Marla Montell v. Diversified Clinical Services

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 14a0135p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
_________________

MARLA MONTELL, ┐
Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, │
│
│ Nos. 13-6186/6231
v. │
>
│
DIVERSIFIED CLINICAL SERVICES, INC.; AUSTIN │
DAY, │
Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants. │
┘
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Frankfort.
No. 3:12-cv-00036—Danny C. Reeves, District Judge.
Decided and Filed: June 27, 2014

Before: SUHRHEINRICH, MOORE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.
_________________

COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: J. Dale Golden, Justin S. Peterson, GOLDEN & WALTERS, PLLC, Lexington,
Kentucky, for Appellant/Cross-Appellee. Katherine C. Weber, Sarah E. Keates, JACKSON
LEWIS LLP, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellees/Cross-Appellants.

MOORE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which SUHRHEINRICH and WHITE,
JJ., joined. SUHRHEINRICH, J. (pg. 17), delivered a separate concurring opinion.
_________________

OPINION
_________________

KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Marla Montell reported an allegation of
sexual harassment against her supervisor, Austin Day, to human resources (“HR”) at Diversified
Clinical Services, Inc. (“DCS”). The HR representative then contacted Day almost immediately.
The next day, Montell alleges, Day called Montell and told her that she should resign or else she

1
No. 13-6186 Montell v. Diversified Clinical Servs. et al. Page 2

would be fired. On the following business day, Montell, feeling threatened and intimidated,
resigned.

Montell appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment for DCS and Day in her
suit against them alleging, under Kentucky law, harassment, intentional infliction of emotional
distress (“IIED”),1 retaliation, and negligent hiring, supervision, and retention. DCS and Day
cross-appeal the district court’s denial of their motion for sanctions against Montell under Rule
11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and 28 U.S.C. § 1927. Because this case presents a
classic genuine issue of material fact as to credibility—whether Montell’s allegations or Day’s
denials are to be believed, we REVERSE the district court’s grant of summary judgment as to
the retaliation claim. In all other respects, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of summary
judgment. We also AFFIRM the denial of the motion for sanctions.

I. BACKGROUND

Marla Montell served as DCS’s Program Director at the Frankfort Regional Medical
Center (“FRMC”). Austin Day was the Area Vice President to whom Montell reported. R. 69-1
(Videotaped Dep. of Donald Austin Day (“Day Dep.”) at 58) (Page ID #2408). In turn, Day
reported to Senior Vice President Michael Tanner. Id. at 58–60 (Page ID #2408). DCS managed
the wound care center at FRMC and derived revenue from: 1) a yearly consulting and
management fee paid by FRMC; 2) revenue from hyperbaric oxygen treatments (“HBO
treatments”); and 3) wound care revenue paid by patients. Id. at 45–46 (Page ID #2405); R. 68-1
(Videtaped Dep. of Michael Tanner (“Tanner Dep.”) at 35–36) (Page ID ##2303–04).

A. Montell’s Performance

As the Program Director, Montell managed the day-to-day activities of the wound care
center, including supervising employees, performing community education, reporting charges to
Medicare, overseeing the handling of reimbursements, and meeting with hospital representatives.
R. 66-1 (Dep. of Marla Montell (“Montell Dep.”) at 65–66, 72–74) (Page ID ##2018–19, 2025–

1
It appears that Kentucky uses “IIED” and “outrage” as interchangeable names for one tort, see Stringer v.
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 151 S.W.3d 781, 788 (Ky. 2004), as does Montell in this litigation. For simplicity, we will
refer to her claim as one for IIED.
No. 13-6186 Montell v. Diversified Clinical Servs. et al. Page 3

27); R. 69-1 (Day Dep. at 33–34, 47–55) (Page ID ##2402, 2400–07). During her time, annual
gross revenue of the wound care center increased. R. 34-4 (Ex. 47) (Page ID #974). On March
30, 2011, Montell received a 2% salary increase. R. 34-6 (Ex. 51) (Page ID #1061).

Montell, however, also struggled with aspects of her job. For example, the wound care
center Montell managed failed to meet performance goals for the first three quarters of 2010. At
a management meeting, called a DASH meeting, in October 2010, Montell gave a presentation
that was poorly received. According to her supervisor, Day, Montell’s presentation showed a
“[c]omplete lack of understanding of what was driving the business, what was behind it, and the
root cause of her issues or problems and how to solve them.” R. 69-1 (Day Dep. at 84–85) (Page
ID ##2414–15). Others, including Montell, agreed that her presentation did not go well. R. 66-1
(Montell Dep. at 85) (Page ID #2039); R. 63-1 (Videotaped Dep. of Belinda Blair (“Blair Dep.”)
at 31) (Page ID #1763); R. 68-1 (Tanner Dep. at 24) (Page ID #2292). Day placed Montell on a
Performance Improvement Plan (“PIP”) on November 9, 2010, that identified knowledge
deficits, particularly related to processing Medicare/Medicaid reimbursements for FRMC and
analyzing data contained in DCS’s operational reports. R. 34-3 (Ex. 13) (Page ID #830).

