FILED
SEPTEMBER 24, 2015
In the Office ofthe Clerk of Court
W A State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, )
) No. 32174-6-111
Respondent, )
)
v. )
)
JEFFREY L. RIEKER, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
Appellant )
FEARING, J. - Jeffrey Rieker assigns numerous errors to his convictions for
possession of stolen property, possession of a stolen motor vehicle, unlawful manufacture
of marijuana, unlawful possession of a firearm, and bail jumping. We affirm the trial
court's denial ofRieker's motion to suppress and hold that sufficient evidence supports
his convictions. We remand the case, however, for further review of his sentencing.
FACTS
On October 11, 2011, the Chelan County Sheriff's Office entertained a report of
theft of tools from A& W Paving and Ridgeview Plumbing, two businesses housed in the
same Cashmere building. Sheriff Deputy Brent Patterson journeyed to the businesses and
created a list of missing tools.
No. 32 174-6-II1
State v. Rieker
On January 12,2012, the Chelan County Sheriffs Office executed a search
warrant at a Peshastin shop owned by defendant Jeffrey Rieker. Material evidence
gathered during the search led to the prosecution of Rieker. Lance Smith supplied
information utilized by law enforcement to gain the warrant. That information now
follows.
On November 23,2011, Lance Smith ended two years of employment with Jeffrey
Rieker because of a wage dispute and Smith's disapproval of Rieker's lifestyle. Both
Rieker and Smith were convicted felons, but Rieker had not ended his life of crime.
Rieker received and exchanged stolen property for drugs or money. Rieker hid stolen
tools and other property in the walls of Rieker's shop. Rieker employed an IS-inch space
between the inner and outer walls of his shop, which space was accessed by removing
screws securing the inner wall panel. Rieker boasted to Smith about amassing stolen
tools and paying a scant sum for the tools from local youth he commissioned to steal.
Lance Smith saw an AK-47 assault rifle at least two times in Jeffrey Rieker's
shop. Rieker requested that Smith take the assault rifle because Rieker was a felon.
Rieker worried that his neighbor might eye him with the rifle and report him to law
enforcement. Smith refused to take custody of the rifle since Smith was also a convicted
felon. At the time Rieker asked Smith to take the assault rifle, Rieker informed Smith
that the former usually hid the firearm in a culvert on his shop property. A green
fiberglass lid covered the culvert top, which emerged two feet from the ground. The
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No. 32174-6-111
State v. Rieker
culvert lay past the junction of two dirt roads that led to the shop, but in the woods fifty
feet to the northwest of the juncture.
On the last day of his employment in November 2011, Lance Smith observed
some tools for the first time in Jeffrey Rieker's shop. Smith sawall O-volt Mig welder,
a 220-volt industrial Mig welder, a plasma cutter, a Hilti diamond coring concrete motor,
a Wirsbo expander tool, a handheld Milwaukee band-saw with the words "Ridgeview
Plumbing" written thereon, an orange power snake plumbing tool, a Black & Decker
drill, and security monitoring system with four cameras still contained in its original box.
Clerk's Papers (CP) at 5. Smith questioned Rieker about the acquisition of the tools and
Rieker supplied no response. Smith assumed the tools were stolen.
In late November 2011, Lance Smith encountered Tanner Schwind in
Leavenworth. Schwind was close friends with Smith's stepson. On previous occasions,
Schwind boasted to Smith of criminal acts the former performed on behalf of Jeffrey
Rieker. In late November, Schwind crowed to Smith about filling a "shopping list" of
tools Rieker requested him to steal. CP at 5. Schwind claimed he stole tools, now
housed in Rieker's shop, from a plumbing business, in Cashmere. Schwind found humor
in fulfilling Rieker's wish list at one location.
Lance Smith telephoned Robert McLeod, owner of Ridgeview Plumbing. Smith
asked McLeod if the latter had been burgled, and Smith disclosed that he might know the
thief. McLeod encouraged Smith to notify law enforcement.
3
No. 32 174-6-III
State v. Rieker
In January 2012, Lance Smith reported the misconduct of Jeffrey Rieker to the
Chelan County Sheriffs Office. On January 3,2012, Sheriff Detective Mitch Matheson
conducted and recorded an interview of Lance Smith. Smith related the above
information to Detective Matheson. Smith added that the tools likely remain in the
possession of Rieker. Smith brought with him to the interview the power snake plumbing
tool. The plumbing tool had a sticker affixed to it. Smith explained that Rieker gave him
the tool because it did not work and Rieker hoped Smith would repair the tool.
After interviewing Lance Smith on January 3, Detective Mitch Matheson
contacted Robert McLeod, owner of Ridgeview Plumbing. Matheson described the tools
that Lance Smith reportedly saw at Jeffrey Rieker's shop, and McLeod identified the
tools as being stolen from his business. McLeod told Matheson that he did not know
Rieker or Smith. McLeod styled the Wirsbo expander and diamond coring motor as rare
and expensive plumbing tools. McLeod identified the power snake tool as his based on
the white sticker it bore. McLeod told Detective Matheson that he previously received a
call from Smith about the stolen goods.
Detective Mitch Matheson deposited Jeffrey Rieker's information in an affidavit
supporting a warrant to search Jeffrey Rieker's property. Matheson noted that Tanner
Schwind was incarcerated in Kittitas County Jail as of January 2012. Chelan County
Judge John Bridges signed the warrant on January 5, 2012. The warrant authorized law
enforcement to search Jeffrey Rieker's cabin and shop, off Highway 97 in Peshastin, for
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No. 32174-6-111
State v. Rieker
items reported stolen by A&W Paving and Ridgeway Plumbing.
On January 12, 2012, Chelan County Sheriff s Office Detective Mitch Matheson
and members of the Chelan County Regional SWAT team executed the search warrant.
