Reversed and Remanded and Opinion filed March 13, 2012.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-11-00403-CV
KRISTALYN HARRISON, Appellant
V.
LUKE HARRISON, JAMES ALLEN GARNER AND VICKIE ANN GARNER,
Appellees
On Appeal from the County Court at Law
Washington County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 6518
OPINION
Appellant, Kristalyn Harrison (Kristalyn), filed this cause, a bill for review,
against appellees, Luke Harrison (Luke), James Allen Garner, and Vickie Ann Garner
(the Garners). By her bill of review, Kristalyn attacked the notice provided to her in
proceedings that ultimately terminated her parental rights to her child, D.H. The trial
court granted appellees’ Rule 13 motion for sanctions and ordered Kristalyn’s bill of
review dismissed as a sanction. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 13. Kristalyn appeals the sanction
order. We reverse and remand.
BACKGROUND
The following timeline illustrates the course of the legal proceedings, the operative
addresses to which notice was sent, and the totality of the circumstances before the trial
court when it sanctioned Kristalyn.
2/2005 Kristalyn and Luke divorce. Kristalyn is named managing
conservator of D.H. Kristalyn and D.H. live with Kristalyn’s mother,
Karen Neumann, at her home located at 1025 Old Burton Road,
Brenham, Texas, 77833, though D.H. is occasionally with a babysitter
for some time.
3/2005 Luke picks up D.H. for visitation at the babysitter’s but does not
return him. D.H. and Luke live with the Garners, and they enroll D.H.
in daycare.
1/3/2006 James and Vicki Garner (step grandparent and grandparent) file a
petition in a suit affecting the parent-child relationship, seeking
termination of the parent-child relationship between Kristalyn and DH
in Cause No. CCL-4902.
1/30/2006 Kristalyn files a petition for writ of habeas corpus and/or for
enforcement of child custody determination in Cause No. CCL-4428.
Cause Nos. CCL-4902 and CCL-4428 are ultimately ordered
consolidated on Kristalyn’s motion.
2/7, 9, 15/2006 Following several days of testimony, the trial court grants Kristalyn’s
motion for enforcement and denies the Garners’ motion for temporary
orders. Kristalyn is present at the hearing. D.H. is returned to
Kristalyn pending trial on the merits.
8/21/2006 Kristalyn’s attorney, Jamie Elick, files a motion to withdraw. Elick
lists Kristalyn’s last known address as 1025 Old Burton Road,
Brenham, Texas, 77833. Elick also states that he has provided
Kristalyn with a copy of a deposition notice for Kristalyn’s deposition
scheduled on October 6, 2006.
8/31/2006 Luke files a petition seeking sole managing conservatorship of D.H.
9/7/2006 The trial court grants Elick’s motion to withdraw.
10/6/2006 Kristalyn fails to appear for her deposition.
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11/16/2006 The trial court holds a hearing on Luke’s motion to compel and
motion for temporary orders. Kristalyn does not appear. The trial
court grants the motion to compel, strikes Kristalyn’s pleadings, but
does not enter a default order. Instead, the trial court grants Luke’s
motion for temporary orders, names Luke temporary managing
conservator, and issues a writ of attachment for D.H., but orders D.H.
brought before the trial court within 72 hours to provide Kristalyn a
chance to present evidence.
11/22/2006 The Austin County Sheriff executes the writ and picks up D.H. at
Kristalyn’s new residence, Bell Oaks Village, Apartment No. 705,
890 High Oaks Drive, Bellville, Texas, 77418. The Sheriff delivers
D.H. to Luke at the premises of the Austin County jail at 417 North
Chesley, Bellville, Texas, 77418, as arranged.
11/28/2006 Luke appears before the trial court with D.H. Kristalyn does not
appear. The trial court sets the petition seeking termination of
Kristalyn’s parental rights for a mandatory pretrial hearing on
December 19, 2006, and orders specific admonishments to Kristalyn.
