Ex Parte Rahul Sudhakar

Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed December 6, 2012.

In The

Fourteenth Court of Appeals

NO. 14-11-00701-CR

EX PARTE RAHUL SUDHAKAR

On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 1
Fort Bend County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 09-CCR-145197

MEMORANDUM OPINION

The State appeals the grant of an application for writ of habeas corpus, which
vacated appellee, Rahul Sudhakar’s, nolo contendere plea as involuntary under Padilla v.
Kentucky, 130 S. Ct. 1473 (2010). We affirm.

BACKGROUND

Although an Indian citizen, twenty-two-year-old Rahul Sudhakar has lived in the
United States since childhood and last visited India for “like a week” when he was
thirteen years old. On August 16, 2009, Sudhakar was driving his vehicle and a police
officer stopped him for speeding. The officer recovered “one pill, Alprazolam”1 from

1
Alprazolam is a controlled substance sold under the brand name “Xanax.” See
Sudhakar and charged him with reckless driving, see Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 545.401
(West 2011), and possession of a controlled substance, see Tex. Health & Safety Code
Ann. §§ 481.104, 481.117 (West 2010).

Sudhakar was a lawful permanent resident and college student at the time, and his
primary concern was “keep[ing] [his] record clean for future employers.” To this end,
Sudhakar’s attorney secured a plea arrangement where the State agreed to dismiss the
reckless driving charge if Sudhakar pled nolo contendere to the drug charge and accepted
one year of deferred-adjudication community supervision. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc.
Ann. art. 42.111 (West 2012) (discussing deferred adjudication). Deferred adjudication
appealed to Sudhakar because he believed this arrangement would avoid a conviction.
Neither Sudhakar’s attorney nor Sudhakar knew, however, that the nolo contendere plea
to the drug charges was a “conviction” for immigration law purposes and rendered
Sudhakar presumptively deportable. See 8 U.S.C §§ 1101(a)(48)(A)(i), 1227(a)(2)(B)(i)
(2006). Sudhakar discovered this fact more than eighteen months later when, as a result
of his plea, Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers took him into custody and
initiated proceedings to deport him. Sudhakar then applied for writ of habeas corpus and
moved to set aside his plea arguing that the plea was involuntary and ineffectively
counseled. Five witnesses testified at a hearing on the application: Sudhakar, his father,
two immigration law attorneys, and Sudhakar’s plea counsel. Plea counsel testified that
he recited to Sudhakar the warning required by Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article
26.13(a)(4) (West 2012), which states that “a plea of guilty or nolo contendere for the
offense charged may result in deportation, the exclusion from admission to this country,
or the denial of naturalization under federal law.” The attorney failed, however, to
otherwise advise Sudhakar about the plea’s likely immigration consequences.

Plea counsel also testified that, had he known the immigration consequences of the

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000807/ (last visited November 29, 2012);
see also Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.104 (West 2010).

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plea arrangement, he would have pursued an agreement that avoided immigration
consequences. Based upon his knowledge and twenty-four years of criminal defense
experience, plea counsel believed he could have secured such an alternative plea
arrangement.

Both immigration law experts testified that the immigration warning Sudhakar
received was inadequate advice considering the severe immigration consequences his
plea carried. Sudhakar testified that, had he known that his plea would subject him to
deportation, he would not have pled guilty. Both his father and plea counsel agreed with
this statement.

Following the hearing, the court granted Sudhakar’s writ application and ordered
his plea set aside. The State appealed.

