NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 14-4392
___________
YAN YAN,
Appellant
v.
FOX CHASE CANCER CENTER; HUA-YING FAN
____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Civ. No. 2:12-cv-03858)
District Judge: Honorable Eduardo C. Robreno
____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
September 16, 2015
Before: CHAGARES, JORDAN and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed September 23, 2015)
_________
OPINION*
_________
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
PER CURIAM
Yan Yan appeals pro se from the District Court’s order granting the defendants’
motion for summary judgment.1 We will affirm the District Court’s order.
I.
Yan filed a complaint in the District Court alleging that her employers, defendants
Fox Chase Cancer Center (“FCCC”) and Dr. Hua-Ying Fan, discriminated against her
based on her sex, national origin, and race in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, and the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act
1
Yan’s notice of appeal states that she seeks also review of the October 30, 2014 order
entered by the District Court, which denied her Rule 60(b) motion for reconsideration and
her motions for sanctions. However, Yan did not present any arguments challenging
those orders in her opening (or reply) brief. See Kost v. Kozakiewicz, 1 F.3d 176, 182
(3d Cir. 1993) (An appellant is “required to set forth the issues raised on appeal and to
present an argument in support of those issues in [her] opening brief.”); Fed. R. App. P.
28(a)(5). Accordingly, she has waived any challenges to that order. See Kost, 1 F.3d at
182. We note that even if Yan had raised arguments concerning the District Court’s
October 30th denial of her motions, the District Court’s decision was not an abuse of
discretion. See Jackson v. Danberg, 656 F.3d 157, 162 (3d Cir. 2011) (denials of Rule
60(b) motions are reviewed for abuse of discretion); Mindek v. Rigatti, 964 F.2d 1369,
1373 (3d Cir. 1992) (same for denials of motions for sanctions).
On February 27, 2015, Yan also filed an amended notice of appeal that merely refers to
the initial notice of appeal. The purpose of the amended notice of appeal is thus unclear.
Further, to the extent that Yan seeks to appeal from the District Court’s January 8, 2015
or January 20, 2015 orders (which neither her amended notice of appeal nor her briefs
mention), the notice of appeal is untimely. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a).
2
(“PHRA”), 43 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 951. She also alleged that the defendants violated
the Equal Pay Act, 29 U.S.C. § 206, by paying her less than a male employee. 2
Yan is a female Chinese citizen who was hired by Dr. Fan as a scientific
technician at her laboratory at FCCC. Initially, Dr. Fan offered Yan the position of
Scientific Technician II, but the human resources department determined that Yan’s work
experience would make her more suited for a Scientific Technician I position, with
advancement opportunities. The Scientific Technician I position had fewer and less
technical responsibilities than those of the Scientific Technician II position. Accordingly,
an official letter was sent to Yan offering her the position of Scientific Technician I, with
an annual salary of $32,500. Yan accepted the offer and started working at the lab on
June 1, 2010.
Yan’s time at FCCC was short. At Yan’s thirty-day performance evaluation, Dr.
Fan noted several areas for improvement. Then, on July 7, 2010, FCCC notified all of
2
The District Court noted that Yan had “at times” suggested that she was discriminated
against based on her age and disability, but that she did not assert those claims in her
complaint. Accordingly, it did not consider any such claims in its summary judgment
decision. In Yan’s appellate briefing, she again argues that she was discriminated against
based on her age and disability. We decline to consider these issues. See In re
Montgomery Ward & Co., Inc., 428 F.3d 154, 166 (3d Cir. 2005).
3
the employees3 of Dr. Fan’s lab that the lab would be closing due to Dr. Fan’s acceptance
of a position at the University of Pennsylvania. FCCC informed the employees that their
positions would be terminated on August 31, 2010. However, on August 16, 2010, Dr.
Fan terminated Yan’s employment, explaining that her performance had not improved
since her thirty-day performance evaluation. Further, Yan had made additional mistakes,
such as approving payment for supplies that were not received by the lab and mislabeling
experiment samples. Although Yan’s termination was effective on August 16th, she was
paid until August 31st.
After Yan’s termination from employment, she filed charges with the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) and the Pennsylvania Human Relations
Commission (“PHRC”). And after receiving a right-to-sue letter, Yan commenced this
lawsuit in July 2012. Following discovery, which was beset by several delays caused by
Yan,4 the defendants filed a motion for summary judgment, which the District Court
granted on September 18, 2014.
3
Dr. Fan’s lab employed several people: a male graduate student from Russia, a
Caucasian male staff scientist from the United States, an Asian male post-doctoral
associate from India, and an Asian female lab volunteer from India.