Regarding service of this notice, the trial court inquires about where
the writ was executed, and counsel indicates the writ was served at the
Bell Oaks Apartments, Apartment No. 705, 890 High Oaks Drive,
Bellville, Texas, 77418. Counsel acknowledges that this is not the
address listed as the last known address. When counsel offers to send
notice of the pretrial conference and trial to ―both addresses . . .
regular mail and certified mail,‖ the Court indicates: ―That would be
fine. . . . Let’s do that. Wherever the writ of attachment was served.‖
12/13/2006 Luke’s counsel serves the following notice of the pretrial hearing to
Kristalyn:
Notice is given that all parties are to appear in the
County Court at Law, Washington County, Texas in the
above captioned matter for a mandatory pretrial
conference on December 19, 2006 at 9:00 o’clock a.m.
In addition, Final Trial is set for January 29, 2007 at
9:00 a[.]m.
In the event that a party fails to appear at the mandatory
pretrial conference then a default judgment may be
taken, including but not limited to the termination of
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parental rights of KRYSTALYN HARRISON.1
The notice states that it was sent to ―KRYSTALYN HARRISON, at
1025 Old Burton Rd., Brenham, Texas 77833 and 417 North Chesley,
Bellville, Texas 77418.‖
12/19/2006 Kristalyn does not appear at the hearing. Counsel indicates to the trial
court that he has served the notice ―at 1025 Old Burton Road,
Brenham, Texas, 77833, and also to 417 North Chesley, Bellville,
Texas, 77418.‖ The trial court inquires about why notice has been
sent to ―the place in Bellville,‖ and counsel reminds that the trial court
―[t]hat is the location where the child was picked up on the writ of
attachment.‖
Concerned about Kristalyn’s failure to appear and the absence of
green cards documenting notice, the trial court inquires of Kristalyn’s
whereabouts. Luke testifies that Kristalyn moves around a lot and he
does not know where she is.
The trial court then hears uncontested testimony regarding bruises and
cigarette burns on D.H.; Kristalyn’s drug use; Luke’s efforts to return
D.H. as scheduled without appearance or call from Kristalyn; and
Kristalyn’s absence without calling for long periods of time.
Concluding that Kristalyn was ―duly and properly cited, [but] did not
appear and wholly made default,‖ the trial court enters an order
terminating the parent-child relationship between D.H. and Kristalyn,
but declines to order any further costs or fees.
12/17/2010 Kristalyn, through her attorney, Jamie Elick, files a petition for bill of
review against the Garners and Luke, alleging a failure to serve her
with notice almost four years earlier.
1/11/2011 The Garners file an answer and a motion for sanctions pursuant to
Rule 13, alleging that Harrison’s petition is groundless and filed in
bad faith and for the purpose of harassment, and requesting that the
trial court strike Harrison’s petition and award them attorney’s fees.
See TEX. R. CIV. P. 13.
1
Emphasis in original.
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2/11/2011 The trial court holds an evidentiary hearing on the sanctions motion,
grants the motion, and strikes Kristalyn’s petition for bill of review as
the sanction.
In three issues, Harrison contends that the trial court erred in finding that her
petition for bill of review was groundless; the trial court abused its discretion by
imposing Rule 13 sanctions without any evidence of bad faith; and the trial court abused
its discretion by striking the petition for bill of review without testing lesser sanctions.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Rule 13 authorizes a trial court to impose sanctions against an attorney, a
represented party, or both, who files a pleading that is groundless and brought in bad faith
or for the purpose of harassment. TEX. R. CIV. P. 13. Because it is within the discretion
of the trial court to impose sanctions under Rule13, we will set aside its decision only on
a showing of an abuse of discretion. Tex.-Ohio Gas, Inc. v, Mecom, 28 S.W.3d 129, 135
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no pet.). The test for an abuse of discretion is not whether,
in the opinion of the reviewing court, the facts present an appropriate case for the trial
court’s action but whether the court acted without reference to any guiding rules and
principles. Cire v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d 835, 838–39 (Tex. 2004). There is no abuse
of discretion if some evidence of substantive and probative character supports the trial
court’s decision or if the evidence is conflicting. In re D.C.M., No. 14-06-00844-CV,
2008 WL 4146785, at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 9, 2008, pet. denied)
(mem. op.), disapproved on other grounds by Tucker v. Thomas, No. 14-09-01081-CV,
2011 WL 6644710, at *14 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 20, 2011, no pet. h.)
(en banc) (mem. op.) (citing Newberry v. Bohn-Newberry, 146 S.W.3d 233, 235 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.)).
