Reversed and Remanded and Majority and Dissenting Opinions filed July 28, 2011.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
___________________
NO. 14-09-00718-CV
___________________
Deborah Downing, Appellant/Cross-Appellee
V.
Don Burns and Sherry Burns, Appellees/Cross-Appellants
On Appeal from the 268th District Court
Fort Bend County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 07-DCV-154732
DISSENTING OPINION
There is no legally sufficient evidence to show that the plaintiff sustained any defamation damages under the unobjected-to jury charge. Therefore, the trial court properly granted judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the defamation claim. Contrary to binding precedent, this court finds error in the trial court’s ruling based upon a legal theory not submitted in the jury charge, and this court remands the defamation claim for a new trial. This court should affirm the trial court’s judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the defamation claim.
I. The trial court correctly granted judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the defamation claim because there is no legally sufficient evidence that Downing sustained any defamation damages under the damages question submitted to the jury.
In her sole issue as appellant, appellant/cross-appellee Deborah Downing asserts that the trial court erred in granting judgment notwithstanding the verdict (hereinafter “JNOV”) as to Downing’s defamation claim. Downing requests that this court reverse this JNOV and render judgment on the jury’s verdict awarding her $42,770 in defamation damages. In their motion for JNOV, appellees/cross-appellants Don and Sherry Burns asserted that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury’s answer to Question 4 regarding defamation damages. The trial court agreed and rendered a take-nothing judgment, notwithstanding the jury’s verdict, as to the defamation claim.
A. This court must review the sufficiency of the evidence of defamation damages under the question submitted to the jury.
It is significantly easier to recover damages based upon defamation per se than upon defamation per quod. See Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Hines, 252 S.W.3d 496, 501 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied). Under a defamation per se theory, damage to reputation and mental anguish are presumed to have been caused by the defamatory statements; therefore, under defamation per se, the plaintiff can recover damages for mental anguish and for injury to reputation without any evidence that the plaintiff suffered such damages or that such damages were caused by the defamatory statements. See id. Under a defamation per quod theory, the plaintiff has the burden of proving that the defamatory statements caused all damages sought, as well as the amount of these damages. See id. at 501, 504–05. But, to obtain the advantages of defamation per se, the trial court must submit this theory in the jury charge. See id.
In the case under review, Downing did not assert in her petition that the Burnses’ statements were defamatory per se.[1] At no time before the jury’s verdict did Downing assert that, as a matter of law, any statement was defamatory per se or that there was a fact issue as to whether any statement was defamatory per se. Prior to the charge being submitted to the jury, Downing did not request that the jury be charged on whether any statement was defamatory per se, and the jury was not charged on this issue. If a statement is defamatory per se, the jury assesses mental anguish damages and damages for injury to reputation without any requirement of evidence that the plaintiff suffered such damages or that such damages were caused by the defamatory statements. See id. In the jury charge in the case under review, the trial court, without objection, asked the jury to find the sum of money, if any, that would compensate Downing for her damages, if any, that were proximately caused by the defamatory statements found by the jury. Under the jury charge, these damages were not presumed and had to be proved by a preponderance of evidence. In his closing arguments, Downing’s counsel told the jury that there was no evidence that Downing suffered any mental anguish and that the jury should assess damages for defamation based only upon Downing’s alleged temporary loss of income as a result of Christine Fuentes’s termination of Downing’s employment. Nominal damages are also available in cases of defamation per se, but Downing has not requested or obtained any award of nominal damages either in the trial court or on appeal.
To the extent Downing could have taken advantage of the benefits of defamation per se, she failed to do so, and this court must review the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s finding of defamation damages under the charge given to the jury, even if the charge did not correctly state Texas law.[2] See Osterberg v. Peca, 12 S.W.3d 31, 55 (Tex. 2000) (holding that appellate court could not review the sufficiency of the evidence based on a particular legal standard because that standard was not submitted to the jury and no party objected to the charge on this ground or requested that the jury be charged using this standard); Hines, 252 S.W.3d at 501–05 (reviewing defamation damages under defamation per quod charge submitted to the jury and requiring proof of damages caused by the allegedly defamatory statements); Hirschfeld Steel Co. v. Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., 201 S.W.3d 272, 283B86 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no. pet.) (reviewing sufficiency of evidence based on unobjected-to jury instruction and rejecting various arguments based on different legal standards).
