Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed January 12, 2010.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
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NO. 14-08-01078-CR
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Ronnie Ray Dimmer, Appellant
V.
The State of Texas, Appellee
On Appeal from the 176th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1156000
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury found appellant, Ronnie Ray Dimmer, guilty of murder. See Tex. Penal Code § 19.02 (Vernon 2009). The trial court assessed punishment at twenty-five years’ confinement in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division. In three issues, appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence, and the trial court’s admission of allegedly unduly prejudicial testimony. We affirm.
Factual and Procedural Background
On January 27, 2007, the complainant, Maurice Anderson, died from a stab wound to his chest. Appellant was charged with murdering the complainant and was found guilty by a jury in Harris County. Appellant now appeals the jury’s finding.
I. The State’s Case in Chief
A. Eric Cooper
The State called Eric Cooper, a friend of both the complainant and appellant, to testify about the events he witnessed on the evening of January 27, 2007. Cooper testified that on that evening he stopped by appellant’s auto shop to say hello. When Cooper arrived at the shop, he found appellant searching for money, which appellant feared had been stolen. Appellant, seemingly irritated, told Cooper he believed the complainant had taken the missing money. As Cooper and appellant were walking out of the shop, the complainant happened to have pulled up to the shop on his bicycle. Appellant immediately approached the complainant and demanded to know where his money was. Cooper explained that after appellant asked the complainant for his money, he “hit” the complainant in the chest. Cooper testified that at that point he could not see what appellant had hit the complainant with. The complainant then told Cooper he had been stabbed and Cooper noticed a small steak knife in appellant’s hand. The complainant walked across the street to Charles Liquor store and asked a patron to call an ambulance. Cooper testified that after the complainant went across the street to the liquor store, Cooper went straight home.
On cross-examination of Cooper, he testified that he went home after the incident because he did not think the stab was serious. Cooper explained he did not know where the complainant was stabbed or what he was stabbed with.
B. Marshall Smith
The State called Marshall Smith to testify about his interaction with appellant while they were housed in the same jail unit. While housed together, Smith and appellant began discussing their respective charges and attempted to help each other think of ways they could exonerate themselves. Smith testified that appellant said he wanted to build a self-defense case in order to defend against his charges. Appellant apparently asked Smith to help him use the jail law library. Appellant told Smith he had stabbed the complainant at appellant’s auto shop because appellant believed the complainant had stolen twenty dollars from him. Smith testified that appellant said someone else was at the auto shop at the time of the murder, but appellant did not give Smith this person’s name. Appellant allegedly told Smith that before the complainant arrived at appellant’s shop, appellant was in the back room getting high on crack cocaine. Smith testified that appellant told him that once the complainant arrived, appellant and he got into an argument and appellant stabbed the complainant in the heart one time and the complainant fell to the ground. Appellant allegedly told Smith that after he stabbed the complainant, he grabbed some of his belongings, got the keys to his van, and took off.
Smith testified that appellant’s story made him angry because Smith had a brother who had been murdered. Smith was particularly incensed by appellant’s comment that “dead men can’t talk.” Smith began writing letters to the court where appellant’s case was filed. These letters eventually made it to the prosecutor who began communicating with Smith about appellant. Smith told the jury that he was not receiving anything in return for testifying against appellant.
C. Dr. Dwayne Wolf
Dr. Wolf testified that he is the Deputy Chief Medical Examiner for Harris County. Dr. Wolf explained to the jury that after looking at the complainant’s autopsy report, he determined the cause of death to be from a knife stab to the complainant’s heart. Dr. Wolf testified the stab went through the breast bone, through the pericardial sack and penetrated the heart—approximately four and one half inches. This type of injury, Dr. Wolf explained, would not cause immediate death. Dr. Wolf explained that a single edged knife caused the injury and that this type of knife is capable of causing death. The autopsy report indicated that the complainant did not have any type of defensive wounds on his body, such as scratch marks, cuts on his hands and forearms, or bruises from a fight.
