United States v. Charles Jackson

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
_____________

No. 13-4771
_____________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

CHARLES E. JACKSON, a/k/a JAMES RUSSELL BRAME a/k/a RASOUL,

Charles E. Jackson,
Appellant
_____________

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(No. 2:10-cr-00388)
District Judge: Honorable Cynthia M. Rufe

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
September 16, 2015

Before: FISHER, CHAGARES, and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.

(Filed: September 23, 2015)
____________

OPINION*
____________

CHAGARES, Circuit Judge.

*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
Charles E. Jackson appeals his conviction and sentence for various cocaine

distribution offenses. In particular, he asserts that evidence of prior drug transactions was

improperly admitted under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b), that his right to a fair trial

was violated by the District Court’s refusal to grant a continuance while new counsel

familiarized himself with the facts of Jackson’s case, and that the Government

improperly offered an opinion as to his guilt in opening and closing statements.1 For the

following reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment of conviction and

sentence.

We write solely for the parties and therefore recite only the facts necessary to our

disposition. Jackson was indicted on June 16, 2010, for drug distribution and possession

offenses — specifically, distribution of cocaine, possession of cocaine with intent to

distribute, and conspiracy to distribute cocaine. The Government also filed an

information charging Jackson with two prior drug felony convictions pursuant to 21

U.S.C. § 851.

The pretrial phase of Jackson’s case was extensive, and he went through several

attorneys before ultimately proceeding pro se on his pretrial motions. After numerous

delays, many of them attributable to Jackson, trial was scheduled for December 4, 2012.

On November 29, 2012, Jackson informed the court that he intended to retain new

1
Jackson also raises two sentencing arguments to ensure they are preserved for further
review, but he properly recognizes that they are foreclosed by our current precedent.
Jackson Br. 47–53.
2
counsel, Harry Feinberg. The District Court, frustrated with what it regarded as extended

delays caused by Jackson, informed him that trial would still begin on December 4, 2012,

and that Feinberg should be ready on that date if he intended to represent Jackson.

Feinberg entered an appearance on December 4, 2012, and requested a two-week

continuance, which the District Court denied, citing the lengthy delays, a potentially

unavailable Government witness, and a previously scheduled trial that would have

required putting off Jackson’s trial for more than the requested two weeks. The District

Court gave Feinberg the option of spending December 4th in the courtroom, with access

to all the case materials and the assistance of Jackson’s standby counsel, who was

familiar with the case, with the trial to begin on December 5th. Feinberg took this option

and reported to the District Court, on two occasions, that he was prepared to begin trial.

Jury selection began on the afternoon of December 5th.

The Government filed a motion in limine to admit certain evidence of prior drug

transactions involving Jackson and two of the Government’s proposed witnesses, to

which Jackson objected. The witnesses had participated with Jackson in the charged drug

crimes, as well as prior drug sales, and the Government contended that their testimony

was admissible to show knowledge, intent, and to explain why Jackson would have been

trusted with such a large volume of cocaine. The District Court found that the evidence

was admissible under 404(b) to “explain[] the relationship of the parties.” Appendix

(“App.”) 180. The District Court issued a jury instruction both at the close of the

witnesses’ testimony and at the close of trial to limit consideration of the 404(b)

evidence. The instruction essentially recited all proper purposes for considering the

3
evidence under Rule 404(b). Upon consideration of Jackson’s post-trial motions, the

District Court issued a more detailed statement of its reasons for admitting the evidence,

finding that the evidence was admissible to “show[] knowledge and intent to distribute

significant amounts of cocaine in transactions with the same people . . . and . . . to explain

the relationship among the parties to the transaction charged in the indictment.” App.

1145.

The prosecutor, in her opening and closing remarks, made statements asking the

jury to “tell the defendant you are a drug dealer and you are guilty,” App. 477, and stating

that “[w]e are long overdue for Mr. Jackson to finally hear that he is guilty, and I am

asking you to tell him.” App. 1000. Jackson contends that these remarks constituted an

improper injection of the prosecutor’s personal belief about his guilt into the proceedings

and that they implied a troubled history to the proceeding to which the jury was not privy.

Jackson was found guilty by the jury on all three counts on December 10, 2012.

No post-trial motions were timely filed. Eventually, Jackson’s counsel was granted leave

to withdraw and he was given court-appointed counsel. His court-appointed counsel filed

a motion for a new trial based on the allegedly improperly admitted evidence under Rule

404(b), which the District Court considered and denied on the merits. At sentencing, the

parties agreed that the correct advisory Sentencing Guidelines range was calculated as

324 to 405 months of imprisonment, and the District Court ultimately sentenced Jackson

to 330 months of imprisonment and ten years of supervised release.

Jackson timely appealed.

II.