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ANALYSIS
In her first issue, Harrison claims that the trial court erred by finding that her
petition was groundless. In her second issue, Harrison argues that it was an abuse of
discretion for the trial court to impose Rule 13 sanctions without evidence of bad faith.
By their motion for sanctions, the Garners urged that the petition was groundless
because ―[p]laintiff wrongfully contends she was not properly served or given notice of
hearings, discovery, pre[-]trial settings or trial settings, court orders or judgments.‖ They
also alleged that Kristalyn ―waited until 3:52 p.m. on Friday, December 17, 2010, before
the statute of limitations expired on Sunday, December 19, 2010 to file this action.‖2
―Groundless‖ means no basis in law or fact and not warranted by good faith
argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 13.
Groundlessness turns on the legal merits of a claim. Dike v. Peltier Chevrolet, Inc., 343
S.W.3d 179, 184 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.). ―To determine if a pleading was
groundless, the trial court uses an objective standard: did the party and counsel make a
reasonable inquiry into the legal and factual basis of the claim?‖ In re United Servs.
Auto. Ass’n, 76 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, orig. proceeding). The
court will look to the facts available to the litigant and the circumstances at the time the
suit was filed. Id.
Courts must presume that pleadings are filed in good faith, and the burden is on
the party moving for sanctions to overcome this presumption. Dike, 343 S.W.3d at 191;
2
The Garners’ allegation refers to the general four-year limitations period for a bill of review
found in section 16.051 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.
CODE ANN. § 16.051 (West 2008). However, the Garners did not plead or otherwise rely upon the six-
month statute of limitations defense regarding challenges to termination or adoption orders within section
161.211 of the Texas Family Code. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.211 (West 2008) (providing six-
month statute of limitations for challenging termination order); see also In re M.Y.W., No. 14-06-00185-
CV, 2006 WL 3360482, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 17, 2006, pet. denied) (mem. op.)
(holding six-month limitation under section 161.211 is affirmative defense (citing In re Bullock, 146
S.W.3d 783, 790 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2004, no pet.))). Therefore, it cannot form the basis of the trial
court’s determination that the petition was groundless.
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Tex.-Ohio Gas, Inc., 28 S.W.3d at 139; Mattly v. Spiegel, Inc., 19 S.W.3d 890, 896 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.). Bad faith is not simply bad judgment or
negligence, but means the conscious doing of a wrong for dishonest, discriminatory, or
malicious purposes. Dike., 343 S.W.3d at 191; D Design Holdings, L.P. v. MMP Corp.,
339 S.W.3d 195, 203 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.); Mattly, 19 S.W.3d at 896. In
deciding whether pleadings are filed in bad faith or for the purposes for harassment, the
trial court must measure the litigant’s conduct at the time the relevant pleading was filed.
Dike, 343 S.W.3d at 191; Tex.-Ohio Gas, Inc., 28 S.W.3d at 139. Moreover, the trial
court must examine the facts available to the litigant and the circumstances existing at the
time the pleading was filed. Tex.-Ohio Gas, Inc., 28 S.W.3d at 139; McCain v. NME
Hosps., Inc., 856 S.W.2d 751, 757 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1993, no writ). The plaintiff’s
petition alone cannot establish that a case was brought in bad faith or to harass. Tex.-
Ohio Gas, Inc., 28 S.W.3d at 139.
Kristalyn argues that the trial court’s conclusion that notice of the December 19,
2006 hearing was properly sent to her last known address is contrary to the record, and
appellees had actual knowledge of the address where she resided. Kristalyn filed her
petition on the ground inter alia that she was not properly served or given proper notice
of all hearings, discovery, pretrial settings, trial settings, or final judgment.