Montell also failed to meet revenue goals, including in the fourth quarter of 2010. R. 69-
1 (Day Dep. at 195) (Page ID #2148). Moreover, despite the PIP, Montell continued to have
trouble with the coding for Medicare reimbursement. Id. at 119–27 (Page ID ##2072–80). As a
result, Montell received a documented oral counseling and a development plan in March 2011,
which focused on the reimbursement issues. R. 34-3 (Exs. 18, 19) (Page ID ##848–54).

On April 13, 2011, DCS issued Montell a Final Warning, which communicated
expectations of Montell, noted a decline in the number of new patients, wound care center
treatments, and HBO treatments, and expressed the expectation that the facility should generate
increases in new patients (3%), wound care treatments (5%), and HBO treatments (10%). R. 34-
4 (Ex. 28) (Page ID ##882–83). Failure, according to the Final Warning, could result in
termination. Id. This Final Warning was amended on May 3, 2011, because of another FRMC
complaint regarding the handling of reimbursements. R. 34-4 (Ex. 29) (Page ID ##886–90).
Rather than receive termination, Montell was given additional time to show improvement. R.
69-1 (Day Dep. at 202) (Page ID #2444); R. 68-1 (Tanner Dep. at 83–84) (Page ID ##2351–52);
No. 13-6186 Montell v. Diversified Clinical Servs. et al. Page 4

R. 64-1 (Videotaped Dep. of Megan Lee (“Lee Dep.”) at 30–31) (Page ID ##1837–38). Pat
Wolfe, manager of Medical Billing and Physician Services at DCS, provided additional training
to Montell on the reimbursement issues on May 2, 2011; at which point Wolfe stated to Day, “I
am comfortable with [Montell]’s knowledge of the concepts.” R. 34-6 (Ex. 52) (Page ID #1062).
The Amended Final Warning also noted that the metrics were not met for the month of April. R.
34-4 (Ex. 29) (Page ID #888). Finally, this Amended Final Warning issued on May 3 stated that
“[f]rom this point forward, [Montell] is operating on a 30 day action plan. If any of the
requirements stated above or the requirements previously stated in the Final Warning and the
6 month action plan are not met, termination will be the next step.” Id. There were no
complaints regarding Montell’s performance between May 3, 2011, and May 23, 2011. On
Thursday, May 19, 2011, Day notified Montell that she had not met her performance bonus goals
for the first quarter of 2011. R. 66-1 (Montell Dep. at 195–97) (Page ID ##2148–50); R. 34-4
(Ex. 31) (Page ID ##893–94).

B. Montell’s Experience

Montell testified that throughout her time working for Day, he would comment on her
appearance at every opportunity. While she first took these comments as compliments, R. 66-1
(Montell Dep. at 148) (Page ID #2101), Day became more aggressive with the comments. For
example, Day stated, “[n]othing turns me on more than a woman in a red dress and heels,” while
Montell was wearing a red dress and heels. Id. at 146 (Page ID #2099). He would often preface
the comments about his sexual arousal with “[d]on’t call HR on me,” or “you can get me in
trouble.” Id. According to Montell, these increasingly aggressive comments scared her. Id. at
149–50) (Page ID ##2102–03). She would attempt to avoid Day’s presence when he would
come to the facility. See id. at 147 (Page ID #2100). At one point Montell even began to cry, in
front of Day, after he said that when people first meet Montell they think she is an air head while
drawing an hourglass shape with his hands. Id. at 138 (Page ID #2091).
No. 13-6186 Montell v. Diversified Clinical Servs. et al. Page 5

Montell first complained about Day’s sexual harassment to another Program Director,
Belinda Blair. R. 63-1 (Blair Dep. at 35) (Page ID #1767). Blair alerted Day that Montell
accused him of sexual harassment. R. 34-4 (Ex. 35) (Page ID #901).2

