Furthermore, “when a party ‘shows bad
faith by delaying or disrupting the litigation or by hampering enforcement of a court order,’”
sanctions are entirely appropriate under a court’s inherent authority. Id. at 46 (quoting Hutto v.
Finney, 437 U.S. 678, 689 n.14 (1978)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Applying these
principles, the Supreme Court held that the district court did not abuse its discretion in granting
NASCO the full amount of its attorney’s fees. Id. at 55.
The Sixth Circuit has held that these inherent powers recognized by Chambers extend to
bankruptcy courts. Mapother & Mapother, P.S.C. v. Cooper (In re Downs), 103 F.3d 472, 477 (6th
Cir. 1996) (citing Caldwell v. Unified Capital Corp. (In re Rainbow Magazine, Inc.) 77 F.3d 278,
284 (9th Cir. 1996)). The Mapother court stated unequivocally that “[b]ankruptcy courts, like
Article III courts, enjoy inherent power to sanction parties for improper conduct.” Id. This holding
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is in line with at least one of our sister circuits, the Ninth Circuit. In re Rainbow Magazine, 77 F.3d
at 284 (“There can be little doubt that bankruptcy courts have the inherent power to sanction
vexatious conduct presented before the court.”).4
Additionally, this Court did not dispute—though it also did not hold—that bankruptcy courts
may award punitive damages pursuant to this inherent power in Tenn-Fla Partners v. First Union
Nat’l Bank of Fla. (In re Tenn-Fla Partners), 226 F.3d 746, 751 (6th Cir. 2000). In Tenn-Fla
Partners, the bankruptcy court awarded attorney’s fees and costs to First Union after the debtor used
fraud to obtain an order of confirmation. Id. The district court affirmed this grant of fees, citing
Chambers. Id. This Court likewise affirmed that award, stating that “[w]hile we agree that
attorney’s fees should be awarded only in rare circumstances, our conclusion that Tenn-Fla Partners
perpetrated fraud upon the court justifies their award in this instance.” Id. First Union had cross-
appealed the bankruptcy court’s denial of punitive damages, and this Court did not question the
bankruptcy court’s authority to make such an award:
In its cross-appeal, First Union contends that the bankruptcy court should have
awarded punitive damages. As First Union acknowledges, however, such an award
lies within the discretion of the trial court. In our view, the bankruptcy court did not
abuse that discretion in denying punitive damages for the reasons set forth in its
order.
4
We note that this holding from In re Rainbow Magazine has been interpreted narrowly in
subsequent Ninth Circuit jurisprudence. See the discussion infra, Section III. C.
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Id. (citations omitted). In this Circuit, then, bankruptcy courts appear to have some authority to
award punitive damages for abuse of process and fraud on the court under both § 105(a) and the
court’s inherent powers.
C.
That bankruptcy courts have both statutory and inherent punitive sanction powers does not,
however, mean they are without limits. Those powers are circumscribed and have most often been
limited to compensatory punitive awards of attorney’s fees after findings of bad faith or contempt.
See, e.g., In re Downs, 103 F.3d 472, 477 (6th Cir. 1996); see also Knupfer v. Lindblade (In re
Dyer), 322 F.3d 1178, 1193, 1189-97 (9th Cir. 2003); Griffith v. Oles (Matter of Hipp), 895 F.2d
1503, 1509-21 (5th Cir. 1990).
Where bankruptcy courts have awarded substantial noncompensatory punitive damages, such
as the initial punitive damages awarded in this case after Adell’s bad faith filing of the involuntary
bankruptcy petition, Congress explicitly granted them authority to award such damages for some
limited purpose. See, e.g., In re John Richards Homes Bldg. Co., L.L.C., 291 B.R. 727, 736-40
(Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2003) (awarding substantial noncompensatory punitive damages under 11 U.S.C.
§ 303(i)). There are serious concerns with any court’s having broad punitive sanction powers, given
the risk of abuse. Chambers, 501 U.S. at 50 (1991) (“A court must, of course, exercise caution in
invoking its inherent power, and it must comply with the mandates of due process, both in
determining that the requisite bad faith exists and in assessing fees.”). Those concerns are magnified
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for bankruptcy courts, which have limited jurisdiction, are less capable of providing the necessary
procedural protections than district courts, and are not Article III courts. See Granfinanciera, S.A.
v. Nordberg, 492 U.S. 33, 52-53 (1989); Matter of Hipp, 895 F.2d at 1509-18.
1.
Because of these concerns and the lack of explicit statutory authority, bankruptcy courts do
not have a general statutory power to impose serious noncompensatory punitive damages. While
§ 105(a) establishes some punitive sanction power, that power is limited to sanctions that are
necessary or appropriate to enforce the Bankruptcy Code. In re Dyer, 322 F.3d at 1193.
Additionally, § 105(a) is prospective rather than retrospective; as such, that provision is best read
not to encompass a power to award criminal-like punitive sanctions. Therefore, while § 105(a)
grants bankruptcy courts the authority to award mild noncompensatory punitive damages, it does
not provide a basis for awarding serious noncompensatory punitive damages. Id. at 1193-94. There
is no other statutory basis for such an award. Matter of Hipp, 895 F.2d at 1509-21.