4
The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have

appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). The District

Court’s decision not to grant a continuance is reviewed for abuse of discretion. United

States v. Olfano, 503 F.3d 240, 245 (3d Cir. 2007). “We normally review evidentiary

rulings for abuse of discretion, but we exercise plenary review over ‘whether evidence

falls within the scope of Rule 404(b).’” United States v. Smith, 725 F.3d 340, 344–45

(3d Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v. Green, 617 F.3d 233, 239 (3d Cir. 2010)).

Finally, we review Jackson’s claim of prosecutorial misconduct for plain error, because

he did not contemporaneously object to the prosecutor’s remarks. See Puckett v. United

States, 556 U.S. 129, 135 (2009).

III.

First, we consider Jackson’s argument that the District Court’s refusal to grant a

continuance amounted to a denial of his Fifth Amendment due process rights and his

Sixth Amendment right to counsel. He argues that the District Court’s refusal effectively

nullified his choice of Feinberg as counsel and impermissibly infringed his rights to a fair

trial and due process of law. The Government responds that any objection on this score

was waived by Feinberg’s attestations to the District Court that he was adequately

prepared for trial and, even if Jackson’s objection is not waived, that he fails to articulate

how the lack of a continuance prejudiced his defense.2

2
To the extent that Jackson is arguing that he was denied “a fair opportunity to obtain the
assistance of counsel of his choice to prepare and conduct his defense,” that
“constitutional mandate is satisfied so long as the accused is afforded a fair or reasonable
opportunity to obtain particular counsel, and so long as there is no arbitrary action
5
In considering a request for a continuance, the District Court should weigh “the

efficient administration of criminal justice, the accused’s rights, and the rights of other

defendants whose trials may be delayed as a result of the continuance.” Olfano, 503 F.3d

at 246. Moreover, a district court abuses its discretion by denying a continuance only

when its denial is “so arbitrary as to violate due process.” United States v. Irizarry, 341

F.3d 273, 305 (3d Cir. 2003).

The District Court was understandably concerned about the numerous delays in

bringing this case to trial, a concern that went to the efficient administration of justice.

For this reason alone, the District Court’s action was not arbitrary. Thus, we find that the

denial was not an abuse of discretion. In any case, Jackson does not even attempt to

show how his defense was impaired due to the denial of a two-week continuance.

Feinberg told the District Court repeatedly that he was ready to try the case, and by all

accounts did well, even earning praise from the District Court for an “amazing job.”

App. 1101. Jackson identifies no areas in which his counsel was unprepared or unable to

competently represent him, and thus no prejudice from any possible error the District

Court might have committed.

Jackson’s next argument is that the District Court improperly admitted evidence

of prior drug transactions under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). Rule 404(b) prohibits

the introduction of “[e]vidence of a crime, wrong, or other act” if that evidence is to be

prohibiting the effective use of such counsel.” United States ex rel. Carey v. Rundle, 409
F.2d 1210, 1215 (3d Cir. 1969). The record shows that Jackson had ample opportunity to
retain counsel of his choice, and the District Court's refusal to further postpone his trial
date was not arbitrary.
6
used to prove a person’s “character in order to show that on a particular occasion the

person acted in accordance with the character.” Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(1). However, the

evidence “may be admissible for another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity,

intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident.”

Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(2).

We have developed a four-part test for evaluating the introduction of evidence

under Rule 404(b). Evidence is admissible if it is “(1) offered for a proper purpose under

Rule 404(b)(2); (2) relevant to that purpose; (3) sufficiently probative under the Rule 403

balancing requirement; and (4) accompanied by a limiting instruction, if requested.”

United States v. Davis, 726 F.3d 434, 441 (3d Cir. 2013).3 The burden is on the

Government to show that the evidence is connected to a proper purpose, and the District

Court must provide reasoning that is “detailed and on the record” explaining why the

evidence is admissible. Id.

3
Some cases add a requirement to the first prong of the test that the purpose is “at issue,”
though others have not incorporated this requirement. Compare United States v. Brown,
765 F.3d 278, 291 (3d Cir. 2014) (holding that evidence must “be offered for a proper
non-propensity purpose that is at issue in the case”), and United States v. Caldwell, 760
F.3d 267, 277 (3d Cir. 2014) (holding that proponent of 404(b) evidence must “identify a
proper 404(b) purpose for admission . . . that is ‘at issue’ in . . . the case”), with Davis,
726 F.3d at 441 (not listing the “at issue” requirement as an element of the test), United
States v. Ciavarella, 716 F.3d 705, 728 (3d Cir. 2013) (same), and United States v. Smith,
725 F.3d 340, 344 (3d Cir. 2013) (same). The Supreme Court’s decision in Huddleston
v. United States, 485 U.S. 681 (1988), from which the four-part test is derived, does not
contain the “at issue” provision. In any event, the case against Jackson was based on
constructive possession and his intent to distribute the cocaine, so knowledge and intent
were at issue, and any difference in the test is not dispositive here.
7
The District Court found that the challenged evidence went to the non-propensity

purposes of showing Jackson’s knowledge and intent, as well as assisting the jury in

understanding the narrative of the facts leading up to the offenses for which Jackson was

indicted. We have, in the past, upheld the introduction of evidence of past distribution as

relevant to prove knowledge of the same or different drug in a later distribution trial. See