According to Montell’s deposition testimony, on Thursday, May 19, 2011, Montell called
Megan Lee, an HR representative, to report Day’s sexual harassment of her. R. 66-1 (Montell
Dep. at 145) (Page ID #2098). Montell reported the alleged sexual harassment after Blair
encouraged Montell to make a report. Id. at 145, 161–63 (Page ID ##2098, 2114–16); R. 63-1
(Blair Dep. at 35) (Page ID #1767). Lee notified Day of the sexual harassment complaint almost
immediately. R. 64-1 (Lee Dep. at 45–46) (Page ID ##1852–53). On the following day,
according to Montell, Day called her and told her to resign or else he would fire her. R. 66-1
(Montell Dep. at 162) (Page ID #2115). Moreover, Day called the hospital liaison at FRMC and
stated that Montell had resigned on Friday, May 20, 2011. Id. The liaison asked Montell
whether she had indeed resigned as Day reported, and Montell denied resigning. Id. at 162, 218
(Page ID ##2115, 2171. Montell then again called Lee to report Day and request a reprimand
because Day had retaliated against her for making her report of sexual harassment. Id. at 162,
217–218 (Page ID ##2115, 2170–71). Feeling threatened, Montell resigned on Monday, May
23, 2011. Id. at 162 (Page ID #2115).

C. Post-Termination and Discovery Evidence

Lee investigated Montell’s claims by interviewing Day and Blair. R. 64-1 (Lee Dep. at
52–53) (Page ID ##1859–60). Day denied that he had made the comments, and Blair confirmed
that Montell had made the same accusations after the October 2010 DASH presentation. R. 34-4
(Ex. 35) (Page ID #901). Lee decided that the accusations against Day did not warrant any
further action. R. 64-1 (Lee Dep. at 52–53, 64, 67) (Page ID ##1859–60, 1871, 1874).

2
In her appellate brief, Montell asserts that it was at this point that Day “began a mission to either fire
Montell or force her resignation.” Appellant Br. at 6–7. For example, Montell points out that Day asked Patience
McLaughlin, an employee under the supervision and management of Montell, to send weekly emails secretly
reporting when Montell arrived at FRMC. R. 34-5 (Ex. 49 at 11–13) (Page ID ##1044–46). Montell, however, has
failed to present a complete argument that Blair’s sharing of Montell’s grievance was protected conduct and an
impetus for retaliation, thus forfeiting any argument that Day’s increased scrutiny of her was retaliatory. She also
failed to make this argument below. Instead she has argued that the protected activity which motivated retaliation
against her was her May 19, 2011, complaint to HR.
No. 13-6186 Montell v. Diversified Clinical Servs. et al. Page 6

During his deposition, Day testified that before Montell’s resignation he had no plans to
fire Montell even though the amended final warning document stated that the next step would be
termination. R. 69-1 (Day Dep. at 161–62, 203–04) (Page ID ##2434, 2444). Similarly, Lee
stated that DCS had no plan to terminate Montell. R. 64-1 (Lee Dep. at 68) (Page ID #1875).
According to Day, the warnings were intended to motivate Montell. R. 69-1 (Day Dep. at 161–
62, 203–04) (Page ID ##2434, 2444). Montell stated that she viewed the goals on the warning
sheets as motivation. R. 66-1 (Montell Dep. at 171–73, 192–93) (Page ID ##2124–26, 2145–46).
And Montell never told Day that she was planning to resign. R. 69-1 (Day Dep. at 229) (Page ID
#2451).

D. Procedural Posture

Montell filed suit on May 2, 2012, in Kentucky state court. The defendants removed the
suit to federal court on diversity of citizenship grounds, 28 U.S.C. § 1332, on May 29, 2012. R.1
(Notice of Removal) (Page ID ##1–6). The district court granted summary judgment on August
26, 2013. R. 60 (Memorandum Opinion and Order) (Page ID ##1695–1727). This appeal, for
which we have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, timely followed.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

“We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.” Hamilton v.
General Elec. Co., 556 F.3d 428, 433 (6th Cir. 2009). When the pleadings, the discovery and
disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact, summary judgment is appropriate. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a), (c). In reviewing a
motion for summary judgment, we must and do view all facts and inferences in the light most
favorable to the non-moving party—in this case, Montell. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith
Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). Moreover, “although [we] should review the record as a
whole, [we] must disregard all evidence favorable to the moving party that the jury is not
required to believe.” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 151 (2000).
After all, as the Supreme Court has repeatedly instructed, “[c]redibility determinations, the
weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury
No. 13-6186 Montell v. Diversified Clinical Servs. et al. Page 7

functions, not those of a judge.” Id. at 150 (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
242, 255 (1986)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