In searching Jeffrey Rieker's property, the team recovered: (1) nearly all the tools
reported stolen by Ridgeview Plumbing and A&W Paving, worth approximately $20,000;
(2) a Ruger 10-22 .22 caliber rifle and a Titan .25 caliber semi-automatic handgun; (3) a
white 2000 GMC S 10 pickup, which had been reported stolen from Leavenworth two
days prior; (4) equipment for growing marijuana and making hashish; and (5)
methamphetamine. After discovering evidence of the marijuana grow operation in
Rieker's shop, an officer of the Columbia River Drug Task Force requested and obtained
an additional search warrant to search Rieker's property for evidence of drug contraband.
The task force executed the second warrant on January 12.
After being arrested, Jeffrey Rieker waived his Miranda rights and spoke with
Detective Mitch Matheson. Rieker admitted to receiving the tools from Tanner Schwind
and maintained that he paid Schwind $2,000 for the tools. Rieker told Matheson that
Schwind insisted that he obtained the tools from someone as payment for a debt. When
questioned about the GMC S 10, Rieker stated that he purchased the pickup for $200. He
conceded that the truck might be worth $700 to $1,000 wholesale, or $2,000 retail.
Detective Matheson later determined the actual retail value of the truck to be $3,500 to
$4,000.
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No. 32174-6-111
State v. Rieker
PROCEDURE
The State of Washington charged Jeffrey Rieker with possessing stolen property in
the first degree, possession of a stolen vehicle, unlawful manufacture of marijuana,
unlawful possession of a firearm in the second degree, and bail jumping. Rieker moved
to suppress all evidence recovered in the searches of his property and to dismiss all
charges flowing from those searches. Rieker also moved the court for a Franks v.
Delaware hearing, while arguing that Detective Mitch Matheson's probable cause
affidavit omitted material information about crimes of dishonesty in Lance Smith's
criminal record. Rieker argued that Matheson intentionally omitted information of
Smith's unhappiness with Rieker because Rieker interfered with Smith's visitation with
his child. Finally, Rieker contended that Detective Matheson intentionally excluded
information showing that Tanner Schwind, to whom Smith claimed to have spoken in
November 2011, had been incarcerated in Kittitas County Jail since October 29,2011.
The trial court denied Jeffrey Rieker's motion to suppress. The trial court entered
the following findings of fact, which Rieker challenges on appeal:
1. In regard to the staleness issue, tools are less transitory in nature
and are not easily discarded or consumed as compared to a controlled
substance. Looking at the nature of the criminal activity, and the character
of the evidence to be seized in this case, tools are not typically something
that disappear, are consumed, or thrown away. Further, the witness, Mr.
Smith gave information to the police about being on the defendant's
property on several occasions so he would have at least some factual basis
for saying that the defendant is not one to get rid of tools. When Mr. Smith
came in to speak with the police he had in his possession one of the tools
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No. 32174-6-III
State v. Rieker
that he stated was given to him by the defendant. This tool was confinned
as being one of the tools that had been reported as stolen. In addition, Mr.
Smith specifically relayed infonnation about the defendant having a hiding
place between the walls where he would store stolen tools. This would
factually support the inference that the defendant would still have the tools
in question, rather than discard them.
4. In this case it was disclosed that Mr. Smith did have a felony
history. The fact that specific history wasn't cited does not show that its
omission was knowing and intentional, or done with reckless disregard for
the truth. In regard to the specific crimes of "Larceny" that Mr. Smith had
on his record, these were two fairly old crimes, one being a misdemeanor
and one a felony from out of state, occurring over ten years ago. This court
does not see how it would have materially changed Judge Bridges[']
assessment of whether there was probable cause for the issuance of the
search warrant.
5. With respect to the dispute between Mr. Smith and the defendant,
no evidence was submitted to show that the law enforcement officer even
knew of the dispute, or that the dispute was of a criminal nature, which it
was not. There was no showing that the officer, by not asking additional
questions of Mr. Smith to acquire that dispute infonnation, was recklessly
disregarding the truth.
6. In regard to the issue about Mr. Schwind possibly being in jail in
Kittitas County on the days that Mr. Smith claimed to have spoken with
him in Chelan County about the defendant, it appears that the officer could
have been negligent in not confinning what days Mr. Schwind was in and
out ofjail. However, this does not appear to be an issue of the officer
acting with reckless disregard for the truth or knowingly and intentionally.
7. Ifwe are to assume that the infonnation about Mr. Schwind
should have been part of the search warrant, then the question would be
whether that additional infonnation would have significantly changed the
finding of probable cause by Judge Bridges. When looking at the totality of
the specific infonnation that was provided by Mr. Smith, which was
corroborated by other reliable sources, such as producing a tool stolen from
the alleged victim, this court does not believe it would have changed the
detennination that there was probable cause.
CP at 165-67.
7
No. 32174-6-111
State v. Rieker
Jeffrey Rieker waived his right to a jury trial and proceeded to a stipulated facts
bench trial. The trial court found Rieker guilty on all five charges. The State requested
that Rieker remain out of custody pending sentencing, as the bail bondsperson agreed to
extend Rieker's bail for that period of time. The trial court set Rieker's sentencing
hearing for June 5, 2013.
On June 5, 2013, Jeffrey Rieker failed to appear at his sentencing hearing. The
State, under a new cause number, charged Rieker with bail jumping. On January 8, 2014,
Rieker finally appeared in court for sentencing. The trial court continued sentencing for
one day in light of a plea agreement Rieker and the State were negotiating regarding the
new bail jumping charge.
On January 9, 2014, the trial court signed and entered findings of fact and
conclusions of law for the CrR 3.6 hearing and the stipulated facts bench trial. The trial
court also sentenced Jeffrey Rieker for the five crimes charged in 2012. The State
informed the trial court of an agreement reached with Rieker, in which Rieker would
serve a sixty-month sentence for the 2012 theft and drug charges and receive a fifty-five
month Drug Offender Sentencing Alternative (DOSA) sentence on the 2013 bail jumping
charge, in exchange for pleading gUilty to that charge.