Dr. Wolf also examined the complainant’s toxicology report and testified that the complainant had cocaine in his system at the time of his death.
D. Julia Salgado
On the evening complainant was stabbed, Julia Salgado stopped by Charles Liquor store to buy a six-pack of beer. As Salgado pulled into the liquor store’s parking lot, she noticed two men across the street yelling at each other and running after one another. One of the men was bleeding and ran across the street towards Salgado. At trial, Salgado identified this man as the complainant. Once the complainant had reached the liquor store, he asked for someone to call an ambulance. Salgado testified that she watched the other man, whom she later identified in a line-up as appellant, go into a house across the street and then come back outside with some clothing and take off in a van. On cross-examination, Salgado confirmed that she did not see any one else at the house across the street, other than the complainant and appellant.
II. The Defense
A. Appellant
Appellant testified that he had known the complainant his whole life and their families had been friends. Appellant said that on the day the complainant was murdered the complainant had been hanging around appellant’s shop asking him to loan complainant money. Appellant asked the complainant to leave because the complainant had been drinking and was disturbing appellant’s business. Sometime later in the day, appellant went into his shop and discovered money was missing. Appellant suspected that the complainant had taken the money. Appellant asked a customer at the shop whether he had seen the complainant go inside the shop when appellant was out in the back. The customer confirmed that the complainant had gone inside the shop. Appellant testified that he was angry at the complainant for taking his money.
Later that evening, appellant was outside cleaning up the shop when the complainant rode up to the shop on his bicycle. Appellant testified that he asked the complainant why he was always stealing money from him. In response, appellant explained, the complainant charged at appellant. Appellant said he did not have a weapon at this point. After the complainant charged at appellant, appellant grabbed a tire brush and used the brush to knock a fishing knife out of the complainant’s hands. The two men then fought for the knife and eventually appellant was able to get control of it. Appellant testified that after he got the knife, he noticed another weapon in the complainant’s hands, but could not distinguish what it was. The complainant continued to charge at appellant and then suddenly the complainant left. Appellant testified that the complainant walked next door to a hamburger restaurant. Appellant said he did not know that he had stabbed the complainant. After the complainant left, appellant said that he went back inside his auto shop to get a larger knife to defend himself. When he came back outside appellant did not see anyone. Appellant went inside again to get clothes for the next day and lawn tools because he was going to do another job that night. Appellant packed up his van and drove off. Appellant testified that if he knew the complainant had been stabbed, he would have stayed to help him.
Discussion
I. Is the evidence legally and factually sufficient to support appellant’s conviction?
Appellant contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction because (1) he did not have the requisite intent to cause death or serious bodily injury, nor was he aware his conduct was reasonably certain to cause death, (2) a knife is not a deadly weapon per se, (3) his self-defense argument was corroborated by a credible witness, and (4) self-defense was justified because of appellant’s awareness of the complainant’s violent and belligerent nature.
A. Standard of Review
In a legal sufficiency review, we view all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 569 (1979); Salinas v. State, 163 S.W.3d 734, 737 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). The jury, as the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses, is free to believe or disbelieve all or part of a witness’ testimony. Jones v. State, 984 S.W.2d 254, 257 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). The jury may reasonably infer facts from the evidence presented, credit the witnesses it chooses to, disbelieve any or all of the evidence or testimony proffered, and weigh the evidence as it sees fit. Sharp v. State, 707 S.W.2d 611, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Reconciliation of conflicts in the evidence is within the jury’s discretion and such conflicts alone will not call for reversal if there is enough credible evidence to support a conviction. Losada v. State, 721 S.W.2d 305, 309 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). An appellate court may not re-evaluate the weight and credibility of the evidence produced at trial and in so doing substitute its judgment for that of the fact finder. King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Inconsistencies in the evidence are resolved in favor of the verdict. Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). We do not engage in a second evaluation of the weight and credibility of the evidence, but only ensure the jury reached a rational decision. Muniz v. State, 851 S.W.2d 238, 246 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Harris v. State, 164 S.W.3d 775, 784 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d).