4
The District Court considered dismissing Yan’s case as a sanction for her repeated
violations of Court orders. See Poulis v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 747 F.2d 863 (3d
Cir. 1984). Although the District Court determined that dismissal was warranted, it
ultimately imposed the lesser sanction of striking Yan’s answers to the defendants’ first
set of interrogatories. Although Yan made numerous factual assertions in her answers,
4
Yan filed a timely motion for reconsideration pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 60(b), which the District Court denied on October 30, 2014.
Yan now appeals.
II.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and review the District Court’s
grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing all inferences drawn from the underlying
facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.5 Montone v. City of Jersey
City, 709 F.3d 181, 189 (3d Cir. 2013). Summary judgment is proper only if the record
“shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). After careful review of the
record, we conclude that the District Court correctly granted the defendants’ motion for
summary judgment for the reasons provided in its September 18, 2014 memorandum.
The District Court properly analyzed Yan’s discrimination claims according to the
burden-shifting framework established by McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S.
defendants were unable to question her regarding those assertions because Yan failed to
appear for her deposition in violation of the District Court’s order. Yan has not
challenged this sanction on appeal, and the District Court acted well within its discretion
in imposing it in any event.
5
We note that we “may only review the record as it existed at the time summary
judgment was entered . . . . The parties cannot add exhibits, depositions or affidavits to
support their position.” Union Pac. R.R. v. Greentree Transp. Trucking Co., 293 F.3d
120, 125-26 (3d Cir. 2002). Accordingly we will not consider the documents outside the
record that Yan has attached to her briefs on appeal.
5
792, 802 (1973). See Jones v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., 198 F.3d 403, 410 (3d Cir. 1999).
Under this test, only if Yan established a prima facie case of discrimination were the
defendants required to “articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason” for her
termination. McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802. Yan then had the opportunity to
show that the legitimate reason offered by the defendants was pretextual. See id. at 804-
05.
We agree with the District Court that, even had Yan established a prima facie case
of discrimination, she did not establish that the legitimate, non-discriminatory reason
proffered by the defendants for her termination of employment was pretext for unlawful
discrimination. The defendants asserted that Yan’s employment was terminated because
she was unable to adequately perform the basic functions of her job. Yan argued that the
mistakes she made did not justify her termination of employment. However, Yan
provided no evidence “from which a factfinder could reasonably infer that the employer’s
proffered justification is merely a pretext for discrimination.” See Burton v. Teleflex,
Inc., 707 F.3d 417, 426 (3d Cir. 2013). To show pretext, the plaintiff “must point to
some evidence, direct or circumstantial, from which a factfinder could reasonably either
(1) disbelieve the employer’s articulated, legitimate reasons; or (2) believe that an
invidious discriminatory reason was more likely than not a motivating or determinative
cause of the employer’s action.” Id. at 427 (quotation marks omitted). As the District
6
Court explained, Yan’s belief that she performed better than her colleagues does not
undermine the defendants’ assertion that she was terminated for performance problems,
as she set forth no evidence that she was subject to an adverse employment action due to
discriminatory animus. Accordingly, we agree with the District Court’s decision to grant
summary judgment as to Yan’s employment discrimination claims.
Yan’s Equal Pay Act claim is equally deficient. She asserted that the defendants
violated the Equal Pay Act by paying her less than a male employee, Girish Hemashettar.
To succeed on her claim, Yan had to first establish that a male employee was’ paid
differently for performing ‘equal work’ – work of substantially equal skill, effort and
responsibility, under similar working conditions.” Stanziale v. Jargowsky, 200 F.3d 101,
107 (3d Cir. 2000). Only if she met this burden were the defendants required to meet a
burden of persuasion to “demonstrate the applicability of one of the four affirmative
defenses specified under the Act.” Id.
Yan did not establish a prima facie case. While Mr. Hemashettar’s starting salary
was $1500 more than Yan’s, he acted as a “true lab manager,” whereas Yan’s primary
duties were ordering laboratory supplies and materials, “creating and making general
solutions and reagents for use in the laboratory’s experiments, photographing and
analyzing relevant samples, assisting in experiments, and conducting basic data analysis.”
Mr. Hemashettar no longer worked at the lab when Yan started, and, as the District Court
7
stated, Yan provided no independent support for her belief that Mr. Hemashettar had
performed substantially the same work that she did. Therefore, the District Court
properly granted summary judgment on this claim.
We have considered Yan’s remaining arguments, and have determined that they
are meritless. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the District Court’s order. Yan’s
motions for costs are denied.
8