The trial court asked Jeffrey Rieker's defense counsel for a response to the State's
recommendation. Counsel stated: "Well, Your Honor, the agreement in this case is the
high end and the maximum, which is 60 months, based on our global agreement. So
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No. 32174-6-111
State v. Rieker
there's not much 1 can say. It's an agreement, so I'd ask the Court to impose the high end
in this case." Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) (Jan. 9, 2014) at 21-22. The trial
court also asked Rieker if he wished to speak. Rieker replied "DOSA would probably be
helpful." VRP (Jan. 9, 2014) at 22.
The trial court engaged Jeffrey Rieker in a colloquy about his recent descent into
criminality, as Rieker had not committed a crime since 1993:
THE COURT: So what-I mean, why is that? What - 1 mean, no
offense, you look rather disheveled. Maybe that's due to staying in the jail,
but you looked pretty disheveled when you came in from being on the lam.
You went from a person who was trying to be involved with your kid to a
person with multiple felony convictions looking at a very long time in
prIson.
THE DEFENDANT: Drugs.
THE COURT: Marijuana or other drugs?
THE DEFENDANT: Not marijuana.
THE COURT: Methamphetamine?
THE DEFENDANT: (Nods head.)
THE COURT: When did you start using meth?
THE DEFENDANT: Three, four years ago.
THE COURT: How long?
THE DEFENDANT: Three or four.
THE COURT: And how did that happen? How did it start?
THE DEFENDANT: You mean, like, did somebody offer me
some?
THE COURT: Well, yeah, 1 mean, seriously, because 1 don't think
there's probably anybody else in this room who's ever used
methamphetamine.
THE DEFENDANT: Somebody offered me some.
THE COURT: And you said yes.
THE DEFENDANT: Yeah.
THE COURT: All right. Okay. Well, we'll talk more about the
DOSA on the next case ...
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No. 32174-6-111
State v. Rieker
VRP (Jan. 9, 2014) at 23-24.
The trial court accepted the State's recommendation and sentenced Jeffrey Rieker
to sixty months of confinement for the 2012 charges. The trial court also ordered Rieker
to undergo a chemical dependency evaluation and to follow all recommended treatment.
Nevertheless, the trial court did not check the box on the judgment and sentence finding
that Rieker had a "chemical dependency" that contributed to his criminal offenses. The
trial court ordered Rieker to submit to random urinalysis at his own expense and to
refrain from consuming alcohol as part of community custody conditions. Finally, the
trial court ordered that Jeffrey Rieker pay $1,850 in legal financial obligations (LFOs).
The record does not show that the trial court inquired into Rieker's ability to pay the
obligations. After sentencing Jeffrey Rieker, the trial court accepted his guilty plea to
one count of bail jumping in 2013, and sentenced him to fifty-five months total
confinement, consecutive to the sixty months for Rieker's 2012 crimes, with half of the
2013 sentence to be served in DOSA community custody.
LA W AND ANALYSIS
Jeffrey Rieker contends on appeal that: (1) the warrant issued to search his
property lacked probable cause, (2) the trial court erred in denying his request for a
Franks hearing, (3) the trial court exceeded its authority in imposing conditions of
community custody not authorized by statute, and (4) the trial court erred in requiring
Rieker to pay LFOs without considering his financial resources and ability to pay. We
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No. 32 I 74-6-III
State v. Rieker
hold that probable cause supported the search warrant, and thus we affirm Rieker's
convictions. We affirm the trial court's community custody conditions. We vacate and
remand for further hearing some of the legal financial obligations imposed on Rieker.
Issue 1: Whether probable cause substantiated the search warrant for Jeffrey
Rieker's property?
Answer 1: Yes.
Jeffrey Rieker first contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to
suppress evidence obtained in the search of his property. Rieker assigns error to findings
offact 1,4,5,6, and 7 in the trial court's order denying his motion. Rieker argues that
the information included in Detective Matheson's affidavit of probable cause failed to
establish Lance Smith's veracity and basis of knowledge and that law enforcement's
efforts to corroborate Smith's information did not remedy the affidavit's deficiencies.
The State of Washington responds that probable cause supported the issuance of a search
warrant because Smith was a named informant who provided detailed information about
stolen property he personally observed in the place to be searched.
Challenged findings entered after a suppression hearing that are supported by
substantial evidence are binding, and, when the findings are unchallenged, they are
verities on appeal. State v. O'Neill, 148 Wn.2d 564, 571, 62 P.3d 489 (2003). Evidence
is substantial if it persuades a fair-minded, rational person of the declared premise.
Merriman v. Coke ley, 168 Wn.2d 627, 631, 230 P.3d 162 (2010). When the parties
11
No. 32174-6-111
State v. Rieker
present conflicting evidence, appeals courts defer to the trial court. State v. Cord, 103
Wn.2d 361,367,693 P.2d 81 (1985).
We address each of Jeffrey Rieker's challenges to the trial court's findings of fact.
Substantial evidence supports finding of fact 1. As the trial court correctly found, Lance
Smith provided detailed and critical evidence supporting an inference that Rieker still
possessed the stolen tools. Smith's information included the nontransitory nature of the
tools, as opposed to the transitory nature of drugs; Rieker building a secret panel in which
to hide the tools; Smith's experience working on Rieker's property; and Smith's
possession of one of the tools confirmed by Robert McLeod as stolen. Smith's
meticulous information sufficed to persuade a fair-minded, rational person that Smith told
the truth and Rieker's property would retain the tools. Smith's possession of one of the
stolen tools alone was persuasive.
Based on finding of fact 1, the court did not err in finding that probable cause
supported issuance of a search warrant for Jeffrey Rieker's property. This court reviews
a trial court's decision to issue a search warrant for abuse of discretion, giving great
deference to the issuing judge. State v. Neth, 165 Wn.2d 177, 182, 196 P.3d 658 (2008).
At the suppression hearing the trial court acts in an appellate-like capacity; its review,
like ours, is limited to the four corners of the affidavit supporting probable cause. Neth,
165 Wn.2d at 182. Although we defer to the magistrate's determination, the trial court's
assessment of probable cause is a legal conclusion we review de novo. Neth, 165 Wn.2d
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No. 32174-6-111
State v. Rieker
at 182. The trial court must determine if the warrant is valid by considering only the
information brought to the attention of the issuing judge or magistrate at the time the
warrant was requested. State v. Garcia-Salgado, 170 Wn.2d 176, 187,240 P.3d 153
(2010).