The majority’s sole basis for reversing the trial court’s JNOV is that some of the statements were defamatory per se and therefore Downing could have been awarded $42,770 as presumed damages under a defamation per se theory. See ante at pp. 11–14. But this court should not inquire into what findings the jury could have made; instead, this court must review the sufficiency of the evidence to support the finding that the jury actually made. See Osterberg, 12 S.W.3d at 55; Hines, 252 S.W.3d at 501–05; Hirschfeld Steel Co., 201 S.W.3d at 283–86. This finding was under a defamation per quod theory, under which Downing had the burden to prove that the defamatory statements proximately caused the damages found by the jury. This court cannot reverse the trial court’s JNOV unless it concludes that the evidence is legally sufficient to support a finding of some damage under this question.[3]
B. Under the question submitted to the jury, the evidence is legally insufficient to prove that Downing sustained any defamation damages.
The trial court instructed the jury to answer the following question regarding defamation damages if the jury answered “yes” to the defamation liability question:
Question No. 4
What sum of money, if any, if paid now in cash, would fairly and reasonably compensate Deborah Downing for her damages, if any, proximately caused by Don Burns/Sherry Burns defaming [sic] her?
“Proximate Cause” means that cause which, in a natural and continuous sequence, produces an event, and without which cause such event would not have occurred. In order to be a proximate cause, the act or omission complained of must be such that a person using the degree of care required of him would have reasonably foreseen that the event, or some similar event, might reasonably result therefrom. There may be more than one proximate cause of an event.
Consider the following elements of damages, if any, and none other.
Do not add any amount for interest on damages, if any.
Answer in dollars and cents for damages, if any that were sustained in the past[.]
In response to this question, the jury found that Downing had proved by a preponderance of the evidence $42,770 in damages. The trial court concluded that the evidence at trial is legally insufficient to support this finding. When reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, this court considers the evidence in the light most favorable to the challenged finding and indulges every reasonable inference that would support it. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 823 (Tex. 2005). This court must credit favorable evidence if a reasonable factfinder could and disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not. See id. at 827. This court must determine whether the evidence at trial would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to find that the Burnses’ defamatory statements proximately caused Downing damage. See id. The jury is the only judge of witness credibility and the weight to give to testimony. See id. at 819.
1. The evidence is legally insufficient to support a finding that the defamatory statements proximately caused Downing mental anguish.
In his closing argument, Downing’s counsel correctly told the jury that “I didn’t put on one shred of testimony about mental anguish.” Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the challenged finding, indulging every reasonable inference that would support it, crediting favorable evidence if a reasonable factfinder could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not, the evidence at trial would not enable reasonable and fair-minded people to find that the Burnses’ defamatory statements proximately caused Downing mental anguish. See Service Corp. Intern. v. Guerra, No. 09-0941, —S.W.3d—, 2011 WL 2420208, at *7 (Tex. June 17, 2011) (holding evidence legally insufficient to support award of mental anguish damages); Hines, 252 S.W.3d at 504–07 (holding evidence was legally insufficient to support jury’s finding that allegedly defamatory statements caused mental anguish damages).
2. The evidence is legally insufficient to support a finding that the defamatory statements proximately caused Downing damage to her reputation.
