Affirmed and Opinion filed December 19, 2013.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-12-00748-CR
DANIEL BRANDON LYLE, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Criminal Court at Law No. 14
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1804147
OPINION
A jury convicted appellant Daniel Brandon Lyle of driving while intoxicated
(DWI), and the trial court assessed punishment at one year confinement probated
for two years. Appellant challenges his conviction in three issues concerning the
admission of alleged hearsay evidence, the trial court‘s taking of judicial notice,
and jury charge error. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Houston Police Department (HPD) Officer Richard Martinez was on patrol
when he received a call from dispatch at about 8:40 p.m. regarding a telephone
report of a suspected intoxicated driver going north on Barker Cypress. Martinez
pulled up to appellant‘s parked SUV at the 1400 block of Barker Cypress. The
front right tire of appellant‘s SUV had blown out from striking the curb, and the
engine was still running. Martinez noticed that appellant had glassy eyes and a
strong smell of alcohol. Appellant said he had been drinking at an unknown bar
and had been driving. Martinez administered the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus
(HGN) test and determined appellant was intoxicated because appellant exhibited
six out of six clues from the test. Martinez brought appellant to the HPD central
jail to give a breath sample.
At the jail, HPD Officer Rudolph Farias asked appellant some questions and
operated the Intoxilyzer 5000 for taking appellant‘s breath sample. Appellant said
he drank twelve beers between 12:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m., and he had not eaten in
four days. Farias administered the HGN test, and appellant exhibited all six clues.
Farias administered the Walk and Turn test, and appellant exhibited four out of
eight clues. Normally the HGN and Walk and Turn tests would have been
recorded on videotape, but the recorder malfunctioned for an unknown reason, and
no recording was made. Farias administered the breath test at about 10:00 p.m.,
and appellant had a 0.21 alcohol concentration.
The jury found appellant guilty of driving while intoxicated,1 and the trial
court found a punishment issue true2 and sentenced appellant to one year
1
See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 49.04(a).
2
See id. § 49.04(d) (enhanced to a Class A misdemeanor if alcohol concentration is 0.15
or more).
2
confinement probated for two years, among other things. In three issues, appellant
contends the trial court erred by (1) overruling a hearsay objection; (2)
commenting on the weight of the evidence by taking judicial notice of a Texas law
regarding video recording of DWI arrestees; and (3) failing to instruct the jury
about the effect of the trial court‘s taking of judicial notice regarding an
adjudicative fact.
II. HEARSAY
In his first issue, appellant contends the trial court erred by admitting
hearsay testimony over appellant‘s objection. The following exchange occurred
when Martinez was testifying on direct:
Q: Okay. And what did you — what impression did you get from
dispatch?
A: Well, the call came across as a telephone reported —
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection to hearsay at this point, Your
Honor.
THE COURT: Overruled. Hearsay is admissible to establish
probable cause.
THE WITNESS: Telephone report of a DWI. I was in the area. The
last call went out on Barker Cypress going north from Katy Freeway.
I turned left. That‘s northbound on Barker Cypress.
We review a trial court‘s admission of evidence for an abuse of discretion.
Willover v. State, 70 S.W.3d 841, 845 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). We must uphold
the trial court‘s ruling if it is reasonably supported by the record and is correct
under any theory of law applicable to the case. Id.
Hearsay is a statement made by the declarant other than while testifying and
offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Tex. R. Evid. 801(d). ―An
extrajudicial statement or writing which is offered for the purpose of showing what
was said rather than for the truth of the matter stated therein does not constitute
3
hearsay.‖ Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.3d 330, 347 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).
―Although a police officer‘s testimony may be inadmissible due to hearsay, an
officer may describe statements made by others for the purpose of showing why
the defendant became a suspect and to explain the events and circumstances
leading to the defendant‘s arrest.‖ Lacaze v. State, 346 S.W.3d 113, 121 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. ref‘d) (footnote omitted). Such statements
are not hearsay. Id.
Appellant contends that the unidentified declarant‘s ―report of a DWI‖ was
hearsay. However, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting this
testimony. The trial court could have reasonably concluded that Martinez‘s
testimony about the report of a DWI on Barker Cypress north of the Katy Freeway
helped explain to the jury how appellant had become a suspect. In particular,
Martinez testified that he found appellant‘s SUV parked on the side of Barker
Cypress north of the Katy Freeway. The ―report of a DWI‖ testimony is
comparable to the evidence in Dinkins, where extrajudicial statements made in an
appointment book and application form were admitted ―to explain how the
defendant came to be a suspect.‖ See Dinkins, 894 S.W.2d at 347.3
Appellant‘s first issue is overruled.
III. COMMENT ON THE WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE
In his second issue, appellant contends the trial court erred when it
interrupted appellant‘s cross-examination of Farias and sua sponte told the jury:
3
See also Briscoe v. State, No. 05-10-01256-CR, 2011 WL 2420367, at *1, *4 (Tex.