The record also reflects that when her attorney, Jamie Elick, withdrew from
representation on September 7, 2006, he provided the trial court with the 1025 Old
Burton Road, Brenham, Texas address. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 10 (requiring, when another
attorney is not to be substituted, withdrawing attorney’s motion to state, among other
things, the party’s last known address). All notices were sent to that address. Certified
mail receipts show that notice of the December 19, 2006 hearing was sent to Harrison at
the Old Burton Road address, and the signed certificate of service on the notice states that
―a true and correct copy . . . was served on each attorney of record or party in accordance
with the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure on December 13, 2006.‖ See TEX. R. CIV. P.
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21a (providing that a document may be served on a party by delivering copy via certified
or registered mail to the party’s last known address; the party or attorney of record shall
certify to the court compliance in writing over signature and on the filed instrument; and
a certificate by a party or the attorney of record is prima facie evidence of the fact of
service).
Further, Peggy Diggs of the Washington County District Clerk’s Office testified at
the sanctions hearing that the clerk’s office’s records show that a certified copy of the
December 19, 2006 order was sent to Kristalyn at the last known address in the file as
submitted by the Garners’ attorney’s certificate of last known mailing address filed with
the trial court on December 19, 2006. Diggs further testified that the clerk’s office’s
records show that it had not received any return mail from Kristalyn. Kristalyn did not
attempt to refute Diggs’s testimony.
Kristalyn acknowledged at the sanctions hearing that she did not notify the trial
court of her Bell Oaks Village apartment address in Bellville. Rule 21a specifies that
notices be sent to the party’s last known address, ―thus imposing a responsibility on the
person to be notified to keep the court and parties apprised of their correct and current
address.‖ Withrow v. Schou, 13 S.W.3d 37, 41 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999,
pet. denied).
However, the record clearly reflects a mistake in service of the notice of the final
pretrial conference. The trial court ordered and counsel agreed that notice would be
provided to Kristalyn both at the Brenham last known address and the Bellville address
where the writ of attachment was served on Kristalyn in November 2006. And, though
counsel assured the trial court that the notice and the admonishment about the failure to
appear were provided at the address ordered, they were not. The Bellville address used
for the notice of the final pretrial conference was 417 North Chesley, Bellville, Texas—
the Austin County jail where the Sheriff delivered D.H. to Luke.
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Thus, the record as a whole reflects that the trial court believed Kristalyn’s petition
to be groundless because the trial court was led to believe that Kristalyn’s claim that she
was not served at her Bellville address was patently false when, in fact, it was verifiably
true. Kristalyn failed to apprise the court of continuing jurisdiction of her current address
after her counsel’s withdrawal. However, we find no case, and appellees cite none, that
such a failure, standing alone, supports dismissal of a bill of review on lack of notice
where the petitioner avers no receipt of notice. Loss of the opportunity to contest a
termination of parental rights is simply too steep a penalty for keeping a current address
on file with a court in perpetuity. Cf. Mathis v. Lockwood, 166 S.W.3d 743, 746 (Tex.
2005) (per curiam) (even assuming a litigant has a duty under Rule 21a to keep the court
apprised of his or her correct and current address, ―unless noncompliance was intentional
rather than a mistake, due process requires some lesser sanction than trial without notice
or an opportunity to be heard.‖).
Thus, on this record and under the circumstances of a termination of parental
rights, we hold that Kristalyn’s failure to apprise the court of continuing jurisdiction of
her current address is an insufficient basis upon which to find that her allegations of lack
of notice are groundless or have been made in bad faith. Moreover, we hold that filing a
petition for bill of review within but upon the eleventh hour of the applicable limitations
period does not make that petition groundless. We take no position, however, on the
actual merits of the petition for bill of review.
Having sustained Kristalyn’s first two issues, we need not address her remaining
issue. We reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand this cause to the trial court for
further proceedings.
/s/ Sharon McCally
Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Hedges and Justices Jamison and McCally.
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