Downing does not cite to any trial evidence that she claims raises a fact issue as to whether the Burnses’ statements proximately caused damage to her reputation. A review of the record reveals none. Downing did not testify that these statements caused damage to her reputation. Fuentes testified that she terminated Downing’s employment based upon the Burnses’ threat to sue anyone who hired Downing, but Fuentes also stated that she did not believe the statements that Downing had committed theft. There is no evidence that Downing’s other employer (Sima Dalvandi) was aware of the defamatory statements. Eulalia Castillo (Downing’s former co-worker) testified that Don Burns told her that Downing had stolen his clients’ option checks but that she (Castillo) did not believe this statement. Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the challenged finding, indulging every reasonable inference that would support it, crediting favorable evidence if a reasonable factfinder could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not, the evidence at trial would not enable reasonable and fair-minded people to find that the Burnses’ defamatory statements proximately caused damage to Downing’s reputation. See Hines, 252 S.W.3d at 504–07 (holding evidence was legally insufficient to support jury’s finding that allegedly defamatory statements caused damage to plaintiffs’ reputations).
3. The evidence is legally insufficient to support a finding that the defamatory statements proximately caused Downing any loss of income.
The only damages that Downing sought from the jury were economic damages based on temporary lost income resulting from Fuentes’s termination of Downing’s employment.[4] But Fuentes testified that she did not believe the statements that Downing had committed theft and that she terminated Downing’s employment because of the Burnses’ threat to sue anyone who hired Downing. Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the challenged finding, indulging every reasonable inference that would support it, crediting favorable evidence if a reasonable factfinder could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not, the evidence at trial would not enable reasonable and fair-minded people to find that the Burnses’ defamatory statements proximately caused Downing any lost income. See Hines, 252 S.W.3d at 504–07 (holding evidence was legally insufficient to support jury’s finding that allegedly defamatory statements caused plaintiffs economic damage). Therefore, while the evidence is sufficient to support a finding that the Burnses’ tortious interference proximately caused Downing damage, there is no legally sufficient evidence to support a finding that any of Downing’s lost income or other economic damage was proximately caused by the Burnses’ defamatory statements.
As shown above, under the applicable standard of review, the evidence is legally insufficient to support a finding by the jury of any damage under question 4 of the jury charge. Accordingly, this court should overrule Downing’s sole issue as appellant and affirm the trial court’s JNOV as to Downing’s defamation claim.
II. Even if the trial court had erred in granting judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the defamation claim, this court could not remand for a new trial on the defamation claim.
The majority concludes that the trial court erred in granting a JNOV as to the defamation claim, reverses this judgment, and remands for a new trial on the defamation claim. Even if the trial court had erred as the majority concludes, remanding for a new trial is not a proper remedy for such an error. Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.2(b) states as follows:
(b) Cross-Points.
(1) Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict. When the trial court renders judgment notwithstanding the verdict on one or more questions, the appellee must bring forward by cross-point any issue or point that would have vitiated the verdict or that would have prevented an affirmance of the judgment if the trial court had rendered judgment on the verdict. Failure to bring forward by cross-point an issue or point that would vitiate the verdict or prevent an affirmance of the judgment waives that complaint. Included in this requirement is a point that:
(A) the verdict or one or more jury findings have insufficient evidentiary support or are against the overwhelming preponderance of the evidence as a matter of fact; or
(B) the verdict should be set aside because of improper argument of counsel.
(2) When Evidentiary Hearing Needed. The appellate court must remand a case to the trial court to take evidence if:
(A) the appellate court has sustained a point raised by the appellant; and
(B) the appellee raised a cross-point that requires the taking of additional evidence.
Tex. R. App. P. 38.2(b). The purpose of this rule is to require a final disposition of the case by the appellate court based upon the appellate record, in cases in which a JNOV is erroneously rendered by the trial court, and to order a remand only as to an appellate cross-point that requires the taking of additional evidence. See id.; Swink v. Alesi, 999 S.W.2d 107, 112 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.). On appeal, the Burnses have not asserted any cross-points; rather, they have asserted various arguments as to why the trial court did not err in granting a JNOV. In the absence of any cross-points, the Burnses have waived any other objections to rendition of judgment on the jury’s defamation findings. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.2(b). Therefore, if the trial court erred in granting a JNOV as to the defamation claim, then judgment must be rendered against the Burnses in the principal amount of $42,770, based on the jury’s verdict. See id.; Swink, 999 S.W.2d at 112. Though this court could remand to the trial court for calculation of interest and rendition of judgment based upon the jury’s defamation findings, this court cannot remand for a new trial on the defamation claim. See Holman Street Baptist Church v. Jefferson, 317 S.W.3d 540, 550 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. denied); Swink, 999 S.W.2d at 112. In fact, on appeal Downing has not requested a new trial or a remand for rendition. Instead, Downing has requested that this court reverse the trial court’s JNOV and render judgment on the jury’s verdict.