App.—Dallas June 17, 2011, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (statements from dispatch
for purposes of directing officer‘s investigation were not hearsay); Session v. State, No. 14-09-
00140-CR, 2010 WL 27112, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Jan. 7, 2010, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) (same).
4
Let the record reflect that the Court takes judicial notice of the law of
the State of Texas regarding the use of electronic videotaping
equipment. It‘s in counties of 25,000 or more where electronic
videotaping equipment has to be provided. It does not have to be
used. It has to be provided. And the fact that it is not used can be
admitted in front of the jury for whatever purpose you take it for.
Good or bad. But the equipment has to be provided. I‘ve taken
judicial notice. That means you have to take that as a true fact.
Appellant contends that the trial court communicated to the jury an opinion on the
weight of the evidence, in violation of Article 38.05 of the Texas Code of Criminal
Procedure. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.05. However, appellant did not
complain to the trial court about the court‘s comments. ―Ordinarily, a complaint
regarding an improper judicial comment must be preserved at trial.‖ Unkart v.
State, 400 S.W.3d 94, 99 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (although the defendant
requested a mistrial, no error was preserved because he did not first request an
instruction to disregard the trial court‘s comments). Appellant failed to preserve
error, and we may not consider this ground for reversal. See Tex. R. App. P.
33.1(a).
Appellant‘s second issue is overruled.
IV. CHARGE ERROR
In his third issue, appellant contends that he suffered egregious harm from
the trial court‘s failure to include an instruction in the jury charge concerning the
trial court‘s taking of judicial notice that appellant was found in an area that is a
public place. We hold that appellant did not suffer egregious harm.
A. Facts
After the State rested, appellant moved for a directed verdict outside the
jury‘s presence, arguing, ―There‘s been no evidence offered regarding the elements
5
that this crime occurred in a public place.‖4 The State responded that Barker
Cypress is a public place because it is a ―public highway street.‖ 5 The court said it
―takes judicial notice‖ and denied the request for a directed verdict. During
closing arguments, appellant encouraged the jury to acquit based on a lack of
evidence that the offense was committed in a public place. During rebuttal, the
State told the jury that the trial court took judicial notice of that fact. Appellant
objected, and the trial court told the jury it took ―judicial notice of the fact that area
is a public place.‖ Appellant objected to the trial court commenting on the weight
of the evidence, and the trial court overruled the objection. The State continued,
―So there‘s no question that this happened in a public place.‖
B. Law
Rule 201 of the Texas Rules of Evidence provides, ―In criminal cases, the
court shall instruct the jury that it may, but is not required to, accept as conclusive
any fact judicially noticed.‖ Tex. R. Evid. 201(g). The jury charge in this case did
not include this instruction.
Appellant does not contend on appeal that the trial court actually erred by
taking judicial notice;6 he complains only about the lack of a Rule 201 instruction.
4
The State was required to prove that appellant operated a motor vehicle in a public
place. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 49.04.
5
The Penal Code defines ―public place‖ as ―any place to which the public or a substantial
group of the public has access,‖ which includes ―streets‖ and ―highways.‖ See Tex. Penal Code
Ann. § 1.07(a)(37).
6
See Murl A. Larkin, Article II: Judicial Notice, 30 Hous. L. Rev. 193, 222 (1993) (―For
example, if a witness in a driving while intoxicated trial testifies that a suspect was stopped while
driving ‗on Westheimer‘ in Houston, an appellate court could take judicial notice that
Westheimer Road is a ‗public place‘ for purposes of the D.W.I. statute.‖). But see Grant v. State,
27 S.W. 127, 127–28 (Tex. Crim. App. 1894) (question of whether a particular clubroom was a
public place at the time cards were played was a question of fact for the jury; it was error to take
judicial notice in this case when there was evidence that the clubroom was not open to the public
at the time cards were played).
6
Appellant did not object to the trial court‘s failure to include this instruction in the
charge. Thus, appellant and the State join issue on whether appellant suffered
egregious harm. See, e.g., Allen v. State, 253 S.W.3d 260, 264 (Tex. Crim. App.
2008).7
―Jury charge error is egregiously harmful if it affects the very basis of the
case, deprives the defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive
theory.‖ Id. To determine egregious harm, we must consider (1) the entire jury
charge; (2) the state of the evidence, including contested issues and the weight of
the probative evidence; (3) the arguments of the parties; and (4) any other relevant
information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole. Id.