In a factual sufficiency review, we consider all the evidence in a neutral light. Prible v. State, 175 S.W.3d 724, 730–31 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). The evidence may be factually insufficient in two ways. Id. at 731. First when considered by itself, the evidence supporting the verdict may be so weak that the verdict is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. Id. Second, where the evidence both supports and contradicts the verdict, the contrary evidence may be strong enough that the beyond-a-reasonable doubt standard could not have been met. Id. In conducting a factual sufficiency review, we must employ appropriate deference so we do not substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder. Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 648 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Our analysis must consider the evidence appellant claims is most important in allegedly undermining the jury’s verdict. Sims v. State, 99 S.W.3d 600, 603 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
B. Analysis
A person commits murder if he intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an individual or intends to cause serious bodily injury and commits an act clearly dangerous to human life that causes the death of an individual. Tex. Penal Code § 19.02 (Vernon 2009). A person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect to the nature of his conduct or to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result. Tex. Penal Code § 6.03(a) (Vernon 2009). A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to the nature of his conduct or to circumstances surrounding his conduct when he is aware of the nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist. Tex. Penal Code § 6.03(b) (Vernon 2009). A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to a result of his conduct when he is aware that his conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result. Id.
1. Culpable Mental State
Appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to support a finding of intent to cause death or serious bodily injury. Proof of a mental state, such as intent, must almost always be proved by circumstantial evidence. Smith v. State, 56 S.W.3d 739, 745 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. ref’d). Eric Cooper testified that before the complainant arrived at appellant’s shop, appellant was angry at the complainant for stealing money from him, and when the complainant arrived appellant immediately confronted complainant and “hit” him in the chest. Appellant, himself, explained that he had in fact been angry at the complainant for stealing money from him. A reasonable juror could have concluded appellant was angry at the complainant for taking his money and therefore had motive to kill or cause serious bodily harm to the complainant. Additionally, Marshall Smith testified that appellant told him he had stabbed the complainant over a dispute about twenty dollars. Motive is a significant circumstance indicating guilt. Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 50 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). Intent may be inferred from circumstantial evidence such as acts, words, and the conduct of appellant. Id. Furthermore, evidence of flight is admissible as a circumstance from which a jury may draw an inference of guilt. Bigby v. State, 892 S.W.2d 864, 883 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). Smith testified that appellant told him that after he stabbed the complainant, he immediately fled the scene in his van. Appellant himself corroborated Smith’s testimony and told the jury that after the fight he left in his van. Salgado also testified that she saw appellant grab some items from his shop and then drive away in his van. Appellant’s immediate departure from the scene is conduct from which appellant’s intent may be inferred. See Guevara, 152 S.W.3d at 50. If the stab was merely an accident or self-defense as appellant now contends, it would be reasonable for a juror to conclude that appellant would not have immediately fled, and would instead have inquired into the complainant’s safety. Finally, a jury may infer intent from the extent of the injuries. Patrick v. State, 906 S.W.2d 481, 487 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). The knife that caused the complainant’s death went four and one half inches deep into the complainant’s chest, so as to penetrate his heart. A reasonable juror could have concluded that stabbing a person with a knife so deeply that it penetrates the victim’s heart demonstrates evidence of intent to kill, because it is conduct that reasonably certain to or cause serious bodily injury because it is conduct that is reasonably certain to cause death.
Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a reasonable juror could have found the evidence was legally sufficient to support a finding that appellant had the requisite intent. When viewed in a neutral light, the evidence supporting a finding of intent is not so weak as to be manifestly unjust, nor is contrary evidence so strong that the beyond-a-reasonable doubt standard could not have been met. Therefore, the evidence is factually sufficient to support the jury’s finding on the element of intent.