The Fourth Amendment and article I, section 7 of Washington's Constitution
require that a search warrant issue only on a determination of probable cause by a neutral
magistrate. State v. Myers, 117 Wn.2d 332,337, 815 P.3d 761 (1991). Probable cause
exists when facts and circumstances suffice to establish a reasonable inference that the
defendant is involved in criminal activity and that evidence of the criminal activity can be
found at the place to be searched. State v. Maddox, 152 Wn.2d 499, 505,98 P.3d 1199
(2004); State v. Thein, 138 Wn.2d 133, 140,977 P.2d 582 (1999). While the affidavit
need not make a prima facie showing of criminal activity, it must show criminal activity
is at least probable. State v. Ellis, 178 Wn. App. 801, 805-06,327 P.3d 1247, review
denied, 180 Wn.2d 1020,353 P.3d 641 (2014).
Washington courts utilize the Aguilar/Spinelli test to evaluate whether an
informant's tip establishes probable cause for a search warrant. State v. Jackson, 102
Wn.2d 432,443,688 P.2d 136 (1984) (citing Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410,89
S. Ct. 584,21 L. Ed. 2d 637 (1969); Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S. Ct. 1509, 12 L.
Ed. 2d 723 (1964)). An informant's tip is sufficient to establish probable cause when the
officer's affidavit sets forth (1) the underlying circumstances from which the informant
13
No. 32174-6-111
State v. Rieker
drew his conclusions, such that a magistrate can independently evaluate the informant's
"basis of knowledge"; and (2) the underlying circumstances from which the officer
determined the "veracity" of the informant or information. Jackson, 102 Wn.2d at 435
36.
On appeal, Jeffrey Rieker challenges Detective Mitch Matheson's probable cause
affidavit on both grounds of the Aguilar/Spinelli test. Rieker argues that the affidavit
fails to detail Smith's basis of knowledge because the affidavit only contains Smith's
personal belief that the tools on Rieker's property were stolen. Interestingly, Rieker also
relies on his vague answer to Smith about the origin of the tools to illustrate Smith lacked
a basis to claim tools were stolen.
Jeffrey Rieker misrepresents the contents of the probable cause affidavit. He
ignores the many percipient observations supplied by Lance Smith in addition to Smith's
belief that the subject tools were stolen. Observations are sufficient to establish an
informant's basis of knowledge when the informant provides enough firsthand factual
information for either an affiant officer or a magistrate to independently determine
whether a crime has likely been committed. See State v. Ibarra, 61 Wn. App. 695, 702,
812 P.2d 114 (1991). Smith's wealth of information included the presence of distinctive
markings on the tools, Rieker's inability to clarifY the origin of the tools, Smith's
observation of a hidden panel in Rieker's shop, and Smith's possession of one of the
purloined tools. Rieker conveniently forgets that Detective Mitch Matheson confirmed
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No. 32174-6-111
State v. Rieker
that, based on distinctive markings, the tool in Smith's possession belonged to Ridgeview
Plumbing.
Jeffrey Rieker also contends that the probable cause affidavit does not establish
the veracity of Lance Smith as an informant. Rieker maintains that the history of conflict
between Smith and him negates Smith's reliability as an informant because of Smith's
motive to falsify information as a means of revenge on Rieker. Relatedly, Rieker
challenges the sufficiency of the trial court's finding of fact 5 that Detective Matheson
was unaware of a connict between Rieker and Smith.
Substantial evidence supported the trial court's determination that Mitch Matheson
was unaware of a dispute between Lance Smith and Jeffrey Rieker regarding Smith's
visitation with his child. Rieker emphasizes an affidavit submitted by his attorney, which
affidavit declares that Detective Matheson heard about this particular conflict.
Nevertheless, the affidavit does not disclose when Matheson told the attorney when the
former learned of this conflict between the two. The trial court heard no evidence
indicating that Detective Matheson knew about this conflict when he prepared the
probable cause affidavit. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in making its finding of
fact 5.
Lance Smith did not seek to hide as a confidential informant. Smith's status as a
named citizen informant, coupled with the detailed information he provided to law
enforcement, establishes his reliability as an informant under Aguilar/Spinelli. When the
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No. 32174-6-111
State v. Rieker
informant is an ordinary citizen, as opposed to the criminal or professional informant, and
his identity is revealed to the issuing magistrate, intrinsic indicia of the informant's
reliability may be found in his detailed description of the underlying circumstances of the
crime observed or about which he had knowledge. State v. Northness, 20 Wn. App. 551,
557,582 P.2d 546 (1978); State v. Berlin, 46 Wn. App. 587, 590, 731 P.2d 548 (1987).
The "reliability" prong is "relaxed" when a citizen informant furnishes information, so
long as that information supports his basis of knowledge and sustains an inference that he
is telling the truth. State v. Franklin, 49 Wn. App. 106, 109, 741 P.2d 83 (1987).
Additional factors establish the credibility of Lance Smith. Smith approached
both Robert McLeod and law enforcement without concealing his identity. Although the
probable cause affidavit does not mention the visitation conflict between Rieker and
Smith, the affidavit discloses a wage dispute between the two, a dispute arguably as valid
a reason to falsify information. In short, the trial court did not err in concluding that
Detective Matheson's affidavit established probable cause for a search warrant.
Issue 2: Whether the trial court erred in denying Jeffrey Rieker's motion/or a
Franks hearing?
Answer 2: No.
Jeffrey Rieker next contends that the trial court erred in denying him a hearing
under Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155-56,98 S. Ct. 2674, 57 L. Ed. 2d 667
(1978). Rieker sought the Franks hearing to determine whether Detective Matheson
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No. 32 174-6-III
State v. Rieker
knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, included false
statements by Lance Smith or omitted material information from the affidavit supporting
probable cause. Rieker argues that Detective Matheson's recording of the interview with
Smith does not contain all statements attributed to Smith that Matheson included in the
probable cause affidavit. Rieker emphasizes this inconsistency and the omissions of
Smith's complete criminal history, all past conflicts between Smith and Rieker, and the
dates of Tanner Schwind's incarceration from the affidavit. Relatedly, he assigns error to
the trial court's findings of fact 4, 6, and 7.
