Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed February 24, 2011.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-09-01087-CR
Calvin Moore, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
On Appeal from the 174th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1175640
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted appellant Calvin Moore of aggravated robbery and assessed punishment at sixty years’ confinement in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division and a $10,000 fine. In three issues, appellant challenges his conviction and sentence based on legally and factually insufficient evidence to support his conviction, improper jury argument by the State during punishment, and erroneous admission of evidence during punishment. We affirm.
Background
The complainant, Martin Okonzak, went to an adult video store around midnight on July 16, 2008. Okonzak was in the store for about 30 minutes. After he left the store, he was sitting in his car when Stephanie Jones approached him. Okonzak agreed to pay Jones $20 to engage in sexual acts with him. Jones got in Okonzak’s car and they left. Jones told Okonzak that she knew someone who had a room they could use and directed him to the Haverstock Hill apartment complex. Okonzak drove through the gate and around the back of the front building and parked. Jones said the room would cost $20. Okonzak gave Jones $20 and she got out of car. Jones returned after about 10 minutes, got in the car, and said, “Let’s go to the room.”
At this time, appellant and Clifton Davis approached the driver’s side of the car. Okonzak’s window was cracked and appellant “stuck a gun in [Okonzak’s] face.” Okonzak grabbed the gun and tried to get it away from appellant. Okonzak was also trying to fight off Jones. When Okonzak could not get the gun away from appellant, he let go of the gun “hoping they wouldn’t do anything to [him].” Appellant shot Okonzak three times. Okonzak received gunshot wounds to his right thigh, the back of his head, and one of his fingers. Okonzak did not immediately realize that he had been shot. Appellant and Davis wanted Okonzak’s money, and he gave them $200 or $250. Jones had gotten out of the car and left. Appellant and Davis left after Okonzak gave them the money.
When Okonzak tried to drive away, he noticed that the keys were not in the ignition. Okonzak noticed a male standing in front of the car on the sidewalk and yelled to him for the keys. The male threw the keys on the ground next to the car. Okonzak drove away the same way he had come in. Deputy Frank Donalson of the Harris County Sheriff’s Department was driving into the gate of the apartment complex when he saw Okonzak driving erratically, without the lights on and the driver’s door slightly open. Okonzak drove through the exit gate, made a U-turn, and stopped. When Deputy Donalson approached the car, he observed blood on the outside of the car and inside the car. Deputy Donalson called for an ambulance.
Deputy Donalson was able to interview Okonzak. Okonzak told Deputy Donalson that he had picked up a prostitute at a nearby adult bookstore, and she directed him to that apartment complex. The prostitute left the car to get a room and came back a short time later. Two black males approached the car. The prostitute told him to open the door. When one of the males produced a handgun, Okonzak grabbed the gun and told the suspects “I’ll just give you the money, just leave me alone.” The suspect with the gun said, “Okay. That’s fine.” Okonzak let go of the gun and took $200 out of his pocket and gave it to the suspect. When the suspect demanded additional money, Okonzak told him he did not have any more money and pulled out his wallet to show him. The suspect with the gun said he was “going to shoot” and fired one round that struck Okonzak in the leg. The suspect then said, “I’m going to kill you” and fired more rounds from the gun. Okonzak was not able to give Deputy Donalson a description of the suspect.
Deputy Maurice Carpenter of the Crime Scene Unit of the Sheriff’s Department investigated the scene at the rear of the apartment complex. Deputy Carpenter found a piece of glass lying on the pavement that looked like a window from Okonzak’s car. The window, which was in one large piece, was shattered and held together by the tinting. There was a hole in the lower front portion of the window that was consistent with being caused by a bullet. Deputy Carpenter also observed blood stains on the pavement by the window. There were street lights and security lights.
Deputy Carpenter decided to have Okonzak’s car towed to the Sheriff’s Department’s processing facility. Deputy Carpenter found a bullet in the driver’s seat and sent it to the firearms laboratory for analysis. Deputy Carpenter determined that the trajectory of the bullet was from the passenger side of the vehicle traveling from the left and downward at a forty-five degree angle. The bullet’s direction of travel was consistent with Okonzak’s being shot from the passenger side of the car.
Deputy Carpenter also found fingerprints on the interior passenger side window, the exterior of the windshield, and the passenger side and driver side of the roof of the car. Carpenter entered the fingerprints into a computer database. The computer is set to return twenty respondents that were most likely to match the prints he entered. Deputy Carpenter individually compared each respondent to the prints he had entered into the system until he was able to make an identification. Deputy Carpenter matched the prints to appellant, Stephanie Jones, and Clifton Davis.