2. Deadly Weapon Finding
Appellant argues that a knife is not a deadly weapon per se. Appellant does not explain why it is necessary that we find a knife to be a deadly weapon per se to support his conviction. We will construe appellant’s argument to contend that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support an element alleged in the indictment, namely that appellant used a deadly weapon to cause the death of the complainant.
A deadly weapon is a firearm or anything manifestly designed, made, or adapted for the purpose of inflicting death or serious bodily injury; or anything that in the manner of its use or intended use is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury. Tex. Penal Code § 1.07(a)(17) (Vernon 2009). Although a knife is not a deadly weapon per se, the Court of Criminal Appeals has held that an object, such as a knife, can be a deadly weapon if the actor intends to or actually uses the object to cause death or serious bodily injury. See Thomas v. State, 821 S.W.2d 616, 620 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). Bayonets, scimitars, and swords of various kinds are designed for such purpose and, therefore, could qualify as deadly weapons within the meaning of the penal code. Id. Kitchen knives, utility knives, straight razors, and eating utensils are manifestly designed and made for other purposes and, consequently, do not qualify as deadly weapons unless actually used or intended to be used in such a way as to cause death or serious bodily injury within the meaning of the penal code. Id. Whether a particular knife is a deadly weapon by design, a deadly weapon by usage, or not a deadly weapon at all, therefore, depends upon the evidence. Id.
Cooper testified that he saw a small steak knife in appellant’s hand after the complainant said he had been stabbed. Appellant testified that the knife he took from complainant was a fishing knife. Appellant admitted to fighting to get the knife out of the complainant’s hands. However, appellant claimed he did not realize he had stabbed the complainant, and in fact went inside his house to get a larger knife for better protection. Smith testified appellant told him that he had stabbed the complainant in the heart with a knife and then watched the complainant fall to the ground. According to Smith’s testimony, appellant said the only injury suffered by the complainant was a knife wound to the heart. Houston Police Officer Aldolfo Carillo testified that based on his experience working with HPD’s homicide division, he believes that a knife is a deadly weapon. The Deputy Chief Medical Examiner Dr. Dwayne Wolf testified that the cause of complainant’s death was a stab wound to the chest. He further explained that a knife is the kind of weapon that could cause someone’s death.
Furthermore, appellant used the knife in a manner which could be fatal to human life and in fact was. See Tex. Penal Code § 1.07(a)(17)(B) (Vernon 2009). Cooper testified that he saw appellant “hit” the complainant in the chest, and later saw a knife in appellant’s hands. This evidence supports a reasonable inference that appellant hit the complainant in the chest with the knife. Hitting someone in the chest with enough force to penetrate the victim’s heart is using a knife in a deadly manner.
Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, it is reasonable to conclude any juror could have found the knife used by appellant to cause the death of the complainant was a deadly weapon. Therefore, the evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury’s finding that appellant used a deadly weapon as alleged in the indictment. Furthermore, the evidence supporting the deadly weapon finding is not so weak that the verdict is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. In addition, the only contrary evidence presented was appellant’s claim that he was unaware the knife he used caused the death of the complainant. The jury is the judge of credibility of the witnesses, and it is free to believe or disbelieve any portion of the witnesses’ testimony. Jones, 984 S.W.2d at 257. It is reasonable that the jurors did not believe appellant’s testimony that he was unaware he had stabbed the complainant. Viewing this evidence in a neutral light, the evidence is factually sufficient to support the jury’s finding appellant used a deadly weapon as alleged in the indictment.
3. Self-Defense
Appellant challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jury’s rejection of his self-defense claim. Appellant contends because his self-defense argument was unchallenged by a credible witness, the jury’s implicit rejection of his self-defense claim is not supported by the evidence. Furthermore, he claims that because he knew of the complainant’s dangerous propensities he was justified in defending himself.
a. Standard of Review
An accused bears the burden of producing some evidence in support of a claim of self-defense. Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). Once the accused produces such evidence, the burden falls upon the State to disprove the raised defense. Id. at 913–14. The State’s burden of persuasion is not one that requires the production of evidence; rather, it requires only that the State prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 913. The issue of self-defense is a fact issue for the jury and a verdict of “guilty” is an implicit finding rejecting an accused’s self-defense theory. Id. at 913–14.
