Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed April 5, 2012.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
___________________
NO. 14-11-00508-CR
___________________
OMAR ALVARENGA, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 351st District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1261832
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The only issue we consider in this case is whether appellant was denied the effective
assistance of counsel. We conclude that he was not.
Appellant Omar Alvarenga was convicted of one count of aggravated sexual assault
of a child. During the punishment hearing, appellant’s trial counsel reminded the jury that
appellant stood convicted of a first degree felony punishable between five and ninety-nine
years’ imprisonment. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 12.32, 22.021(e) (West 2012). Counsel
urged the jury to consider the lower end of that spectrum when deliberating on a sentence.
He specifically argued for between five and twenty years because appellant had no
criminal history; he was cooperative with police; and the details of the offense, though
horrible, were not as bad as if had committed murder or multiple rapes.
The prosecutor acknowledged the full punishment range during her closing
statement as well, but she argued that appellant was deserving of a sentence more severe
than that advocated by defense counsel. The prosecutor argued as follows:
This kind of crime, it’s a serious crime. It’s a first degree felony. For these
kinds of crimes, aggravated sexual assault of children, those crimes baseline
are worth 30 to 40 years, 30 to 40 years in prison. That’s your starting point
for a crime like this.
When I consider punishment, punishment ranges for crimes like aggravated
sexual assault of children, and specifically looking at a case where the victim
is young, 6 years old — we’re not talking about a 13-year-old, ladies and
gentlemen. We’re talking about a 6-year-old where you’re dealing with an
anal rape where there were injuries and DNA, that’s the kind of crime where
you start off at 30 to 40 years and you work up. So, 30 to 40. That’s where we
start.
The prosecutor then argued that appellant’s lack of remorse warranted a sentence of not
less than sixty years. The jury, having been instructed of the full statutory range of
punishment, returned a verdict of fifty years’ imprisonment.
On appeal, appellant contends that counsel was ineffective because he failed to
object to the prosecutor’s improper argument that the jury should begin deliberations at
thirty or forty years, rather than the five years authorized by statute. We examine such
claims of ineffective assistance of counsel under the standard set forth in Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).
Under Strickland, appellant must prove that his trial counsel’s representation was
deficient, and that the deficient performance was so serious that it deprived him of a fair
trial. Id. at 687. Counsel’s representation is deficient if it falls below an objective standard
2
of reasonableness. Id. at 688. This deficiency will deprive appellant of a fair trial only
when counsel’s performance prejudices appellant’s defense. Id. at 691–92. To demonstrate
prejudice, appellant must show a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Id. at 694.
Failure to make the required showing of either deficient performance or sufficient
prejudice defeats the claim of ineffectiveness. Id. at 697. This test is applied to claims
arising under both the United States and Texas Constitutions. See Hernandez v. State, 726
S.W.2d 53, 56–57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986).
Our review of defense counsel’s performance is highly deferential, beginning with
the strong presumption that the attorney’s actions were reasonably professional and were
motivated by sound trial strategy. Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App.
1994). When the record is silent as to trial counsel’s strategy, we will not conclude that
appellant received ineffective assistance unless the challenged conduct was ―so outrageous
that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.‖ Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d
390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Rarely will the trial record contain sufficient information
to permit a reviewing court to fairly evaluate the merits of such a serious allegation. Bone v.
State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 833 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). In the majority of cases, the appellant is
unable to meet the first prong of the Strickland test because the record on direct appeal is
underdeveloped and does not adequately reflect the alleged failings of trial counsel. Mata
v. State, 226 S.W.3d 425, 430 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
A sound trial strategy may be imperfectly executed, but the right to effective
assistance of counsel does not entitle a defendant to errorless or perfect counsel. See
Robertson v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475, 483 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). ―[I]solated instances in
the record reflecting errors of omission or commission do not render counsel’s
performance ineffective, nor can ineffective assistance of counsel be established by
isolating one portion of trial counsel’s performance for examination.‖ McFarland v. State,
845 S.W.2d 824, 843 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992), overruled on other grounds by Bingham v.
3
State, 915 S.W.2d 9 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). Moreover, ―[i]t is not sufficient that appellant
show, with the benefit of hindsight, that his counsel’s actions or omissions during trial
were merely of questionable competence.‖ Mata, 226 S.W.3d at 430. Rather, to establish
that the attorney’s acts or omissions were outside the range of professionally competent
assistance, appellant must show that counsel’s errors were so serious that he was not
functioning as counsel. Patrick v. State, 906 S.W.2d 481, 195 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).
