Reversed and Remanded and Memorandum Opinion filed May 22, 2012.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
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NO. 14-11-00395-CV
NO. 14-11-00412-CV
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VICTORIA V. OCHSNER, Appellant
V.
PRESTON A. OCHSNER, Appellee
On Appeal from the 247th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 2001-54131
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, Victoria V. Ochsner, raises two issues in this consolidated appeal. In
her first issue she contends that the trial court abused its discretion in denying her motion
for enforcement of child support order (“Enforcement Motion”). In her second issue she
argues that the trial court abused its discretion by imposing sanctions against her. We
reverse and remand.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Appellee, Preston A. Ochsner, and Victoria were divorced in 2001. They have one
child of the marriage, A.B.O., who was three-years-old at the time of the divorce. The
divorce decree (“Decree”) ordered Preston to pay child support, in relevant part, as
follows:
Child Support
IT IS ORDERED AND DECREED that PRESTON A[.] OCHSNER
shall pay to VICTORIA V. OCHSNER child support in the amount of
$240[.]00 per month, in two (2) installments per month of $120[.]00 each,
with the first installment being due and payable on January 1, 2002, and the
second installment of $120[.]00 being due and payable on January 15, 2002,
and a like installment being due and payable each 1st and 15th day of each
month thereafter until the date of the earliest occurrence of one of the
following events[:]
…
the child no longer attends Enron’s Kid’s Center day care; …
….
On the first day of the month following discontinuation of the child’s
day care at Enron Kid’s Center PRESTON A. OCHSNER is obligated to pay
and shall pay to VICTORIA V[.] OCHSNER child support of $800[.]00 per
month, in two (2) installments per month of $400[.]00 each, with each
payment being due and payable on the 1st and 15th days of each month
thereafter until the first month following the date of the earliest occurrence of
one of the events specified below: ….1
(Emphasis added).
This appeal stems from the Enforcement Motion Victoria filed against Preston.
Victoria sought enforcement of the Decree and requested that Preston be held in contempt
1
There are other events listed in the Decree that would result in the termination of child support.
None of those events are being raised in this case as an event terminating Preston’s child support obligation.
2
and that judgment be rendered for arrearages, among other forms of relief. 2 Preston
generally denied the allegations and specifically alleged that the Decree sought to be
enforced was ambiguous.
A hearing on the Enforcement Motion was conducted. Shortly after Victoria began
testifying, Preston requested a voir dire examination. Voir dire established that A.B.O.
stopped attending Enron’s day care center on or about September 30, 2002, when she was
four-years-old. Preston then moved for judgment on the basis that his obligation under
the Decree to pay any child support ended once A.B.O. stopped attending Enron’s child
care facility. Preston argued that because the second paragraph under the “child support”
section of the Decree does not, within itself, contain “order language,” the “contempt,
judgment for arrearage and attorney’s fees can’t be supported because there is no
underlying order.” The trial court agreed, stating that “it has to be in order language….
obligated doesn’t get you there.” The trial court granted judgment for Preston, and the
hearing concluded.
The trial court issued an order denying the Enforcement Motion and subsequently
issued findings of fact and conclusions of law. The trial court concluded that “[t]he
Decree does not contain an order for Preston … to pay periodic monthly child support after
September 30, 2002.” Consequently, the trial court also concluded that without an order
to make periodic child support payments, Victoria was not entitled to a contempt finding or
an arrearage judgment against Preston.
Following the hearing on the Enforcement Motion, Preston filed a motion for
sanctions against Victoria and Victoria’s trial counsel. In his motion for sanctions,
Preston alleged that Victoria and her attorney filed a groundless pleading in violation of
2
Victoria also sought confirmation of arrearages, judgment for the arrearages plus interest, court
costs and attorney’s fees, a wage withholding order, bond or other form of security, and alternatively if the
order was found ambiguous—a clarification order.
3
Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 13, and a frivolous pleading in violation of section 10.001 of
the Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code.3 Preston argued that because there was no
underlying order for child support, the Enforcement Motion itself was frivolous and
brought in bad faith.
The trial court conducted a hearing on the motion for sanctions. As a result of the
hearing, the trial court found that the Enforcement Motion was groundless “in that it had no
basis in law or fact and was not warranted by a good-faith argument for the extension,
modification, or reversal of existing law.” Additionally, the trial court concluded that the
particular conduct of Victoria and her counsel warranting sanctions was the filing of the
Enforcement Motion “when a cursory review of the alleged underlying order would cause
a reasonable person or attorney to recognize that there was no child support order to
enforce.”4 The trial court ordered both Victoria and her counsel to pay the attorney’s fees
reasonably incurred by Preston in the amount of $7,800.00.