B. Montell’s Claims

1. Retaliation

Montell’s main claim is that she was constructively discharged by DCS in retaliation for
complaining about Day’s sexual harassment in violation of the Kentucky Civil Rights Act
(“KCRA”), Ky. Rev. Stat. § 344.280. Under the KCRA, it is unlawful “[t]o retaliate or
discriminate in any manner against a person because he has opposed a practice declared unlawful
by this chapter, or because he has made a charge, filed a complaint, testified, assisted, or
participated in any manner in any investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this chapter.” Ky.
Rev. Stat. § 344.280(1). Retaliation claims under the KCRA are evaluated under the same
standard as we use to evaluate federal Title VII claims. See Hamilton, 556 F.3d at 435; see also
Brooks v. Lexington-Fayette Urban Cnty. Hous. Auth., 132 S.W.3d 790, 801–02 (Ky. 2004).

Because Montell attempts to prove retaliation by using circumstantial evidence, her
claims are evaluated using the burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v.
Green, 411 U.S. 792, 801–05 (1973). Under that framework, Montell must show that she (1)
engaged in a protected activity, (2) that DCS knew of her protected conduct, (3) that DCS took
an adverse employment action against her after her protected conduct, and (4) that there was a
causal connection between the exercise of Montell’s protected right and the adverse employment
action taken by DCS. See Hamilton, 556 F.3d at 435. If Montell makes out this prima facie
case, the burden shifts to DCS to produce a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for its action. See
id. Assuming that DCS is able to produce such an explanation, the burden shifts back to Montell
to put forward competent evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that the stated
reason is merely pretextual. See id.

This burden-shifting framework presents the risk that litigants and courts will fail to
distinguish between the plaintiff’s intermediate and ultimate burdens. “The ultimate burden of
persuading the trier of fact that the defendant intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff
remains at all times with the plaintiff.” Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248,
No. 13-6186 Montell v. Diversified Clinical Servs. et al. Page 8

253 (1981). This burden-shifting framework and its intermediate burdens are intended “to bring
the litigants and the court expeditiously and fairly to this ultimate question.” Id. Ultimately,
Montell will have to “establish that . . . her protected activity was a but-for cause of the alleged
adverse action by the employer.” University of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 133 S.Ct. 2517,
2534 (2013).3

a. Protected Activity

DCS contends that Montell’s complaint to HR should not be considered a protected
activity because Montell could not have believed that Day’s few comments could constitute
illegal sexual harassment. Appellee Br. at 22 n.6. This argument can be quickly dispatched.
The comments that Day made to Montell—regarding being turned on by a woman in a red dress
and heels, while Montell was wearing a red dress and heels—were sexual in nature. As a
supervisor, Day directed the comments to an employee reporting to him. Moreover, according to
Montell, Day prefaced the comments by acknowledging that she could get him in trouble with
HR for making the comments. When Montell reported the comments, Lee did not respond that
such comments clearly did not constitute sexual harassment. Instead, Lee investigated to
determine whether such comments were actually made. Thus, when all facts must be viewed in
the light most favorable to Montell and all reasonable inferences must be made in her favor, we
conclude that Montell could have had a good-faith, reasonable belief that she was reporting
unlawful sexual harassment. Whether she actually held such a belief, a question of credibility,
must be left to a jury. Thus, we conclude that Montell has satisfied the first element of the prima
facie case.

3
It is not clear whether Kentucky law not only has adopted past federal interpretations of Title VII, but also
automatically adopts all future changes to that law, like Nassar, for purposes of interpreting the KCRA. However,
language from Brooks suggests that Kentucky would adopt not only then-existing federal law, but federal law as it
continues to evolve. See Brooks, 132 S.W.3d at 801–02 (discussing reasons for adopting federal law for interpreting
the KCRA retaliation provisions).
No. 13-6186 Montell v. Diversified Clinical Servs. et al. Page 9

b. Causation

While DCS does not dispute that it was aware of Montell’s protected conduct and that it
took an adverse employment action against her after her protected conduct,4 DCS vigorously
disputes that there was a causal connection between the exercise of Montell’s protected right and
the adverse employment action taken by DCS. Appellee Br. at 22–27. The main thrust of DCS’s
argument is that Montell’s sole evidence of the causal connection was the temporal proximity
between her sexual harassment report and constructive discharge. DCS argues that “[t]emporal
proximity, standing alone is insufficient to state a prima facie case of causation.” Id. at 22
(citing Spengler v. Worthington Cylinders, 615 F.3d 481, 494 (6th Cir. 2010)). Furthermore,
DCS contends that Montell’s termination was previously contemplated. Consequently, DCS
argues that the temporal proximity of her complaint and her termination cannot establish the
causal connection. Id. at 22–23 (citing University of Louisville Ath. Ass’n, Inc. v. Banker, No.
2011-CA-001436-MR (Ky. Ct. App. Feb. 1, 2013)).