ANALYSIS

We generally review a trial court’s decision on an application for habeas corpus
under an abuse of discretion standard of review. Kniatt v. State, 206 S.W.3d 657, 664
(Tex. Crim. App. 2006). An applicant seeking post-conviction habeas corpus relief bears
the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the facts entitle him to
relief. Ex parte Richardson, 70 S.W.3d 865, 870 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). We consider
the evidence presented in the light most favorable to the ruling. Kniatt, 206 S.W.3d at
664. This deferential review applies even when findings are implied rather than explicit
and based on affidavits rather than live testimony. Ex parte Wheeler, 203 S.W.3d 317,
325-26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). If the resolution of the ultimate question turns on an
application of legal standards, we review the determination de novo. See Ex parte
Peterson, 117 S.W.3d 804, 819 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003), overruled in part on other
grounds, Ex parte Lewis, 219 S.W.3d 335, 371 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

In five issues, the State raises both procedural and substantive arguments against
the grant of Sudhakar’s petition. We begin with the State’s substantive arguments that
the habeas court erred in finding that Sudhakar’s plea was ineffectively counseled and

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involuntary.

A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
The test for determining the validity of a plea is whether the plea represents a
voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative courses of action open to the
defendant. Aguilar v. State, 375 S.W.3d 518, 521 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2012, pet. filed). A two-pronged test applies to plea challenges premised upon
ineffective assistance of counsel. Id. In order to demonstrate ineffective assistance of
counsel, “a defendant must first show that counsel’s performance was deficient, i.e., that
his assistance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness; second, a defendant
must affirmatively prove prejudice by showing a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
Id. Any allegation of ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in the record, and the
record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness. Id.

In Padilla, the U.S. Supreme Court applied these principles to an individual,
Padilla, who argued that his guilty plea was involuntary because his lawyer failed to
inform him of the plea’s immigration consequences. 130 S. Ct. at 1478. The Court
determined that “advice regarding deportation is not categorically removed from the
ambit of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel.” Id. at 1482. It held that, because the
terms of the statute rendering Padilla deportable were “succinct, clear, and explicit” and
Padilla’s plea counsel offered inaccurate advice about the plea’s immigration
consequences, Padilla’s counsel was constitutionally ineffective. Id. at 1483. The Court
explained:

When the law is not succinct and straightforward . . . a criminal defense
attorney need do no more than advise a noncitizen client that pending
criminal charges may carry a risk of adverse immigration consequences.
But when the deportation consequence is truly clear, as it was in this case,
the duty to give correct advice is equally clear.
Id. The Court remanded the case for determination of the prejudice prong. Id. at 1487.

In issue one, the State argues that Padilla does not apply retroactively. However,

4
in Aguilar v. State, we held that Padilla applies to pleas that predate the Padilla decision.
Aguilar, 375 S.W.3d at 522-24. Accordingly, we overrule issue one.

Ineffective Assistance and Other Voluntariness Doctrines.
In issue five, the State argues that, because the habeas court’s findings described
Sudhakar’s plea as “involuntary,” the court “implicitly denied relief on [Sudhakar’s]
request to the degree [the request] was based on . . . ineffective assistance in the Sixth
Amendment context.” The State characterizes voluntariness and the right to counsel as
“entirely separate bodies of case law” that the habeas court “inadvertently convoluted or
completely misunderstood.”

In Aguilar, however, this court analyzed the effectiveness of counsel under Padilla
as an aspect of voluntariness. Id. at 521. Aguilar’s explanation of Padilla began by
stating that “[t]he test for determining the validity of a guilty plea is ‘whether the plea
represents a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative courses of action open
to the defendant.’” Id. We then applied Padilla’s ineffectiveness test to determine
whether the plea under consideration was valid. Id. at 524-25. In this way, we clarified
that, contrary to the State’s argument, Padilla simply applies the uncontroversial
proposition that “[a] guilty plea is not knowing or voluntary if made as a result of
ineffective assistance of counsel.” See Ex parte Moussazadeh, 361 S.W.3d 684, 689
(Tex. Crim. App. 2012).

Here, the only basis Sudhakar presented to the habeas court for vacating his plea
was his plea counsel’s failure to render effective assistance under Padilla. As a result,
we understand the habeas court’s findings that “counsel did not properly advise
[Sudhakar] regarding the immigration consequences of his plea” and that “[Sudhakar’s]
plea was therefore involuntary” to incorporate the same analysis of voluntariness and
ineffective assistance we applied in Aguilar. We overrule the State’s fifth issue.