The fingerprints that were lifted from the roof on the passenger side of the car matched appellant’s left ring and little fingers. Deputy Carpenter fingerprinted appellant and confirmed that appellant’s prints were the ones he had lifted from Okonzak’s car. Deputy Steven Davis, a senior crime scene investigator, reviewed Deputy Carpenter’s findings and agreed with his opinion
Deputy Zachary Long of the Homicide Robbery Division was assigned to do the follow-up investigation. Appellant, Jones, and Davis had been developed as suspects based on their fingerprints. Deputy Long constructed a photospread for each suspect, along with five other people of similar characteristics. On July 21, 2008, Deputy Long presented the photospreads to Okonzak at his home. Okonzak identified appellant, Jones, and Davis. Okonzak further identified appellant as the one who had the gun.
During the punishment phase of the trial, the State presented evidence that appellant had been convicted of possession of marijuana, assault on a family member, unlawful carrying of a weapon, evading arrest, terroristic threat, criminal trespass on three occasions, and failing to identify himself to a police officer on two occasions. Appellant’s disciplinary records from the Harris County Jail were also admitted into evidence, showing that appellant had been disciplined for threatening someone, interfering with count, and refusing to obey an order on three occasions.
The State also presented evidence of a murder committed by appellant on August 17, 2008, while he was wanted on the aggravated robbery charge in this case. Patrick Oliphant and Kelsey Kirkendall testified that they had driven from Huntsville to attend a birthday party for Calib Cooper at a nightclub in Houston. William Bius was also at that party. They left the club when it closed, and were going to an “after-party” at Cooper’s apartment. William rode with Oliphant and Kirkendall. After they became lost trying to find Cooper’s place, they decided to return to Huntsville.
Shortly after driving onto Interstate 45 North, Kirkendall, who was driving, stopped at a gas station so that she could put gas in the car, and Oliphant and William could use the restroom. William approached a group of males to purchase cocaine. William brought appellant back to the car and asked Kirkendall if she would give appellant a ride. Kirkendall agreed, and appellant directed her to a nearby apartment complex. After parking the car at the apartment complex, appellant got out of the car, walked to another car, and retrieved an object. Appellant told Kirkendall, Oliphant, and William that “It’s a setup, we’re being surrounded by cops.” Appellant then pulled out a gun and shot William in the head. Kirkendall drove to a nearby gas station and called 911. William later died at the hospital as a result of a gunshot wound to his head.
The jury found appellant guilty of aggravated robbery and assessed punishment at sixty years’ imprisonment and a $10,000 fine. This appealed followed.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his first issue, appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction. While this appeal was pending, the Court of Criminal Appeals held that only one standard should be used to evaluate the sufficiency of the evidence in a criminal case: legal sufficiency. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (plurality opinion); id. at 926 (Cochran, J., concurring). Accordingly, we review the sufficiency of the evidence in this case under a rigorous and proper application of the Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979), legal sufficiency standard. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 906 (plurality opinion).
When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether the jury was rationally justified in finding guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Isassi v. State, No. PD-1347-09, — S.W.3d —, 2010 WL 3894792, at *3 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 6, 2010); Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). This court does not sit as a thirteenth juror and may not substitute its judgment for that of the fact finder by re-evaluating the weight and credibility of the evidence. Isassi, 2010 WL 3894792, at *3; Williams, 235 S.W.3d at 750. Instead, we defer to the fact finder’s responsibility to fairly resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from the facts. Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Our duty as a reviewing court is to ensure that the evidence presented actually supports a conclusion that the defendant committed the crime. Williams, 235 S.W.3d at 750.
A person commits the offense of robbery if, in the course of committing theft and with intent to obtain or maintain control of the property, he (1) intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another, or (2) intentionally or knowingly threatens or places another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 29.02(a)(2) (West 2003). A robbery is aggravated if the person uses or exhibits a deadly weapon in the course of committing the robbery. Id. § 29.03(a)(2) (West 2003). A firearm is a deadly weapon per se. Id. § 1.07(a)(17)(A) (West Supp. 2009); Ex parte Huskins, 176 S.W.3d 818, 820 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
Okonzak identified appellant during the trial as the man who was armed with the gun during the robbery. Okonzak also identified appellant “[a]lmost immediately” when Deputy Long presented him with a photo lineup containing appellant’s picture. The testimony of a single eye-witness is sufficient to support a jury’s verdict. Aguilar v. State, 468 S.W.2d 75, 77 (Tex. Crim. App. 1971); Walker v. State, 180 S.W.3d 829, 832 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Harmon v. State, 167 S.W.3d 610, 614 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d). Moreover, appellant’s fingerprints were found on the passenger side of the roof of Okonzak’s car, and at least one of the bullets fired into Okonzak’s car was fired from the passenger side. Fingerprints from Jones and Davis were also recovered from the car, and Okonzak identified Jones and Davis as the other participants in the robbery.