In making the argument that Montell cannot establish causation because temporal
proximity alone is not enough, DCS misconstrues both the facts and the law. On the law, we
have held that temporal proximity alone can be enough:

Where an adverse employment action occurs very close in time after an employer
learns of a protected activity, such temporal proximity between the events is
significant enough to constitute evidence of a causal connection for the purposes
of satisfying a prima facie case of retaliation. But where some time elapses
between when the employer learns of a protected activity and the subsequent
adverse employment action, the employee must couple temporal proximity with
other evidence of retaliatory conduct to establish causality.

Mickey v. Zeidler Tool & Die Co., 516 F.3d 516, 525 (6th Cir. 2008) (reconciling two lines of
cases, some of which say that temporal proximity alone is not enough, and some that say
temporal proximity alone can be enough, and explaining why the two strands diverged, id. at

4
In the district court, DCS did contend that Montell was not constructively discharged. See R. 36-1 (Mot.
for Summ. J. at 21) (Page ID #1187). It has not presented this argument to this panel. It is, therefore, waived. See
Jones v. Bagley, 696 F.3d 475, 488 n.7 (6th Cir. 2012) (noting that known arguments not advanced in appellate
briefs are waived).
No. 13-6186 Montell v. Diversified Clinical Servs. et al. Page 10

523–25).5 Moreover, cases that state temporal proximity alone is not enough to establish
causation also note that combining temporal proximity with other evidence of retaliatory conduct
is enough to establish a causal connection. See, e.g., Spengler, 615 F.3d at 494 (noting that
“temporal proximity, standing alone, is not enough to establish a causal connection for a
retaliation claim,” but elaborating that “there are circumstances in which temporal proximity,
when combined with other evidence of retaliatory conduct, is enough to establish a causal
connection”); Tuttle v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville, 474 F.3d 307, 321 (6th Cir. 2007) (noting that
“temporal proximity, standing alone, is insufficient to establish a causal connection for a
retaliation claim,” but elaborating further that “[t]here are, however, circumstances where
temporal proximity, considered with other evidence of retaliatory conduct would be sufficient to
establish a causal connection”). DCS gives short shrift to other evidence proffered by Montell.

Montell’s allegation is that her protected activity occurred on Thursday, May 19, 2011,
and that the very next day, Day presented her with an ultimatum that she should resign or else he
would fire her. Certainly, through her own deposition testimony, Montell has presented enough
evidence that, were the jury to believe her story, they could make the reasonable inference that
the adverse employment action is so close in time after an employer learns of a protected activity
that the action was caused by that activity. See Mickey, 516 F.3d at 525. Moreover, Montell
does not rely on temporal proximity alone. While it is nearly impossible to come up with other
evidence that the adverse employment action was retaliatory where the adverse action comes
directly on the heels of the protected activity, see id. (pointing out that “if an employer
immediately retaliates against an employee upon learning of his protected activity, the employee
would be unable to couple temporal proximity with any such other evidence of retaliation

5
It appears that the Supreme Court has accepted that “very close” temporal proximity may be enough to
establish an inference of a causal connection. See Clark Cnty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 273 (2001) (per
curiam) (acknowledging without criticizing that circuit court cases “that accept mere temporal proximity between an
employer’s knowledge of protected activity and an adverse employment action as sufficient evidence of causality to
establish a prima facie case uniformly hold that the temporal proximity must be ‘very close’”); see also Mickey,
516 F.3d 524–25 (noting that Breeden could be read to accept that temporal proximity may be sufficient in some
cases). Moreover, as we are interpreting Kentucky law, we note that the Kentucky Supreme Court has interpreted
our cases and Breeden to stand for the proposition that “where there is no direct evidence of a causal connection” it
is enough “[i]n most cases” to prove that “(1) the decision maker responsible for making the adverse decision was
aware of the protected activity at the time that the adverse decision was made, and (2) there is a close temporal
relationship between the protected activity and the adverse action.” Brooks, 132 S.W.3d at 804. Certainly, Montell
has presented sufficient evidence as to the employer’s awareness of the protected activity, and, without a doubt, the
temporal relationship between the protected activity and the adverse action is sufficiently close.
No. 13-6186 Montell v. Diversified Clinical Servs. et al. Page 11