The United States Supreme Court wrote in Franks v. Delaware:
where the defendant makes a substantial preliminary showing that a
false statement knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for
the truth, was included by the affiant in the warranraffidavit, and if the
allegedly false statement is necessary to the finding of probable cause, the
Fourth Amendment requires that a hearing be held at the defendant's
request. In the event that at that hearing the allegation of perjury or
reckless disregard is established by the defendant by a preponderance of the
evidence, and, with the affidavit's false material set to one side, the
affidavit's remaining content is insufficient to establish probable cause, the
search warrant must be voided and the fruits of the search excluded to the
same extent as if probable cause was lacking on the face of the affidavit.
438 U.S. at 155-56. Under Washington law, the defendant may also garner a Franks
hearing when an affiant omitted material information from a probable cause affidavit.
State v. Cord, 103 Wn.2d at 367. A showing of mere negligence or inadvertence is
insufficient. State v. Chenoweth, 160 Wn.2d 454, 462, 158 P.3d 595 (2007). Allegations
of an affiant's impropriety must be accompanied by an offer of proof. State v. Garrison,
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No. 32174-6-III
State v. Rieker
118 Wn.2d 870,872,827 P.2d 1388 (1992). Presenting the content of the omission as
the offer of proof of reckless disregard is insufficient. Garrison, 118 Wn.2d at 873.
Substantial evidence supports the trial court's findings of fact 4,6, and 7. These
findings, in tum, support the trial court's conclusion that Rieker was not entitled to a
Franks hearing in this case. The trial court correctly found that the omission of Lance
Smith's old, out-of-state convictions for theft crimes did not materially change whether
Judge Bridges would find probable cause for a search warrant to issue. The lack of
specific information as to Smith's entire criminal history does not entitle Rieker to a
Franks hearing because he cannot meet his initial burden of showing that the omission
was made knowingly, intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth. Moreover,
Detective Matheson informed Judge Bridges that Smith was a convicted felon and that
his most recent brush with the law concerned his failure to appear at a court date. Rieker
makes no offer of proof to support his allegation that Detective Matheson intentionally or
recklessly omitted the rest of Smith's criminal history.
The trial court correctly found in findings of fact 6 and 7 that Detective Matheson
was negligent in failing to confirm Tanner Schwind's dates of incarceration.
Nevertheless, this negligence, in light of other information provided by Lance Smith and
corroborated by Mitch Matheson, would have not changed Judge Bridges initial
determination of probable cause. Schwind's actual dates of incarceration contradicted
Smith's account of the timing of his conversation with Schwind regarding the stolen tools
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No. 32174-6-III
State v. Rieker
on Jeffrey Rieker's property. Rieker argues that Detective Matheson's failure to confinn
whether Schwind was in jail on the day Smith allegedly spoke to him amounts to a
reckless disregard for the truth, but the failure is also consistent with mere negligence.
As noted above, negligence is insufficient to meet a defendant's burden of showing
intentional or reckless omission of material facts. Chenoweth, 160 Wn.2d at 462.
Jeffrey Rieker may not rely solely on the content of an omission as an offer of
proof. The accused must show that the omitted infonnation would have controlled the
magistrate's initial finding of probable cause. Garrison, 118 Wn.2d at 874-75. Smith's
inconsistent story about speaking with Schwind might hurt his credibility, but it would
not have changed Judge Bridges' determination in light of the significant amount of
untainted, corroborative evidence also included in the affidavit.
Issue 3: Whether the trial court unlawfully imposed conditions ofcommunity
custody prohibiting Jeffrey Rieker from consuming alcohol, barring him from frequenting
places whose principal source ofincome is alcohol sales, and requiring him to submit to
random urinalysis or BAC (blood alcohol concentration) tests at his own expense?
Answer 3: No, as to the prohibition against alcohol and the requirement of
urinalysis. Yes, as to frequenting taverns and undergoing blood alcohol tests.
Jeffrey Rieker next contends that the trial court erred in imposing community
custody conditions not authorized by statute. He argues that conditions that preclude him
from consuming alcohol, that ban him from taverns, and that require him to submit to
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No. 32174-6-111
State v. Rieker
random urinalysis or blood alcohol concentration tests at his own expense are not, as
required by RCW 9.94A.505, related to his crimes. The State contends that Rieker
agreed to these community custody conditions as part of an agreement regarding his
sentencing on the 2012 charges and his guilty plea for the 2013 charge of bail jumping.
No copy of a plea agreement exists in the record. The verbatim report of
proceedings includes discussion of an agreement as to sentencing and the trial court's
acceptance of Jeffrey Rieker's guilty plea to the 2013 bail jumping. The State mentioned
community custody conditions in its sentencing recommendation to the trial court, but no
copy of a guilty plea or other agreement confirms that Rieker expressly agreed to the
community custody conditions he now appeals. Thus, we reject the State's reliance on
any agreement.
At his sentencing, Jeffrey Rieker did not object to the imposition of any
community custody conditions. Nevertheless, a defendant may challenge an erroneously
imposed sentence for the first time on appeal. State v. Bahl, 164 W n.2d 739, 744, 193
P.3d 678 (2008); State v. Ford, 137 Wn.2d 472, 477, 973 P.2d 452 (1999). This court
reviews crime-related community custody conditions for an abuse of discretion. State v.
Brooks, 142 Wn. App. 842, 850, 176 P.3d 549 (2008).
RCW 9.94A.505(8) prescribes:
As a part of any sentence, the court may impose and enforce crime
related prohibitions and affirmative conditions as provided in this chapter.