Looking at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that the evidence is sufficient for a rational fact finder to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant is guilty of aggravated robbery. Appellant’s first issue is overruled.
Jury Argument during Punishment
In his second issue, appellant contends that his sentence should be vacated and the case be remanded for a new punishment hearing because of allegedly improper jury argument by the State. During closing argument in the punishment phase of the trial, appellant’s counsel argued:
The State has shown some — and I’m sure they will argue that this man is beyond rehabilitation, shouldn’t even consider rehabilitating him, just sentence him to a long period of time, but if you look at — and one of the pieces of evidence that they’re going to elude to is the jail information, but it you read those jail offenses and violations, you can tell and you can see those are fairly minor violations.
* * *
But he has been there, he’s picked up some violations, but those are not serious or egregious violations.
The following took place during the State’s closing argument:
[THE PROSECUTOR]: Not every inmate in the Harris County Jail gets disciplined. There’s a lot of people housed at the Harris County —
[APPELLANT’S COUNSEL]: Your Honor, I object. That’s not part of the record. That’s not part of the evidence.
[THE PROSECUTOR]: May I respond, Judge? That’s in response to defense counsel’s argument.
THE COURT: Overruled. It’s argument.
[THE PROSECUTOR]: There’s a lot of people who manage to stay in the Harris County Jail without failing to obey orders of the deputies, without a terroristic threat. That goes to show you that even in the most controlled environment, this man can’t play by the rules.
Appellant contends that the State’s argument constitutes reversible error because (1) it does not come within the four categories of permissible jury argument, (2) the trial court put its stamp of approval on the argument by overruling counsel’s objection, (3) the prosecution continued and repeated the argument, thereby compounding the error, and (4) the record demonstrates that appellant was convicted on equivocal testimony and subjectively interpreted fingerprint evidence.
Proper jury argument falls within one of the following categories: (1) summation of the evidence; (2) reasonable deduction from the evidence; (3) in response to argument of opposing counsel; and (4) plea for law enforcement. Davis v. State, No. AP-74,393, — S.W.3d —, 2010 WL 3766661, at *19 (Tex. Crim. App. Sept. 29, 2010). Error exists when facts not supported by the record are interjected in the argument, but such error is not reversible unless, in light of the record, the argument is extreme or manifestly improper. Brown v. State, 270 S.W.3d 564, 570 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). In examining challenges to jury argument, we consider the remark in the context in which it appears. Gaddis v. State, 753 S.W.2d 396, 398 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988).
First, the State’s argument was in response to argument by appellant’s counsel that appellant’s jail offenses were “fairly minor violations” and were “not serious or egregious violations.” The State’s argument was also a reasonable deduction from the evidence. The State offered evidence that appellant, while an inmate in the Harris County Jail, was disciplined for (1) refusing to obey an order on October 14, 2008; (2) threatening on October 20, 2008; (3) refusing to obey an order on April 27, 2009; (4) interfering with count on May 1, 2009; (5) refusing to obey an order on August 12, 2009; and (6) refusing to obey an order on August 20, 2009. Appellant went from October 2, 2008 to April 27, 2009, and May 1, 2009 to August 12, 2009, without being disciplined.
The State’s jury argument was not improper. We overrule appellant’s second issue.
Evidence Admitted during Punishment
In his third issue, appellant asserts that his sentence should be vacated and the case remanded for a new punishment hearing because the State introduced inadmissible cumulative and inflammatory evidence during the punishment phase of the trial. During the punishment phase, the State presented evidence that appellant, while still wanted on aggravated robbery in this case, had murdered William Bius. When the State announced that it was going to call Janet Bius, the mother of William, appellant’s counsel objected at the bench to her testimony:
[APPELLANT’S COUNSEL]: Your Honor, I’m going to object to the mother’s testimony. I believe the death of the young man has been established. The evidence that the mother is going to provide is purely cumulative, and I believe it is gauged or presented for the purpose of inciting passions of the jury and has no relevance other than to do that. And it’s certainly not going to do anything to further establish the young man’s death.
[THE PROSECUTOR]: Judge, we just want the jury to know the circumstances under which she found out and be able to introduce photographs of life. We do not intend to introduce victim impact testimony.
THE COURT: Overruled.