because the two actions happened consecutively, and little other than the protected activity could
motivate the retaliation”), Montell does point to two acts by Day that could be construed as
evidence that her discharge was retaliatory. First, Day, soon after finding out that Montell had
lodged a sexual harassment complaint against him, called Montell and told her to resign or that
she would be fired. Second, Day called the FRMC liaison with whom Montell worked and told
the liaison that Montell had resigned before Montell had done so, thus undermining Montell’s
ability to remain on the job. Montell has presented sufficient evidence of this alleged conduct
from which a jury certainly could conclude that the temporal proximity of the adverse action to
the sexual harassment report and the efforts taken by Day to undermine Montell at her worksite
and force her to resign establish that Day was retaliating against Montell for her sexual
harassment report.

While DCS leads with the argument that Montell has nothing but temporal proximity to
establish causation and that temporal proximity alone is not enough, DCS’s contention goes
beyond simply maintaining that Montell has not presented enough evidence of causation. DCS
also claims that because the adverse employment action—Montell’s discharge—was
contemplated before Montell’s protected activity, “[a] causal connection cannot be established
by temporal proximity.” Appellee Br. at 22. In essence, DCS is asking us to discount Montell’s
reliance on temporal proximity, see id. at 24 (stating that “Montell cannot rely on temporal
proximity”), or to raise the evidentiary standard for the causation determination to survive
summary judgment, see id. at 21 (citing Nassar’s “but-for cause” standard when discussing the
causation element of the prima facie case).

The Supreme Court has expressed a concern that employees who see the proverbial
writing on the wall that they are about to be fired should not be able to use Title VII protections
to insulate themselves from adverse employment actions that were previously contemplated. See
Nassar, 133 S.Ct. at 2532 (“[A]n employee who knows that he or she is about to be fired for
poor performance, . . . . [t]o forestall that lawful action, . . . might be tempted to make an
unfounded charge of racial, sexual, or religious discrimination; then, when the unrelated
employment action comes, the employee could allege that it is retaliation.”); see also Clark Cnty.
Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 272 (2001) (per curiam) (“Employers need not suspend
No. 13-6186 Montell v. Diversified Clinical Servs. et al. Page 12

previously planned transfers upon discovering that a Title VII suit has been filed, and their
proceeding along lines previously contemplated, though not yet definitively determined, is no
evidence whatever of causality.”). We similarly acknowledge that employees who are about to
be fired should not abuse the civil-rights protections by filing frivolous harassment complaints.
However, it cannot be open season for supervisors to sexually harass poorly performing
employees. Such employees must still be provided with their legal protections.

To balance these competing interests, we faithfully follow the Supreme Court’s
instructions from Breeden. When the employer “proceed[s] along lines previously
contemplated,” we must not take the temporal proximity of the adverse employment action as
evidence of causality. Breeden, 532 U.S. at 272. Thus, we recognize that “[an employer]
proceeding along lines previously contemplated, though not yet definitively determined, is no
evidence whatever of causality,” id., but where an employer deviates from those lines, temporal
proximity can certainly be evidence of causality. Such a reading of Breeden comports with our
previous observation that in retaliation cases, courts must determine “what made [the employer]
fire [the employee] when it did.” Hamilton, 556 F.3d at 436 (emphasis added). Thus, we must
analyze the evidence of how and when the adverse employment action occurred to determine
whether it squares with the action previously contemplated. If it does, then temporal proximity
is not evidence of causality, but if the adverse employment action is unlike the action previously
contemplated or does not occur on the schedule previously laid out, then the temporal proximity
of the adverse action to the protected conduct is certainly evidence of causation.

DCS had taken significant time to develop a written record of Montell’s poor
performance. Steps taken to document the poor performance include a PIP, documented oral
counseling and development plan, a Final Warning, and an Amended Final Warning. These
steps were taken not just by Day alone, but in consultation with his supervisor, Tanner, and with
Lee from HR. The record makes clear that before each step was taken, there was discussion and
consultation, and a record was created with each step. The Amended Final Warning, issued on
May 3, 2011, stated that Montell was “operating on a 30 day action plan. If any of the
requirements stated above or the requirements previously stated in the Final Warning and the 6
month action plan are not met, termination will be the next step.” R. 34-4 (Ex. 29) (Page ID
No. 13-6186 Montell v. Diversified Clinical Servs. et al. Page 13