2.
Likewise, no other circuit has found that bankruptcy courts have a broad, inherent power to
impose substantial noncompensatory punitive sanctions. Bankruptcy courts’ inherent powers are
limited, in part, because they are not Article III courts. Matter of Hipp, 895 F.2d at 1510-11.
Congress has not clearly given bankruptcy judges equal powers to those of Article III judges, and
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the Supreme Court has alluded to limits on bankruptcy courts’ authority. Id. (citing Granfinanciera,
492 U.S. at 52-53). The Fifth Circuit and the Ninth Circuit have both held that bankruptcy courts
do not have the authority to impose serious criminal sanctions, which are noncompensatory, though
both allow bankruptcy courts to award relatively minor noncompensatory fines. In re Dyer, 322
F.3d at 1193, 1189-97; Matter of Hipp, 895 F.2d at 1509-21. In Isaacson v. Manty, the Eighth
Circuit allowed noncompensatory, criminal sanctions of $5,000, but did not consider whether the
bankruptcy court could have imposed more substantial sanctions. 721 F.3d 533, 538 (8th Cir. 2013).
A $5,000 sanction is not considered a serious punitive sanction. See In re Dyer, 322 F.3d at 1193-
94.
Due process concerns, arising in part from the bankruptcy courts’ limited jurisdiction, limit
their inherent powers; bankruptcy courts do not have the capability to provide all of the procedural
protections necessary to impose noncompensatory punitive damages. In re Dyer, 322 F.3d at 1197.
“[D]ue process guarantees need to be observed when a court resorts to its inherent power to punish
misconduct simply because those powers are enormous; the procedural guarantees are the restraint
that protects against intended or unintended abuse of that power.” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted). The Ninth Circuit determined that bankruptcy courts lack punitive inherent powers
because of this inability to provide sufficient procedural protections. Id.
The exercise of certain powers requires greater procedural protections than others. See Hicks
ex rel. Feiock v. Feiock, 485 U.S. 624, 633 (1988). Serious noncompensatory punitive damages
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require greater procedural protections than mild noncompensatory punitive damages because, by
their nature, they carry greater risk of abuse. Cf. Int'l Union, United Mine Workers of Am. v.
Bagwell, 512 U.S. 821, 827, 831-33, 838 (1994) (finding that the procedural protections required
to impose serious criminal sanctions, including the right to a jury trial, are greater than for
noncompensatory petty fines).5 Courts have found that “the imposition of a sufficiently substantial
punitive sanction requires that the person sanctioned receive the procedural protections appropriate
to a criminal case.” Mackler Prods., Inc. v. Cohen, 146 F.3d 126, 130 (2d Cir. 1998); see also In
re Dyer, 322 F.3d at1197 (relating the procedural concerns about punitive inherent authority
sanctions to those for criminal contempt); United States v. City of Miami, 195 F.3d 1292, 1298 (11th
Cir. 1999) (equating punitive sanctions and criminal contempt sanctions and finding that both
require “many of the due process safeguards afforded to defendants in criminal proceedings,”
including the right to a jury trial in “serious cases”); Matter of Hipp, 895 F.2d at 1521 (requiring that
criminal contempt be prosecuted by a disinterested representative of the state). Even for minor
noncompensatory punitive damages, a court should provide greater procedural protections than for
compensatory damages, including finding proof beyond a reasonable doubt. See Mackler Prods.,
Inc. v. Cohen, 225 F.3d 136, 142 (2d Cir. 2000) (finding that such protections are required for a
$2,000 punitive sanction that the court classified as “criminal in nature”); Cf. Bagwell, 512 U.S. 833-
34. Because noncompensatory punitive damages are not tied to a finite cost or fee and because
5
However, whether noncompensatory punitive damages are classified as civil or criminal is not
relevant to the protections necessary because the nature of the damages is the same and raises
the same due process concerns. See Bagwell, 512 U.S. at 831.
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bankruptcy courts are not Article III courts, have limited jurisdiction, and lack the capability to
provide the necessary procedural guarantees, bankruptcy courts lack the inherent power to award
serious noncompensatory punitive sanctions. In re Dyer, 322 F.3d at 1197; Matter of Hipp, 895 F.2d
at 1513-17.
In addition, there are constitutional concerns with bankruptcy courts having broad inherent
powers beyond those given to them by Congress. Matter of Hipp, 895 F.2d at 1510-11. If Congress
had wanted bankruptcy courts to have such broad power, it could have authorized it. Congress has
discussed at length what powers bankruptcy courts should have but has not statutorily established
noncompensatory punitive sanction powers. Id. at 1510-15 (discussing the legislative history of the
Bankruptcy Code and the powers given to bankruptcy courts). The constitutional concerns related
to extending such powers to bankruptcy courts support our holding that their powers are limited.
In sum, bankruptcy courts lack the statutory authority to impose serious noncompensatory
punitive damages. They also lack the inherent authority to impose such damages. We need not
decide at this juncture what defines a “serious” noncompensatory award of punitive damages
because the $2.8 million awarded below is serious under any definition.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
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