C. Egregious Harm Analysis
First, we agree with appellant that the State‘s argument and the trial court‘s
earlier comment about judicial notice weigh in favor of finding egregious harm. In
particular, appellant notes that when the trial court first took judicial notice about
video recordings (as discussed in Part III of this opinion, above), the court said,
―I‘ve taken judicial notice. That means you have to take that as a true fact.‖ This
oral instruction directly contradicted the permissive instruction required by
Rule 201. When the court‘s decision to take judicial notice of the public nature of
Barker Cypress is combined with this earlier oral instruction concerning the effect
of judicial notice, the trial court essentially told the jury to find the ―public place‖
element satisfied.
7
The State does not contend appellant waived error by failing to object or request the
Rule 201 instruction. We assume for argument‘s sake that the Rule 201 instruction was ―law
applicable to the case,‖ and thus, appellant did not waive error. See Zinger v. State, 899 S.W.2d
423, 434 (Tex. App.—Austin 1995) (reviewing failure to give a Rule 201 instruction for
egregious harm), rev’d on other grounds by 932 S.W.2d 511 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); see also
Moreno v. State, No. 01-91-00858-CR, 1992 WL 187375, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
Aug. 6, 1992, pet. ref‘d) (not designated for publication) (same).
7
On the other hand, the jury charge defined ―public place‖ correctly, included
that element of the offense as one the jury had to find beyond a reasonable doubt,
and instructed the jury that it should acquit appellant unless the state proved
beyond a reasonable doubt ―every element‖ of the offense. Thus, through the
written charge, the trial court properly instructed the jury that it should find the
―public place‖ element satisfied only upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
General instructions such as these, however, do not necessarily remedy or lessen
the harm caused by instructing the jury to find a particular element of an offense.
Cf. Webber v. State, 29 S.W.3d 226, 231, 236 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2000, pet. ref‘d) (when the charge includes a mandatory presumption—which
occurs when the trial court includes a presumption in the charge and fails to also
instruct the jury that it may, but is not required to, find an element of the offense
proven because of the presumption—general instructions about the elements of the
offense and proof beyond a reasonable doubt do not remedy or lessen the harm
suffered).
Nonetheless, after reviewing the entire record, we conclude appellant did not
suffer egregious harm. The ―public place‖ element was supported by the evidence
and not seriously contested. Although, as appellant argued, there was no explicit
testimony that Barker Cypress is a public place, a fact finder could have rationally
inferred that Barker Cypress is a street or highway to which the public has access.
See Banda v. State, 890 S.W.2d 42, 52–53 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (holding that
there was a rational inference from the evidence that the defendant was in a public
place although no one saw the defendant physically in a public place; evidence was
that the defendant had jumped fences of private residences, officers lost sight of
him and searched surrounding areas, and the defendant was later found at the
8
original location).8 The trial court admitted State‘s Exhibit 1 into evidence,
consisting of a map of the area including Barker Cypress Road and a marker for
the 1400 block, and the trial court‘s taking of judicial notice that the area is a
public place suggests the fact is ―not subject to reasonable dispute.‖ See Tex. R.
Evid. 201(b). There is no evidence to suggest Barker Cypress Road is not a street
or highway to which the public has access. See Tex. Penal Code Ann.
§ 1.07(a)(37) (defining ―public place‖). The great weight of the evidence supports
the trial court‘s judicially noticed fact. Cf. Webber, 29 S.W.3d at 237 (when the
great weight of the evidence supports the facts giving rise to a mandatory
presumption, egregious harm has not occurred).9
Finally, although appellant moved for a directed verdict and asked the jury
to acquit based on the State‘s failure to prove the ―public place‖ element, the issue
of whether Barker Cypress Road was a public place was not the subject of any
evidentiary conflict or controversy. Counsel‘s closing argument focused on the
lack of videotape evidence. See Zinger v. State, 899 S.W.2d 423, 434 (Tex.
App.—Austin 1995) (―Egregious harm is not shown where the omission [of the
Rule 201 instruction] in the charge concerns an incidental defensive theory or a
defensive theory not raised by appellant.‖), rev’d on other grounds, 932 S.W.2d
511 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
We conclude appellant did not suffer egregious harm by the trial court‘s
failure to include a Rule 201 instruction. Appellant‘s third issue is overruled.
8
See also Washington v. State, No. 14-10-00221-CR, 2011 WL 3276241, at *5 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 2, 2011, pet. ref‘d) (mem. op., not designated for publication)
(although the defendant was found in his vehicle in the yard of a private residence, the jury could
infer that the defendant was ―operating his vehicle on Gessner, a public street‖; not mentioning
any direct evidence that Gessner was a public street).
9
See also United States v. Piggie, 622 F.2d 486, 488 (10th Cir. 1980) (trial court failed to
include instruction required by Federal Rule of Evidence 201 similar to Texas‘s rule, but the
defendant was not prejudiced because the evidence of guilt was overwhelming).
9
V. CONCLUSION
Having overruled all of appellant‘s issues, we affirm the trial court‘s
judgment.
/s/ Sharon McCally
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Jamison, McCally, and Busby.
Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
10