#888). This language makes fairly clear that Montell had until June 2, 2011, to improve or else
face termination. Yet, according to Montell’s deposition testimony, Day called her on May 20,
2011, one day after she filed her sexual harassment complaint, and told her that she would be
fired if she did not resign. Moreover, while Day had previously requested permission to
terminate Montell—the decisionmakers later decided to issue an Amended Final Warning
instead—this time he simply called Montell and told her to resign or she would be fired.
Furthermore, according to Montell’s deposition testimony, Day called the hospital liaison and
told her that Montell had resigned. These actions on May 20, 2011, simply do not accord with
either the timing of the termination previously contemplated or with the manner in which that
decision was being made. Instead, the actions appear to be evidence of retaliation by Day
against Montell for filing a sexual harassment complaint against him. Thus, despite the previous
contemplation of Montell’s discharge, the nature of the actions taken and their timing suggest
that the proximity of Montell’s discharge to her protected activity can be used as evidence of a
causal connection. Because of the temporal proximity and other evidence of a causal connection,
we conclude that Montell has successfully presented a prima facie case of retaliation.

c. Pretext

Having concluded that Montell has presented a prima facie case of retaliation, we turn to
the next steps of the burden-shifting analysis. DCS claims that the adverse employment action
taken against Montell was the result of her poor performance. Montell does not challenge this as
a non-retaliatory, legitimate reason, but argues that it is pretextual. Thus, we are left to
determine whether Montell has “demonstrate[d] that the proffered reason was not the true reason
for the employment decision.” Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256. While there are at least three ways to
show pretext, see Blizzard v. Marion Tech. Coll., 698 F.3d 275, 285 (6th Cir. 2012), Montell
attempts to prove that the proffered reason—documented poor performance—while factually
true was not sufficient to motivate discharge. Appellant Br. at 38–41. In analyzing whether the
stated reason is merely pretextual, we bear in mind that “[p]retext is a commonsense inquiry: did
the employer fire the employee for the stated reason or not?” Chen v. Dow Chem. Co., 580 F.3d
394, 400 n.4 (6th Cir. 2009). “At the summary judgment stage, the issue is whether the plaintiff
has produced evidence from which a jury could reasonably doubt the employer’s explanation. If
No. 13-6186 Montell v. Diversified Clinical Servs. et al. Page 14

so, her prima facie case is sufficient to support an inference of discrimination at trial.” Id. (citing
St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515 (1993)).

DCS’s claim that Montell would have been fired in any event for poor performance is
supported by the documentation of her poor performance including the PIP, the documented oral
counseling and development plan, the Final Warning, and the Amended Final Warning. The
Final Warning and Amended Final Warning, in particular, noted that termination would be the
next step if Montell failed to improve. However, contradictory evidence in the record
undermines the conclusion that termination was inevitable. In their deposition testimony, Day
and Lee both state that no decision had been made to terminate Montell and that the warnings
were intended to motivate Montell to do better. If, as Day testified, no decision had been made
whether to fire Montell, then why did Day, as Montell testified at her deposition, call Montell
and tell her that she should either resign or she would be fired? Why did Day tell the hospital
liaison that Montell resigned before she had actually done so? Day has denied making either
call. The credibility findings and the determination whether these calls actually occurred are
questions of fact on which there is conflicting evidence in the record. This constitutes a genuine
issue of material fact and, consequently, must be resolved by a jury, not at summary judgment.

Moreover, as we noted earlier, we must determine what made DCS constructively
discharge Montell when it did. See Hamilton, 556 F.3d at 436. DCS can point to no evidence or
suggest any failure by Montell that would have led to her termination when it occurred. After
all, the Amended Final Warning was issued on May 3, 2011, and stated that Montell was on a
thirty-day action plan. Furthermore, it stated that failure to achieve the improved performance
would lead to termination. However, there were no complaints regarding Montell’s performance
between May 3, 2011, and May 23, 2011. Montell had not even had a complete chance to
achieve the requirements as stated in the Final Warning, the Amended Final Warning, and the
six-month action plan. Thus, at the time of the discharge, Montell had not failed in a way that
subjected her to termination.6

6
DCS points to the May 19, 2011, notification that Montell had not met her performance bonus goals for
the first quarter of 2011, but this notification sheds no light on the issue in question—whether Montell’s constructive
discharge was truly a result of poor performance. The first quarter bonus goal was not one of the stated required
improvements in the Final Warning and Amended Final Warning, which were issued to Montell after the conclusion
of the first quarter.
No. 13-6186 Montell v. Diversified Clinical Servs. et al. Page 15

Simply put, two pieces of evidence undermine the suggestion that Montell’s termination
was the result of poor performance. First, the decisionmakers testified in their depositions that
they had not yet decided to terminate Montell. Second, Montell’s testimony that Day called her
and the hospital liaison in order to force her resignation suggests that the real reason for her
termination was not poor performance—after all, the decisionmakers had not yet decided to
terminate her—but rather retaliation for Montell’s sexual harassment complaint against Day.
Because a reasonable jury could conclude that Montell’s poor performance was not sufficient to
motivate Day’s calls—i.e., that the stated reason for Montell’s discharge is merely pretext—and
instead, that Day’s calls causing Montell’s constructive discharge were in fact retaliatory,
Montell has met her ultimate burden to withstand summary judgment. The motion for summary
judgment on the retaliation claim should have been denied. We REVERSE the district court’s
grant of the motion for summary judgment.