The Burnses’ appellate issues lack merit, except for their challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s damage finding regarding the tortious-interference claim. It is proper to reverse the trial court’s judgment regarding the tortious-interference claim and to remand for a new trial on that claim only. This error affects only the tortious-interference claim. As stated above, the evidence is legally insufficient to show that any defamatory statements proximately caused Downing any damage. In addition, Downing has not requested a new trial regarding the defamation claim, which has been fully litigated to a jury verdict. Either Downing should take nothing on the defamation claim (as asserted in this dissenting opinion) or no reason has been shown why Downing should not have judgment on the jury’s defamation findings (under the majority’s analysis). In either event, remanding only the tortious-interference claim for a new trial is not unfair to the parties. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(b) (allowing remand for new trial as to part of the case based upon error in the judgment that affects a part of the case that is separable without unfairness to the parties). Though the majority relies upon Rule 44.1(b), it cites no cases holding that a claim should be remanded for a new trial under that rule even though the claim has been fully litigated and the record shows that the trial court should have rendered judgment on the jury’s verdict regarding that claim. Under precedent from this court, the proper remedy for any error by the trial court in granting JNOV is rendition of judgment on the jury’s verdict, not a remand for retrial. See Holman Street Baptist Church, 317 S.W.3d at 550; Swink, 999 S.W.2d at 112.
III. Conclusion
No party objected to the trial court’s charge regarding defamation damages, and the trial court charged the jury on defamation per quod, not defamation per se. Therefore, this court cannot reverse the trial court’s JNOV under the theory of defamation per se. Under the trial court’s charge, the evidence is legally insufficient to support a finding that the Burnses’ defamatory statements proximately caused Downing any damages, and the trial court did not err in granting a JNOV. But, there is error in the judgment regarding the tortious-interference claim that requires reversal and remand for a new trial on that claim. Accordingly, this court should sever, reverse, and remand the tortious-interference claim for a new trial, and affirm the remainder of the trial court’s judgment. Because it does not, I respectfully dissent.
/s/ Kem Thompson Frost
Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Hedges and Justices Frost and Christopher. (Christopher, J., majority).
[1] In this opinion it is presumed that, under a liberal construction of Downing’s petition, it was sufficient to allege defamation per se. Nonetheless, there is no allegation that the statements were defamatory per se or that damages should be presumed.
[2] After the Burnses sought judgment notwithstanding the verdict and asserted that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury’s finding of defamation damages, Downing argued for the first time that the statements were defamatory per se. Downing has made these arguments on appeal as well, but these arguments are too late to have any effect on how this court reviews the jury’s finding. See Osterberg v. Peca, 12 S.W.3d 31, 55 (Tex. 2000); Hirschfeld Steel Co. v. Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., 201 S.W.3d 272, 283B86 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no. pet.). Though the appellees in Hines did not argue a defamation per se theory after the jury verdict or on appeal, if they had done so it would not have changed this court’s analysis. See Osterberg, 12 S.W.3d at 55; Hines, 252 S.W.3d at 501–04; Hirschfeld Steel Co., 201 S.W.3d at 283B86.
[3] The majority correctly points out that the damage question was not limited to a specific type of damages, such as mental anguish or damage to reputation. But this general nature does not change the requirement in the question that Downing prove damages proximately caused by the defamatory statements.
[4] Downing’s other employer (Sima Dalvandi) also terminated Downing’s employment, but there is no evidence that Dalvandi was aware of the Burnses’ defamatory statements or their threats to sue anyone who hired Downing.