Following the imposition of sanctions, Victoria filed a motion for new trial. After
listening to argument from both sides, the trial court decided to eliminate the sanctions
imposed on Victoria’s trial counsel. The dollar amount remained unchanged, but was
imposed solely against Victoria. The trial court then denied the motion for new trial.
This appeal followed.
3
See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 10.001 (West 2002); Tex. R. Civ. P. 13.
4
Further, the trial court also concluded that: Victoria’s allegation and factual contention in the
Enforcement Motion that Preston had violated a court order when there was no court order for child support
did not have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for investigation or discovery; and
Victoria’s claim in the Enforcement Motion that Preston was ordered to pay child support and that he
contemptuously disobeyed the court’s order was not warranted by existing law or by a non-frivolous
argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law.
4
ANALYSIS
Victoria presents two issues for our review. In her first issue, she argues that the
trial court erred in finding that no valid child support order existed and in denying relief
requested in the Enforcement Motion. In her second issue, she argues that the trial court
abused its discretion in imposing Rule 13 and Chapter 10 sanctions.
A. Enforcement Motion
Victoria first argues that the trial court erred in denying the Enforcement Motion
because the underlying child support order contained sufficiently specific language to hold
Preston in contempt for his violations of that order. Alternatively, she argues that even if
the child support order is too indefinite for contempt purposes, the language is sufficiently
specific for enforcement through Chapter 157 of the Family Code. See Tex. Fam. Code
Ann. §§ 157.001–.426 (West 2008 & Supp. 2011). Preston argues that this Court has no
jurisdiction on direct appeal to decide the contempt issue and that there is no underlying
child support order to enforce. 5 The trial court found in its findings of fact and
conclusions of law that the Decree “does not contain an order for Preston … to pay … child
support after September 30, 2002.” Based on that conclusion, the trial court denied the
Enforcement Motion in its entirety.
To determine whether the trial court erred in denying the Enforcement Motion, we
must first determine whether there is an underlying child support order. Preston correctly
asserts that section 154.124 of the Family Code provides that if parties enter into an
agreement concerning child support, and that agreement is in the child’s best interest, then
the court shall render an “order” in accordance with that agreement. Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
§154.124 (West 2008). He contends that without the issuance of such an “order,” a party
5
Because we will not reach the contempt issue, we need not decide whether or not we have
jurisdiction over it.
5
cannot seek enforcement of that agreement through the Family Code. Preston argues that
in this case, the trial court never rendered an “order” as defined in the Family Code because
of the lack of “order language” within the second paragraph of the “Child Support” section
of the Decree. Therefore, he contends, because there is no “order,” the terms provided in
this paragraph of the Decree detailing child support cannot be enforced though the
remedies of Chapter 157 of the Family Code. 6 See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§
157.001–.426.
We interpret a divorce decree like any other judgment, reading the decree as a whole
and effectuating the order in light of the literal language used, if that language is
unambiguous. Reiss v. Reiss, 118 S.W.3d 439, 441 (Tex. 2003). When the language of
the decree is unambiguous, we interpret the judgment literally. Id. at 441–42. We are to
construe the decree as a whole toward the goal of harmonizing and giving effect to all that
is written. Wilde v. Murchie, 949 S.W.2d 331, 333 (Tex. 1997). We should determine
what the trial court adjudicated from a fair reading of all provisions in the final judgment..
Id.
Preston mistakenly relies on Marichal v. Marichal, 768 S.W.2d 383 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1989, writ denied), where “explicitly missing from the court’s
conclusion was the obligation to make the payments.”7 Id. at 384. Because the Marichal
divorce decree did not contain an order to pay child support, the trial court erred in
reducing the arrearages to judgment. Id.
6
Prior to Victoria’s filing of the Enforcement Motion, Preston filed a Petition to Modify the
Parent-Child Relationship. In that petition, Preston requested that the “order” be modified. Further the
petition states that “[t]he support payments previously ordered should be increased until the child is
eighteen years of age, ….” While not dispositive on appeal, this Court notes the change in position of
Preston from the petition to the hearing on the Enforcement Motion.
7
In Marichal, the divorce decree stated: “The court is further of the opinion that the best interest of
the minor child would be served if respondent, Louis A. Marichal, was ordered to pay the petitioner, Gloria
Irma Marichal, for the use and benefit of the minor children of the parties, the sum of …” 768 S.W.2d at
383.