2. Non-Retaliation Claims

We can make short work of Montell’s remaining claims. First, Montell’s remaining
claim against DCS—negligent hiring, supervision, and retention—fails because it lacks any
factual support in the record. Despite this observation by the district court, R. 60 (Memorandum
Opinion and Order at 29) (Page ID #1723), on appeal Montell does not point to any evidence in
the record that supports a finding of negligent hiring, supervision, or retention. Consequently,
we AFFIRM the grant of summary judgment on that claim.

Second, Montell’s claim that Day harassed her in violation of Kentucky Revised Statutes
§ 525.070 fails because she provides no evidence that Day’s comments were made “with intent
to intimidate, harass, annoy, or alarm” her. Ky. Rev. Stat. § 525.070(1). Once again, despite the
district court opinion stating that “the record is devoid of any additional evidence that Day acted
with the intent necessary for a viable claim of harassment,” R. 60 (Memorandum Opinion and
Order at 15) (Page ID #1709), Montell does not point to any evidence in the record from which a
jury could conclude that Day had the requisite intent. Consequently, we AFFIRM the grant of
summary judgment on Montell’s harassment claim against Day.

Third, Montell’s IIED claim against Day fails because under Kentucky law, for Day to be
liable, his conduct must be “so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go
No. 13-6186 Montell v. Diversified Clinical Servs. et al. Page 16

beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable
in a civilized community.” Humana of Ky., Inc. v. Seitz, 796 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Ky. 1990) (quoting
Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 46 Comment d). While the comments that Montell alleges Day
made were offensive to her, they simply do not rise, as a matter of law, to this high standard.
Consequently, we AFFIRM the grant of summary judgment on the IIED claim.

C. Motion for Sanctions

Finally, DCS has moved for sanctions against Montell. The district court denied the
motion for sanctions, R. 60 (Memorandum Opinion and Order at 33) (Page ID #1727), and we
review for an abuse of discretion, Tropf v. Fidelity Nat’l Title Ins. Co., 289 F.3d 929, 936 (6th
Cir. 2002).

Rule 11 sanctions may be awarded only if Montell’s conduct in the litigation was
objectively unreasonable, First Bank of Marietta v. Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co., 307 F.3d
501, 517 (6th Cir. 2002), or if Montell did not have a reasonable basis for making her claim, see
Tropf, 289 F.3d at 939. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1927, sanctions may be imposed against an attorney
who “multiplies the proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously.”

In this case, Montell’s conduct during litigation has not been objectively unreasonable,
her claims have not been frivolous but rather based on a reasonable basis, and her attorneys did
not unreasonably and vexatiously multiply the proceedings. Sanctions are not warranted.
Consequently, we AFFIRM the denial of sanctions by the district court.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s grant of summary judgment
as to the retaliation claim. In all other respects, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of
summary judgment. We also AFFIRM the denial of the motion for sanctions. We REMAND
the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
No. 13-6186 Montell v. Diversified Clinical Servs. et al. Page 17

_________________

CONCURRENCE
_________________

SUHRHEINRICH, Circuit Judge, concurring: I concur with the majority, but write
separately to emphasize a key fact: the timing of Montell’s sexual harassment complaint, which
occurred the same day that Day informed her that she had not met her performance goals,1 and
two weeks after the Amended Final Warning. As the majority notes, “[t]he Supreme Court has
expressed a concern that employees who see the proverbial writing on the wall that they are
about to be fired should not be able to use Title VII protections to insulate themselves from
adverse employment actions that were previously contemplated.” See also University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar, 133 S. Ct. 2517, 2532 (2013).

There is a genuine question in this case whether Montell’s sexual harassment
complaint—her first and only sexual harassment claim in the eighteen-month period of her
employment with DCS—was done to insulate herself from potential termination that she was
fully aware of.

1
In her deposition, Montell admitted that she made the call to Lee after Day’s email informing her that she
had not met her performance goals. ID# 2152-53.