20
No. 32174-6-111
State v. Rieker
In tum, RCW 9.94A.030(10) reads:
"Crime-related prohibition" means an order of a court prohibiting
conduct that directly relates to the circumstances ofthe crime for which the
offender has been convicted, and shall not be construed to mean orders
directing an offender affirmatively to participate in rehabilitative programs
or to otherwise perform affirmative conduct. ...
(Emphasis added.)
A trial court may order an offender to refrain from consuming alcohol as part of
any term of community custody. RCW 9.94A.703(3)(e); State v. Jones, 118 Wn. App.
199,207, 76 P.3d 258 (2003). A trial court may further require an offender to participate
in a rehabilitative program or otherwise perform affirmative conduct reasonably related
to the circumstances of the offense, the offender's risk ofreoffending, or the safety of the
community. RCW 9.94A.703(3)(d). Nevertheless, before a trial court may order
attendance at a rehabilitative program, evidence must show that alcohol contributed to the
offense. Jones, 118 Wn. App. at 207-08.
In State v. Jones, this court struck community custody conditions requiring Everett
Jones, who pled guilty to first degree burglary, to participate in alcohol and mental health
treatment and counseling. This court held that conditions imposed as "rehabilitative
programs" or "affirmative conduct," under RCW 9.94A.703(3)(d), must be supported by
evidence in the record or found by the trial court to be related to the underlying offense.
The court reasoned that allowing courts to order a rehabilitation program, regardless of
the program's relationship to the underlying offense, would render superfluous former
21
No. 32174-6-111
State v. Rieker
RCW 9.94A.700(5)(c), which, like RCW 9.94A.505(8), provided that trial courts could
order an offender to "participate in crime-related treatment or counseling services."
Jones, 118 Wn. App. at 207 (internal quotation marks omitted). At the same time, this
court upheld a condition prohibiting Jones from consuming alcohol, holding that,
consistent with the plain language ofRCW 9.94A.703(3)(e), a trial court could impose
the prohibition regardless of whether alcohol contributed to the commission of the
underlying crime.
Under State v. Jones, Jeffrey Rieker's trial court did not abuse its discretion in
ordering Rieker to refrain from consuming alcohol as a community custody condition.
Nevertheless, the trial court exceeded its statutory sentencing authority by requiring
Rieker to submit to random urinalysis and blood testing, and prohibiting him from
frequenting any tavern or cocktail lounge.
During a colloquy with the trial court, Jeffrey Rieker conceded that his crimes
resulted from his abuse of methamphetamine use. Rieker agreed that a DOSA sentence
"would probably be helpful" to his rehabilitation. VRP (Jan. 9,2014) at 22. This
evidence supports the trial court's imposition of rehabilitative programs such as
undergoing random urinalysis. No evidence suggested that Jeffrey Rieker consumed
alcohol or that alcohol led to any of his crimes. Thus, the trial court exceeded its
sentencing authority when it prohibited Rieker from frequenting taverns and bars and
requiring him to submit to blood alcohol concentration tests.
22
No. 32174-6-II1
State v. Rieker
Issue 4: Whether the trial court unlawfully ordered Jeffrey Rieker to undergo a
chemical treatment evaluation and submit to any recommended treatment?
Answer 4: No.
Jeffrey Rieker also argues that the trial court exceeded its sentencing authority by
requiring him to undergo a chemical dependency evaluation and submit to any
recommended treatment. We disagree.
The controlling statute is RCW 9 .94A.607( 1), a section of Washington's
Sentencing Reform Act (SRA) of 1981 ch. 9.94A RCW. The statute reads:
Where the court finds that the offender has a chemical dependency
that has contributed to his or her offonse, the court may, as a condition of
the sentence and subject to available resources, order the offender to
participate in rehabilitative programs or otherwise to perform affirmative
conduct reasonably related to the circumstances of the crime for which the
offender has been convicted and reasonably necessary or beneficial to the
offender and the community in rehabilitating the offender.
(Emphasis added.) This statute authorizes the trial court to order an offender to obtain a
chemical dependency evaluation and to comply with recommended treatment only if it
finds that the offender has a chemical dependency that contributed to his or her offense.
State v. Warnock, 174 Wn. App. 608, 612, 299 P.3d 1173 (2013).
Jeffrey Rieker admitted to use of methamphetamine for at least three years.
Rieker informed the trial court that abuse of methamphetamine led to his return to crime.
The trial court imposed a DOSA sentence that is warranted only in the event of a
chemical dependency. Rieker agrees a DOSA sentence was warranted. Therefore, we
23
No. 32174-6-II1
State v. Rieker
affinn the community custody condition of a chemical dependency evaluation and any
recommended treatment.
Issue 5: Whether the trial court improperly imposed legal financial obligations
without considering Jeffrey Rieker's financial resources under RCW 10.01. 160(3)?
Answer 5: Yes, as to discretionary legal financial obligations.
Jeffrey Rieker contends that the trial court improperly required him to pay legal
financial obligations without considering his financial resources under RCW
10.01.160(3). He challenges a $450 fee for a court appointed attorney, $200 in court
costs, a $500 fee to the drug enforcement fund of the Columbia River Drug Task Force,
and a $100 crime lab fee. Rieker does not challenge the $500 victim penalty assessment
or $100 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) collection fee, as neither requires courts to
consider a defendant's ability to pay. State v. Kustler, 175 Wn. App. 420, 424, 306 P.3d
1022 (2013).
Jeffrey Rieker did not object to the challenged obligations before the trial court.
He argues that he may still assert error for the first time on appeal under RAP 2.5. The
State again argues that Rieker's claimed error is precluded by his plea agreement and the
invited error doctrine. We exercise our discretion in reaching the issue and remand for
the trial court to properly detennine whether Rieker has, or will have, the ability to pay
the legal financial obligations.
Courts may impose legal financial obligations if a defendant has or will have the
24
No. 32174-6-III
State v. Rieker
financial ability to pay them. RCW 10.01.160; RCW 9.94A.760(2); State v. Curry, 118
Wn.2d 911,914-16,829 P.2d 166 (1992). RCW 10.01.160(3) proscribes:
The court shall not order a defendant to pay costs unless the
defendant is or will be able to pay them. In determining the amount and
method of payment of costs, the court shall take account of the financial
resources of the defendant and the nature of the burden that payment of
costs will impose.