We review a trial court’s evidentiary ruling for an abuse of discretion. Bowley v. State, 310 S.W.3d 431, 434 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Section 3(a)(1) of Article 37.07 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides that the State may offer evidence “as to any matter the court deems relevant to sentencing.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.07, § 3(a)(1) (West Supp. 2009). Evidence is relevant during the punishment phase if it will help the jury decide what sentence is appropriate for a particular defendant given the facts of the case. Hayden v. State, 296 S.W.3d 549, 552 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Janet Bius testified that William and her other son helped her move from Texas to Kansas in the first week of August 2008, where she was going to work on her PhD in chemical engineering. Bius and her sons then visited her sister in Missouri. At the end of the first week of school, Bius found out that William had been shot. When Bius arrived at the hospital in Houston, William was in intensive care. “[W]hen I was in [intensive care] holding his hand, they came in and told me he was — had just done a brain scan and he was dead.” Bius testified that, after making the decision to donate Williams’ organs,
the nurses let me go back into where he was. The only place I could touch him was his hand. They were so warm. It just — I kept thinking, no, no, this isn’t true. But, finally, the nurses came in and I left and went back to Huntsville.
During her testimony, Bius pointed out her sister, brother, and niece sitting in the courtroom. Two photographs of William—one of him and Bius at his high school graduation party and one of him at Bius’s sister’s house in Missouri—were admitted into evidence over appellant’s objections.
Appellant contends that Bius’s testimony was cumulative regarding William’s death which had been proven through the testimony of the medical examiner. Although the trial court has wide discretion to admit relevant evidence during the punishment phase of trial, victim impact testimony regarding a victim not named in the indictment is inadmissible. See Haley v. State, 173 S.W.3d 510, 518 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Cantu v. State, 939 S.W.2d 627, 637 (Tex Crim. App. 1997); see also Ashire v. State, 296 S.W.3d 331, 343 n.5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1 Dist.], 2009, pet. ref’d).[1] Although it was error for the trial court to admit Bius’s testimony, any error was harmless. Under Rule 44.2(b) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, non-constitutional error “that does not affect substantial rights must be disregarded.” Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). A substantial right is affected when the error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict. Haley at 518; Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
In Cantu, victim impact testimony by the mother of a second murder victim killed in the same episode but not named in the indictment was admitted during punishment. See 939 S.W.3d at 636. The mother testified as to her daughter’s good character, the search for her daughter, and the impact the disappearance had on the rest of the family members, and included pictures of her daughter’s sixteenth birthday party. Id. The court held that “evidence as to her good character, activities she enjoyed and the impact of her on her family is not relevant as appellant was not on trial for her murder and such evidence serves no purpose other than to inflame the jury.” Id. at 637. However, the court held that the erroneous admission of the mother’s testimony as to her daughter’s character and activities was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because the mother was one of thirty witnesses who testified at punishment; her testimony comprised less than twenty pages out of over 700 pages of testimony at punishment; the State did not mention her testimony during argument; and the overwhelming focus during the punishment phase was on the appellant’s behavior and the circumstances of the offense. Id. Here, Bius’s testimony comprised seven out of 152 pages of punishment testimony. As in Cantu, the State never directly mentioned or referred to Bius’s testimony during closing argument.[2] Cf. Haley, 173 S.W.3d at 519 (agreeing with court of appeals’ conclusion that State’s argument “stressed and overemphasized” victim impact evidence in justifying severe punishment, substantially affecting and influencing jury’s punishment assessment). Instead, the State focused on the circumstances surrounding the aggravated robbery and the murder and appellant’s criminal history and disciplinary records. After reviewing the entire record, we conclude that any error in the admission of Bius’s testimony did not affect appellant’s substantial rights. Appellant’s third issue is overruled. Having overruled all of appellant’s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
/s/ Margaret Garner Mirabal*
Senior Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Hedges and Justices Jamison and Mirabal.
Do Not Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
[1] “The danger of unfair prejudice to a defendant inherent in the introduction of ‘victim impact’ evidence with respect to a victim not named in the indictment on which he is being tried is unacceptably high. . . . We hold that such evidence is irrelevant under Tex. R. Crim. Evid. 401 . . .” Cantu, 939 S.W.2d at 637.
[2] While not directly quoting Bius, the State did evoke her testimony in its argument: “William didn’t make a very good decision. And I think everybody here that’s got kids knows when we send our children out into the world, this is exactly what we are afraid of. Because kids make bad decisions. They don’t know what’s out there. And don’t you want it to be that way? Don’t you want your kids to feel like they live in a safe world? But they don’t, not while there’s people like him on the street. It’s not safe. But they didn’t know that. They’re from Huntsville. They have no concept of what awaits for them in parts of Houston.”
* Senior Justice Margaret Garner Mirabal sitting by assignment.