Deficiency of Performance.
In issue two, the State argues that, because there are “many and varied potential
waivers,” Sudhakar’s immigration consequences were not clear, and therefore, counsel’s

5
warning that a plea “may result in deportation” satisfied Padilla’s requirements for
effective assistance.

The nature of the advice Padilla requires depends upon whether a plea’s
immigration consequences are “truly clear.” 130 S. Ct. at 1483. When the plea’s
“deportation consequence is truly clear . . . the duty to give correct advice is equally
clear.” Id. By contrast, when “the law is not succinct and straightforward” it suffices to
advise a non-citizen client “that pending criminal charges may carry a risk of adverse
immigration consequences.” Id.

In Aguilar, we rejected the State’s argument that the “discretion afforded to
immigration officials to selectively prosecute deportation cases” rendered immigration
consequences unclear. 375 S.W.3d at 525. We noted that the habeas applicant in Aguilar
was presumptively deportable under 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(2)(B)(i), the same statute that
rendered Padilla presumptively deportable. Id. Because the Padilla court had already
characterized this provision as “succinct, clear, and explicit,” Padilla, 130 S. Ct. at 1483,
we considered ourselves “bound by the Supreme Court’s precedent in this matter.” Id.
Here, Sudhakar is also presumptively deportable under 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(2)(B)(i), 2 the
same “succinct, clear, and explicit” provision at issue in Padilla and Aguilar, and we are
therefore similarly bound. See Padilla, 130 S. Ct at 1483; Aguilar, 375 S.W.3d at 525.

Because the consequences of Sudhakar’s plea in this case were clear, trial counsel
was obliged to advise him that his conviction for this offense made him subject to
automatic deportation. Counsel’s failure to do so mandates that counsel’s performance
be deemed deficient. See Padilla, 130 S. Ct. at 1478, 1483; Aguilar, 375 S.W.3d at 525.
We overrule issue two.

2
The statute provides as follows: “Any alien who at any time after admission has been convicted
of a violation of . . . any law or regulation of a State, the United States, or a foreign country relating to a
controlled substance . . . is deportable.” 8 U.S.C.A. § 1227(a)(2)(B(i).

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 Prejudice
Deficient performance alone does not demonstrate ineffective assistance of
counsel. Aguilar, 375 S.W.3d at 525. The habeas corpus applicant also must
demonstrate prejudice by showing a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 694 (1984). Thus, in the guilty plea context, the
defendant or applicant may “show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to
trial.” Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985). Alternatively, a litigant can establish
prejudice by showing a reasonable probability that a different plea bargain could have
been negotiated at the time. See Missouri v. Frye, 132 S. Ct. 1399, 1409-10 (2012)
(defendant established prejudice by showing that, but for counsel’s ineffective assistance,
he would have pled guilty with more favorable agreement); Ex parte Lemke, 13 S.W.3d
791, 796-97 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (same); Ex parte Moreno, No. 02-11-00272-CR, __
S.W.3d __, 2012 WL 3734003, at *6 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth August 30, 2012, pet.
filed) (analyzing the claim that prejudice in a Padilla case resulted from not pursuing
more favorable agreement, but concluding that the record contained no evidence that “the
State would have considered such a plea bargain”); Ex parte Wolf, 296 S.W.3d 160, 170
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. ref’d); see also United States v. Kwan, 407
F.3d 1005, 1017-18 (9th Cir. 2005); Mask v. McGinnis, 233 F.3d 132, 141-42 (2d Cir.
2000); Commonwealth v. Clarke, 949 N.E.2d 892, 906 (Mass. 2011). In either event, “to
obtain relief . . . a petitioner must convince the court that a decision to reject the plea
bargain would have been rational under the circumstances.” Padilla, 130 S. Ct. at 1485.