InState v. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d 827,838,344 PJd 680 (2015), the Washington
Supreme Court clarified that RCW 10.01.160(3) requires the trial court "do more than
sign a judgment and sentence with boilerplate language stating that it engaged in the
required inquiry." Rather, the "record must reflect that the trial court made an
individualized inquiry into the defendant's current and future ability to pay." Blazina,
182 Wn.2d at 838. This inquiry includes evaluating a defendant's financial resources,
incarceration, and other debts, including restitution. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d at 838-39.
We first decide whether to address this assignment of error when Jeffrey Rieker
did not object to the imposition of financial obligations before the lower court. RAP
2.5(a) provides, in relevant part: "The appellate court may refuse to review any claim of
error which was not raised in the trial court." Our high court clarified: "A defendant who
makes no objection to the imposition of discretionary LFOs at sentencing is not
automatically entitled to review." Blazina, 182 Wn.2d at 832 (footnote omitted). "Each
appellate court must make its own decision to accept discretionary review [of claimed
LFO errors not appealed as a matter of right]." State v. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d at 835.
25
No. 32174-6-III
State v. Rieker
Nevertheless, the Blazina court also clarified that a challenge to the trial court's entry of
an LFO order under RCW 10.01.160(3) is nevertheless ripe for judicial determination.
Blazina, 182 Wn.2d at 832 n.l.
The Blazina court noted reasons for review of legal financial obligations before
collection activities. A judgment for legal financial obligations accrues interest at a high
rate, employment and housing background checks show an active record in the superior
court as a result of the obligations, and the judgment for the financial obligations impairs
the obligor's credit. In short, pending legal financial obligations increase the difficulty of
a defendant in reentering society. Therefore, we follow the spirit and purpose of both
RCW 10.01.160 and Blazina by reviewing the record here to determine whether the trial
court engaged in an on-the-record inquiry as to Jeffrey Rieker's ability to pay financial
obligations.
The record shows no inquiry into Jeffrey Rieker's past or future financial
capability. Rieker is a currently incarcerated indigent defendant, both characteristics
about which the Supreme Court instructed trial courts to include in their inquiry under
RCW 10.01.160(3). Blazina, 182 Wn.2d at 838-39. We remand the judgment and
sentence to the trial court, with instructions to reset Rieker's legal financial obligations
after conducting the required inquiry into his present and future ability to pay.
CONCLUSIONS
We affirm Jeffrey Rieker's many convictions. We remand with instructions to
26
No. 32l74-6-II1
State v. Rieker
strike community custody conditions prohibiting Jeffrey Rieker from visiting bars or
taverns and demanding that he submit to random BAC testing. We also remand with
instructions for the trial court to reestablish legal financial obligations after conducting
the required inquiry into Rieker's past and future ability to pay.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
27
No. 32174-6-II1
LAWRENCE-BERREY, J. (concurring) - I write separately to express why review
of an unpreserved discretionary legal financial obligation (LFO) argument is sometimes
appropriate.
RCW 10.01.160(1) states, "The court may require a defendant to pay costs."
RCW 10.01.160(2) describes what items can be assessed as costs and sets forth
limitations on the financial amounts of certain costs. RCW 10.01.160(3) provides:
The court shall not order a defendant to pay costs unless the defendant is or
will be able to pay them. In determining the amount and method of
payment of costs, the court shall take account of the financial resources of
the defendant and the nature of the burden that payment of costs will
Impose.
The statute does not require the defendant to prove anything. Rather, the statute
prevents the trial court from imposing costs, sometimes referred to as discretionary LFOs,
unless the defendant is or will be able to pay them. This places the burden of evidentiary
production on the State.
Some trial courts routinely order defendants to pay thousands of dollars of
discretionary LFOs despite the absence of evidence that the defendant has or will have
the ability to pay those costs. Our Court of Appeals has previously avoided correcting
these obvious errors, asserting that defendants waived the issue. The purported rationale
for finding waiver is that a defendant has a great incentive not to raise the question of his
No. 32174-6-II1
State v. Rieker - concurring
or her ability to pay at sentencing. See, e.g., State v. Duncan, 180 Wn. App. 245, 250-51,
327 P.3d 699 (2014), review granted, 353 P.3d 641 (2015). There is no evidence,
however, to support this purported rationale; it is a supposition appellate courts have
made to explain why a particular defendant did not insist that the sentencing court follow
the law. The supposition misses the point: The legislature gave the State the burden of
production, not the defendant, and for discretionary LFOs to be imposed, there must be
evidence that the defendant has or will have the ability to pay those costs.
The dissent frames our disagreement as "whether we should deliver a consistent
message that defendants need to raise this issue in the trial court at the time of sentencing,
as contemplated by RCW 10.01.160(3), or whether we should forgive waiver, thereby
creating an incentive for defendants to forgo opposing LFOs in the trial court knowing
that we offer a revolving door on appeal." Dissent at 2. If this is our disagreement, it
should be resolved in favor of the majority. First, RCW 10.01.160(3) does not require
the defendant to raise the issue of ability to pay. It requires the State to produce
evidence. State v. Lundy, 176 Wn. App. 96, 106, 308 P.3d 755 (2013).1 Second, no
evidence of waiver is ever present in the record. It certainly is not present in this case.
I would frame our disagreement in this manner: Whether appellate courts
should continue to ignore clearly erroneous LFOs, or whether we should enforce
IThe State might quarrel with having the burden of production because it lacks
access to the defendant to create the proper record. This difficulty can be overcome by
the State simply advising the court that prisoners have an opportunity to earn money
while incarcerated and that a certain range of monthly earnings is not atypical.
2
No. 32174-6-II1
State v. Rieker - concurring
RCW 10.01.160(3) and insist that evidence actually support the trial court's
imposition of costs. Those adopting the dissent's position have three retorts: (1)
LFO errors will rarely occur now that State v. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d 827, 344 P.3d
680 (2015) has directed trial courts to comply with RCW 10.01.160(3); (2) there
are available alternatives for a defendant who truly cannot pay court costs; and (3)
we should adhere to RAP 2.5(a)'s general rule of not reviewing unpreserved
errors.