6
In contrast, in the present case, the divorce decree specifically states “IT IS
ORDERED AND DECREED …. On the first day of the month following discontinuation
of the child’s day care at Enron Kid’s Center PRESTON A. OCHSNER is obligated to pay
and shall pay to VICTORIA V[.] OCHSNER child support of $800[.]00 per month ….”
(emphasis added).
The paragraph directing $800.00 per month in child support payments is within, and
part of, the “Ordered and Decreed” portion of the divorce decree dealing with child support
and it specifically states that Preston “shall pay” child support of $800.00 per month to
Victoria. The use of the term “shall pay” is definite and satisfies the requirement of an
“order” to pay child support. See In re Kuykendall, 957 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 1997, no pet.) (holding that an order using the term “shall pay,” even
without “ordered, judged or decreed” was sufficient to constitute an order to pay child
support).
The trial court erred in concluding that no underlying child support order existed.
However, because the trial court has not had the opportunity to rule on the remaining issues
in light of our holding, we decline to decide Victoria’s remaining arguments with regard to
the Enforcement Motion. See In re J.I.M., 281 S.W.3d 504, 510 n.5 (Tex. App.—El Paso
2008, pet. denied) (declining to discuss amount of arrearages owed because trial court had
not had the opportunity to rule on that issue in light of the appellate court’s opinion). We
sustain Victoria’s first issue.
B. Sanctions Order
Next, Victoria argues that the imposition of sanctions against her was an abuse of
discretion. We review the trial court’s imposition of Rule 13 and Chapter 10 sanctions for
an abuse of discretion. Low v. Henry, 221 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. 2007); Parker v.
Walton, 233 S.W.3d 535, 539 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.). We may
7
reverse the trial court’s ruling only if the trial court acted without reference to any guiding
rules and principles. Id. A trial court abuses its discretion in imposing sanctions if it
bases its order on an erroneous view of the law. Robson v. Gilbreath, 267 S.W.3d 401,
405 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. denied). “In reviewing sanctions orders, the appellate
courts are not bound by a trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law; rather,
appellate courts must independently review the entire record to determine whether the trial
court abused its discretion.” Am. Flood Research, Inc. v. Jones, 192 S.W.3d 581, 583
(Tex. 2006).
Rule 13 authorizes the imposition of sanctions on a party that files a pleading that is
groundless and either brought in bad faith or with the purpose to harass. Tex. R. Civ. P.
13. “Groundless” means no basis in law or fact and not warranted by good faith argument
for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law. Id. Texas Civil Practice and
Remedies Code section 10.004 allows sanctions if a motion or pleading signed by a person:
(1) is presented for an “improper purpose,” including harassment or to unnecessarily delay
or increase the expense of litigation; (2) contains a legal contention that was not warranted
by existing law or non-frivolous argument for modification, extension or reversal of
current law; (3) contains factual contentions that are not supported by evidence, or is
unlikely to have evidentiary support after discovery; or (4) contains denials not warranted
by the evidence. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. §§ 10.001, 10.004 (West 2002).
It is clear that the trial court imposed sanctions based on its erroneous conclusion
that there is no underlying child support order to enforce. Accordingly, the trial court
abused its discretion in finding that the Enforcement Motion was groundless, brought for
the purpose of harassment and in bad faith. See In re Y.B., 300 S.W.3d 1, 5–6 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2009, pet. denied) (holding that underlying claim had merit and,
therefore, trial court’s imposition of sanctions finding that underlying claim was
groundless, brought in bad faith and for the purpose of harassment was an abuse of
8
discretion); Ball v. Rao, 48 S.W.3d 332, 336–338 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, pet.
denied) (holding that imposition of sanctions was abuse of discretion because claims had
evidentiary support and were, therefore, not baseless, frivolous, or groundless).
Concluding that the imposition of sanctions was an abuse of discretion, we need not
address Victoria’s remaining arguments regarding the sanctions imposed against her.
We sustain Victoria’s second issue.
CONCLUSION
Having determined that the trial court erred in concluding that no underlying child
support order existed, we reverse the trial court’s order denying the Enforcement Motion,
reverse the trial court’s sanction order, and remand for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion.
/s/ Margaret Garner Mirabal
Senior Justice
Panel consists of Justices Seymore, Boyce, and Mirabal.8
8
Senior Justice Margaret Garner Mirabal sitting by assignment.
9