In issue three, the State argues that, here, the habeas court could not have found
prejudice because it excluded certain evidence related to the facts of the underlying case.
It argues that the court’s exclusion of this evidence represents an erroneous implied
finding that evidence of the underlying offense was irrelevant. Of course, the State is
correct that the facts of Sudhakar’s case are relevant to whether a decision to reject the
plea arrangement would have been rational. See Mangum v. Hargett, 67 F.3d 80, 84 (5th
7
Cir. 1995) (“[P]rejudice[ ] depends partly on [a defendant’s] chances for success at
trial.”). Contrary to the State’s position, however, it appears that the habeas court did
consider such evidence. Indeed, the court granted the State’s request to cross-examine
Sudhakar about “the underlying facts” of the case. The State then elicited testimony from
Sudhakar about the traffic stop that resulted in his arrest. Nothing suggests that the court
did not consider this evidence relevant to its evaluation of prejudice. The court also
permitted the State to question Sudhakar’s counsel about the underlying facts, but
counsel remembered little, and the State made no effort to refresh his recollection.
Although the habeas court excluded other evidence about the underlying offense, it did so
on the basis that the evidence violated constitutional principles or evidentiary rules, not
because it considered the evidence irrelevant.3

Sudhakar faced two charges, reckless driving and possession of a controlled
substance. Sudhakar’s plea counsel explained that often, when a defendant faces two
charges, “[the State] may offer probation on one, and [it] dismiss[es] one.” Indeed, here,
the State offered probation and deferred adjudication for the controlled substance charge,

3
At no time did the habeas court suggest that it believed evidence of the underlying offense to be
irrelevant. Its principal concern appears to have been that testimony in the habeas hearing might be used
against Sudhakar in a subsequent trial if the habeas application was granted. Thus, when the trial court
ruled that the State could not ask Sudhakar directly whether he was guilty, it said:
“I think that [introducing the underlying facts of the case] can be done without
statements of absolute guilt. As far as your question, there are other ways to submit that
-- to solicit the information without asking him if he’s absolutely guilty of either one of
the offenses or both of the offenses. You can ask him about defenses. You can ask him
about circumstances; but as far as admission, out-right admission, I’m going to sustain
the objection.”
Similarly, when it excluded testimony from the arresting officer, the court appears to have been
concerned that the officer’s testimony about the underlying charges and defenses would be an unqualified
expert opinion. When the State described the relevance of the officer’s testimony, the court answered
“[T]hat’s opinion, isn’t it?” Later, when discussing whether to include a videotape of the arrest as part of
the bill of exception, the court said “I don’t mind viewing the video and reading his affidavit; but as far as
his testimony as to a legal defense, probability of a legal defense, I don’t think he’s qualified.” Because
the State does not argue that the trial court erred by excluding evidence on these bases, we express no
opinion on the issue.

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and it dismissed the reckless driving charge.

Sudhakar also introduced evidence that a substantially identical plea arrangement
in which Sudhakar pled to reckless driving and the State dismissed the possession charge,
would have dramatically altered Sudhakar’s immigration consequences. An immigration
law expert testified that possessing a controlled substance was a deportable offense, see 8
U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i), but reckless driving normally would not be, cf. United States v.
Villanueva-Diaz, 634 F.3d 844, 847 (5th Cir. 2011) (Texas “felony driving while
intoxicated” not a removable offense). Sudhakar’s plea counsel admitted that, had he
known of the immigration consequences that accompanied a plea to the possession
charge, he would have sought a plea to the reckless driving charge instead. Counsel also
opined that, in his experience, it would have been possible to secure such an alternative
plea agreement. This evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the court’s ruling,
demonstrates a reasonable probability that, if his plea counsel had competently advised
him, Sudhakar would have accepted a plea that avoided immigration consequences and
the result of the proceedings would have been different. See Padilla, 130 S. Ct. 1482; Ex
parte Wolf, 296 S.W.3d at 170-71. We overrule issue three.