First, simply because errors may occur less frequently does not excuse an
appellate court from correcting errors as they do occur.
Second, the alternatives available to a defendant erroneously ordered to pay
discretionary LFOs are not satisfactory alternatives. For example, a personal
restraint petition and a CrR 7 .8(b) motion to amend a judgment have strict
timeliness requirements, place the burden of production on the defendant, and
involve lengthy and expensive processes. Similarly, a petition for remission under
RCW 10.01.160(4) requires the defendant to prove that payment would impose a
"manifest hardship." And even when a defendant meets this high standard, the
trial court may still require full payment of improperly assessed LFOs by
modifying the payment terms.
Third, RAP 1.2(a)-which directs liberal interpretation of the rules of
appellate procedure to promote justice and facilitate decisions on their merits-
permits appellate courts to review unpreserved LFO errors "because of the
3
No. 32174-6-111
State v. Rieker - concurring
widespread problems ... associated with LFOs imposed against indigent defendants."
Blazina, 182 Wn.2d at 841 (Fairhurst, 1., concurring in the result). Review and remand
ofLFO errors promotes justice because the benefit of allowing those who have served
their sentences to transition into society substantially outweighs the minimal cost of a 10
minute remand hearing.
We should not shy away from correcting legal errors. But not all alleged LFO
errors require remand. I encourage a practical approach that would remand only those
cases where imposition of discretionary LFOs was questionable. This necessarily
requires an individualized review.
Here, the trial court ordered Mr. Rieker to pay $1,850 of LFOs in monthly
installments of not less than $25, commencing on his incarceration. The trial court also
ordered payment of restitution, with the amount to be determined at a later hearing.
Because RCW 9.94A.760(l) requires restitution to be paid prior to court ordered LFOs,
Mr. Rieker may not be able to make payments toward his LFOs until after he is released
from prison. If so, the trial court will need to also inquire whether Mr. Rieker, who has
been convicted several times of first degree theft and other felonies involving dishonesty,
will likely ever be employed at a job that pays more than subsistence wages. Because
Mr. Rieker's present or future ability to pay LFOs is questionable" given the above
considerations, remand is appropriate.
Lawrence-Berrey, J.
4
Dissent No. 32174-6-III
SIDDOWA Y, C.J. - (dissenting in part) I concur in the majority opinion with the
exception of one issue: I would not exercise discretion to consider Mr. Rieker's
challenge, for the first time on appeal, to the trial court's finding that he has the ability to
pay the legal financial obligations (LFOs) imposed.
The majority states that in State v. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d 827,344 P.3d 680 (2015),
the Washington Supreme Court "clarified" that RCW 10.01.160(3) requires the trial court
to '" do more than sign a judgment and sentence with boilerplate language stating that it
engaged in the required inquiry.'" Majority at 25 (quoting Blazina, 182 Wn.2d at 838).
No clarification of the requirement that the court "take account of the financial resources
of the defendant and the nature of the burden that payment of costs will impose" should
have been needed. RCW 10.01.160(3). No reported decision has ever held that an
unconsidered boilerplate finding would suffice. Washington statutes clearly require
more. See id.; RCW 9.94A.760(2); State v. Duncan, 180 Wn. App. 245, 249-50, 327
P.3d 699 (2014) review granted, 183 Wn.2d 1013,353 P.3d 641 (2015). The principal
importance of Blazina was its stern reminder to trial courts of what the law requires, its
No. 32174-6-III
State v. Rieker
identification of circumstances that a trial court may consider in determining ability to
pay, and its holding that RAP 2.5(a) applies if a defendant fails to address the issue of
ability to pay in the trial court. "[A] defendant has the obligation to properly preserve a
claim of error" and "appellate courts normally decline to review issues raised for the first
time on appeal." Blazina, 182 Wn.2d at 830, 834.
All of the judges on this court recognize that discretionary LFOs that a defendant
cannot reasonably be expected to pay will increase the difficulty of reentering society.
Our disagreement is whether we should deliver a consistent message that defendants need
to raise this issue in the trial court at the time of sentencing, as contemplated by RCW
10.01.160(3), or whether we should forgive waiver, thereby creating an incentive for
defendants to forgo opposing LFOs in the trial court knowing that we offer a revolving
door on appeal.
The rationale for refusing to entertain issues for the first time on appeal is well
settled: we "insist[ ] on issue preservation ... to encourage 'the efficient use ofjudicial
resources. '. . . Issue preservation serves this purpose by ensuring that the trial court has
the opportunity to correct any errors, thereby avoiding unnecessary appeals." State v.
Robinson, 171 Wn.2d 292,304-05,253 P.3d 84 (2011) (citation omitted) (quoting State
v. Scott, 110 Wn.2d 682, 685, 757 P.2d 492 (1988». The requirement for preserving
error applies regardless of who bears the burden of proof, and I trust that the concurrence
will not be understood to suggest otherwise. We noted in Duncan that a defendant facing
2
No. 32174-6-111
State v. Rieker
sentencing has an incentive not to raise the question of his ability to pay financial
obligations as an explanation for why we see a failure to preserve this error so often-we
did not characterize that as the rationale for RAP 2.5(a). Duncan, 180 Wn. App. at 250.
A defendant who has made what will often be a strategic decision not to raise the
issue at sentencing has other avenues for relief from overly burdensome LFOs. I 1
respectfully dissent from the majority's decision to remand this case for consideration of
an issue that should have been raised in the trial court.
2;~Il(j>e?
Siddoway, C.J.
I A defendant can bring a timely motion under CrR 7.8(b) and he or she can seek
remission of the obligations under RCW 10.01.160(4). If the decision was not strategic
and a defendant's circumstances would have established inability to pay at the time of
sentencing, the defendant can file a personal restraint petition supported by evidence of
ineffective assistance of counsel.
3