Appellant argues that counsel’s performance was constitutionally deficient because
counsel did not object to the prosecutor’s statement that thirty or forty years’ imprisonment
was the ―starting point‖ for a crime of aggravated sexual assault of a child. Appellant
insists that ―[i]t was unreasonable to ask the jury not to consider the full range of
punishment, especially in a case like this one where the defendant could not have been
more cooperative with law enforcement.‖
The premise of appellant’s claim is that the prosecutor’s argument was manifestly
improper. If a jury argument is proper, counsel is not ineffective for failing to object to it.
Richards v. State, 912 S.W.2d 374, 379 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, pet.
ref’d). Proper jury argument consists of (1) a summation of the evidence, (2) reasonable
deductions from the evidence, (3) an answer to argument of opposing counsel, and (4) a
plea for law enforcement. Allridge v. State, 762 S.W.2d 146, 155 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988).
Pleas for law enforcement may take many forms. These include arguments that
draw on the relationship between the jury’s verdict and the deterrence of crime in general,
as well as arguments that emphasize the impact of the jury’s verdict on the community at
large. Borjan v. State, 787 S.W.2d 53, 55–56 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). Consistent with
these types of arguments, a plea for law enforcement may also take the form of a
prosecutor’s recommending a sentence higher than that of defense counsel. See Vanderhost
v. State, 821 S.W.2d 180, 186 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1991, pet. ref’d).
The prosecutor argued that the jury should begin its deliberations with thirty or forty
years’ imprisonment because appellant was convicted of a very serious crime. Using those
4
figures as a ―baseline,‖ the prosecutor then argued that the jury should ratchet its sentence
up to account for other aggravating factors. This argument essentially encouraged the jury
to reject defense counsel’s recommendation of five to twenty years’ imprisonment because
a sentence of such relative brevity did not adequately reflect the brutality of appellant’s
assault. We consider this argument to be a plea for law enforcement. Because there was
nothing inherently improper with this argument, counsel had no reason to object, and
appellant’s claim for ineffective assistance of counsel must fail. See id.
Even assuming that the prosecutor’s statements were improper, appellant has not
overcome the presumption that counsel’s actions were the result of sound trial strategy.
Before being condemned as unprofessional or incompetent, counsel is normally afforded
an opportunity to explain his actions, such as with a hearing on a motion for new trial or
with the filing of an affidavit. See Bone, 77 S.W.3d at 836; Anderson v. State, 193 S.W.3d
34, 39 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d). Appellant did not file a motion
for new trial, and the record is likewise devoid of any explanation regarding counsel’s
reasons for not objecting to the prosecutor’s closing argument. In these circumstances, we
will not conclude that counsel’s performance was constitutionally deficient if any strategic
motivations can be imagined for the challenged conduct. See Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d
436, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
This court has previously recognized that ―[n]ot objecting can be a trial strategy.‖
Henderson v. State, 704 S.W.2d 536, 538 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, pet.
ref’d); see also Huerta v. State, — S.W.3d —, No. 14-11-00175-CR, 2012 WL 311677, at
*5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 2, 2012, no pet. h.). Counsel may have decided
to withhold an objection so as to avoid emphasizing or drawing attention to the
prosecutor’s recommended sentence. Cf. Brennan v. State, 334 S.W.3d 64, 76–77 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.) (observing that counsel’s failure to request relief following
impermissible comment may have been motivated by recognition that ―requesting further
relief would have only highlighted the prosecutor’s statement‖). Because a reasonable
5
strategy can be imagined for counsel’s actions, we conclude that appellant failed to carry
his burden of showing that counsel was ineffective by not objecting to the prosecutor’s
closing statement.
Finally, we note that appellant has failed to carry the additional burden of showing
that he was prejudiced by counsel’s performance. The jury charge included an instruction
that punishment must be assessed between five and ninety-nine years’ imprisonment, not
between thirty or forty years on one end and ninety-nine on the other. The jury ultimately
assessed punishment at fifty years’ imprisonment, which is in the middle range allowed by
statute and is ten years less than what was requested from the prosecutor. Appellant has not
shown a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different
but for counsel’s failure to object.
Appellant’s sole issue is overruled and the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
/s/ Adele Hedges
Chief Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Hedges and Justices Jamison and McCally.
Do Not Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
6