B. Findings of Fact & Rulings of Law.
Having rejected the State’s claims of substantive error, we turn to its procedural
argument that the habeas court’s order granting Sudhakar’s application failed to satisfy
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure requirements. The Code requires that such orders
“include[e] findings of fact and rulings of law.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 11.072 §
7(a) (West 2012). In issue four, the State argues that the habeas court’s order lacks the
required factual findings and that the grounds the court stated for its decision “are wholly
conclusory, and contain no factual support.” The order reads as follows:

ORDER

Came to be heard the foregoing Application and Motion, and it
appears to the Court that the relief requested should be granted, and the plea
agreement entered into by the Applicant/Defendant on or about October 8,
2009, under Cause No. 09-CCR-145198 should be set aside on the

9
 following grounds:
1. The Applicant was not properly notified of the immigration
consequences of his plea;
2. The Applicant did not fully understand the immigration
consequences of his plea;
3. The Applicant’s counsel did not properly advise Applicant regarding
the immigration consequences of his plea; and
4. The Applicant’s plea was therefore involuntary.

IT IS THEREFORE, ORDERED that the relief requested is GRANTED
and the plea agreement is hereby SET ASIDE, and the Applicant’s
conviction is hereby VACATED.

The scope of the Code of Criminal Procedure’s required findings and rulings
cannot be reduced to a rigid formula, but instead depends upon whether the habeas
court’s order is “adequate to provide [us] with a basis upon which to review [its]
application of the law to the facts.” State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696, 699 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006). For example, detailed findings are “especially helpful if the trial court
rejects unrebutted testimony as incredible or unworthy of belief” because in such
circumstances the appellate record often dictates a result contrary to that reached by the
trial court. Peterson, 117 S.W.3d at 819. Similarly, when “witnesses testified to
different versions of the facts of the case,” fact findings may be necessary for appellate
courts to determine which version the trial court credited. State v. Votta, 299 S.W.3d
130, 135-36 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Finally, the Code of Criminal Procedure requires
detailed findings when “the habeas court’s rulings are based on the court’s independent
knowledge of a [local court] rule . . . [or] other considerations not apparent from the
record before us.” Ex parte Cherry, 232 S.W.3d 305, 307 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2007,
pet. ref’d). In these situations, the gap between the record material and the ruling under
review is so vast that deciding the appeal requires us to speculate about—rather than
infer—the trial court’s findings. See Cullen, 195 S.W.3d at 698-99.

On the other hand, when a habeas court’s ruling requires it to apply a single legal
theory to essentially unrebutted testimony, extensive findings and conclusions are
unnecessary. In these cases, the limited nature of the arguments and facts presented
10
enables us to determine “what the [habeas] court’s implied factual findings are” without
resorting to speculation. Wheeler, 203 S.W.3d at 324 n.23 (quotation omitted). When
this determination is possible, “as a matter of law, [we] defer to the trial court’s implied
factual findings that are supported by the record.” Id. at 325-26.

Here, Sudhakar’s habeas corpus petition presented a single, discrete issue for the
habeas court’s consideration, and we believe the court’s findings suffice for us to review
its decision. Sudhakar’s argument was simple: (1) his plea was ineffectively counseled
under Padilla v. Kentucky, and (2) he suffered prejudice because, but for counsel’s error,
he would not have entered into the subject plea agreement, but rather would have
negotiated a different plea agreement that would not affect his immigration status. This
case does not require us to “make assumptions (or outright guesses) about the trial court’s
ruling” because the ruling’s basis is manifestly apparent from the record before us, which
includes the parties’ arguments and the undisputed evidence presented to the habeas
court. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d at 698. Because the habeas court’s findings are “adequate to
provide [us] with a basis upon which to review [its] application of the law to the facts,”
we overrule the State’s issue four. Id. at 699.

CONCLUSION

The habeas court did not abuse its discretion by vacating Sudhakar’s plea as
ineffectively counseled and involuntary, and its order complied with the Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure. We therefore affirm.

/s/ Margaret Garner Mirabal
Senior Justice

Panel consists of Justices Frost, McCally, and Mirabal.4
Do Not Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).

4
Senior Justice Margaret Garner Mirabal sitting by assignment.

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