United States v. Givan, 320 F.3d 452, 461 (3d Cir. 2003) (“The evidence that Givan had

been convicted of distribution of cocaine makes Givan’s knowledge of the presence of

the heroin more probable than it would have been without the evidence.”). We have also

held that a defendant’s “participation in a prior drug conspiracy is probative of his

knowledge of, and relationship with a member of, a later drug conspiracy.” United States

v. Vega, 285 F.3d 256, 263 (3d Cir. 2002). And we have held that evidence of past

distribution is relevant to prove intent to distribute in a later distribution trial, even to the

extent of admitting prior convictions as well as uncharged conduct. See United States v.

Lee, 573 F.3d 155, 166–67 (3d Cir. 2009) (holding that prior drug trafficking conviction

was admissible to prove intent to distribute).

Moreover, we have held that the Government has some latitude to introduce

404(b) evidence to “allow[] the jury to understand the circumstances surrounding the

charged crime.” Green, 617 F.3d at 247; see also United States v. O’Leary, 739 F.2d

135, 136 (3d Cir. 1984) (agreeing with the Government that the need “to show the

background of the charges [and] the parties’ familiarity with one another” were purposes

under Rule 404(b) (quotation marks omitted)); United States v. Simmons, 679 F.2d 1042,

1050 (3d Cir. 1982) (concluding that providing the jury with “necessary background

8
information” was a proper purpose under Rule 404(b)). Jackson’s strategy at trial was to

suggest that the two testifying witnesses attempted to pin everything on him so as to limit

their criminal exposure; the Government was entitled to explain the relationship that

Jackson had with those witnesses to provide context to their testimony. Also, because the

full amount of cocaine was never recovered, the Government was within its rights to

explore the escalating quantities to provide circumstantial evidence that Jackson was

dealing with a relatively large weight on this occasion.

Thus, we hold that the evidence was admitted for a proper purpose under Rule

404(b) and that it was relevant to that purpose. The District Court explained why the

evidence was admissible on the record in a sufficiently thorough manner, both at the time

of its ruling on the Rule 404(b) motion and, in a more detailed fashion, in its order

denying Jackson’s post-trial motions. Though undoubtedly prejudicial, the evidence’s

probative value was not “substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice.”

Fed. R. Evid. 403. And, though it perhaps could have been clearer, the District Court

gave a proper limiting instruction, both at the time of the testimony and in the final jury

charge.

Finally, Jackson argues that some of the prosecutor’s comments showed her

personal belief about Jackson’s guilt and impermissibly suggested the existence of the

lengthy pretrial litigation history between Jackson and the Government to which the jury

was not privy. Jackson did not contemporaneously object to the allegedly improper

arguments and thus our review is for plain error. See Puckett, 556 U.S. at 135. Applying

that standard, we affirm unless there is “(1) an error; (2) that is plain; (3) that affects

9
substantial rights; and (4) which seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public

reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Tai, 750 F.3d 309, 313–14 (3d Cir.

2014). “Meeting all four prongs is difficult[.]” Puckett, 556 U.S. at 135. If an appellant

meets the prongs, we may “in [our] discretion grant relief.” United States v. Salahuddin,

765 F.3d 329, 337 (3d Cir. 2014) (quotation marks omitted).

Here, even assuming there was error, it was not plain. “The prosecutor is entitled

to considerable latitude in summation to argue the evidence and any reasonable

inferences that can be drawn from that evidence.” United States v. Werme, 939 F.2d 108,

117 (3d Cir. 1991). The prosecutor made statements such as “this man’s a drug dealer.

The evidence will show [that] he’s a drug dealer.” App. 476–77. The purpose of the

opening and closing statements are, respectively, to outline what the evidence will show

and has shown and argue for the inferences the Government wishes the jury to draw from

that evidence. In a case where the Government has charged the defendant with drug

distribution, the statements that the evidence will show that the defendant is a drug dealer

do not cross the line into impermissibly stating the prosecutor’s belief in the defendant’s

guilt, certainly not to the extent that the error is plain and seriously affected the fairness,

integrity, or public reputation of the proceeding. See Puckett, 556 U.S. at 135. We

therefore find this argument to be without merit.

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.