When reviewing a legal sufficiency challenge on the issue of self-defense, a reviewing court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to see if any rational trier of fact could have found (1) the essential elements of murder beyond a reasonable doubt, and (2) against appellant on the self-defense issue beyond a reasonable doubt. See Saxton, 804 S.W.2d at 914. When evaluating a challenge to the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the fact finder’s rejection of a claim of self-defense, we review all of the evidence in a neutral light. Zulani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 595 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
b. Analysis
A person may use force in self-defense when and to the degree he reasonably believes the force is immediately necessary to protect himself against the other’s use or attempted use of unlawful force. Tex. Penal Code § 9.31 (Vernon 2009). Deadly force may be used if the use of force would be justified under section 9.31, and a reasonable person in the actor’s situation would not have retreated; and when and to the degree he reasonably believes the deadly force is immediately necessary to protect himself against the other’s use or attempted use of unlawful deadly force. Tex. Penal Code § 9.32 (Vernon 2009).
Appellant contends Julia Salgado is a credible witness and because her testimony supports appellant’s self-defense theory the jury should not have rejected it. The jury is the exclusive judge of the credibility of the witnesses and of the weight to be given to their testimony. Jones, 944 S.W.2d at 647. Thus, it was up to the jury to decide whether Salgado was a credible witness. Furthermore, Salgado testified she saw two men yelling and running after one another. Her testimony does not support or refute appellant’s self-defense claims.
Additionally, Cooper testified that he watched appellant attack the complainant without any provocation from the complainant. Smith testified that appellant told him he stabbed the complainant in the heart and watched him fall to the ground. Appellant also told Smith that he wanted to attempt to put together a self-defense case to exonerate himself. The only person who testified to there being a fight between the two men was the appellant. It is within the sole province of the jury to reconcile the conflicts and contradictions in the evidence. Chiles v. State, 988 S.W.2d 411, 415 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d). After viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found against appellant on the self-defense issue beyond a reasonable doubt. Viewing this evidence in a neutral light, any reasonable juror could have rejected appellant’s claim of self-defense and found that the State proved the elements of murder beyond a reasonable doubt.
As part of his self defense claim, appellant also contends that, because he was aware of the complainant’s violent nature when he was under the influence of drugs and alcohol, he was justified in using self-defense. As established above, the evidence does not support a finding that the complainant attacked appellant. Therefore, because the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the jury’s implicit rejection of appellant’s self-defense claim, we find this argument has no merit.
In light of the above, appellant’s first and second issues are overruled.
II. Did the trial court err in admitting the testimony of Marshall Smith?
Appellant contends the trial court erred in admitting the testimony of Marshall Smith under Texas Rule of Evidence 403, because its probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Appellant concedes he did not object to Smith’s testimony, but argues “the testimony was so violative of [r]ule 403, the judge should have, on his own motion, excluded the testimony of Marshall Smith.” We hold appellant has waived this issue. To preserve error for appellate review, the complaining party must make a timely, specific objection. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Turner v. State, 805 S.W.2d 423, 431 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). The point of error on appeal must correspond to the objection made at trial. Thomas v. State, 723 S.W.2d 696, 700 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Appellant objected to Smith’s testimony on the basis of hearsay and not under rule 403. Accordingly, we hold appellant has failed to preserve error on this issue. Appellant’s third issue is overruled.
Conclusion
Having overruled all of appellant’s issues on appeal, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
/s/ John S. Anderson
Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Hedges and Justices Anderson and Mirabal.[1]
Do Not Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
[1] Senior Justice Margaret Garner Mirabal sitting by assignment.