In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________
No. 05-4400
GABE KERI,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF PURDUE
UNIVERSITY, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Indiana, Fort Wayne Division.
No. 04 C 224—Theresa L. Springmann, Judge.
____________
ARGUED MAY 12, 2006—DECIDED AUGUST 14, 2006
____________
Before MANION, KANNE, and ROVNER, Circuit Judges.
KANNE, Circuit Judge. Gabe Keri filed suit against the
Board of Trustees of his former employer, Indiana
University-Purdue University Fort Wayne (“IPFW”),1
alleging race and national origin discrimination, as well as
a whole host of related federal and state law claims. The
district court granted summary judgment for IPFW on all
claims in a 44-page opinion, and Keri appeals. For the
1
Keri also filed suit against John Does 1 through 5. The district
court granted summary judgment in favor of the Does. Keri
does not appeal this determination.
2 No. 05-4400
reasons set forth below, we affirm and adopt the thorough
opinion of the district court.
I. HISTORY
Keri is an African-American man and a native of Ghana.
Keri began working for IPFW in 2000 as an assistant
professor in the School of Education. He was on tenure
track, and he was subject to annual reappointments by the
Chancellor. The Chancellor would base his decision on the
recommendations of Keri’s immediate supervisor, Dr.
William Utesch, along with those of the Dean of the School
(Dr. Roberta Wiener) and the Vice Chancellor of Academic
Affairs (Dr. Susan Hannah).
Keri’s first and second evaluations went well, although
students began complaining about Keri’s inappropriate
classroom behavior during his second year. Keri’s third
evaluation went well, in that he garnered recommendations
for reappointment. However, student complaints continued
and became more serious. Although attempts were made to
counsel Keri and to improve the situation, complaints
continued during the following year. In Utesch’s fourth
evaluation, Utesch did not recommend Keri for reappoint-
ment for the following year, citing Keri’s unsatisfactory
teaching performance, among other reasons. Weiner
recommended appointment, although she expressed some
trepidation. Hannah, faced with contradictory recommenda-
tions, investigated further, and elected not to recommend
Keri for reappointment. Chancellor Michael Wartell
ultimately concurred with Hannah, and Keri was not
selected for reappointment.
Keri filed a claim with the Equal Employment Opportu-
nity Commission, and his case ultimately wound up in
federal court. Keri based his claims on race and national
origin discrimination. See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq. In
attempting to establish his prima facie case, Keri intro-
No. 05-4400 3
duced a variety of statements made by former students and
colleagues indicating Keri was a good teacher. He also
introduced a variety of race-disparaging comments allegedly
made by Utesch. Finally, Keri argued that the students’
complaints and allegations against him were baseless; in
fact, he contended at least two of the complaining students
were part of a conspiracy with Utesch to concoct false
complaints.
II. ANALYSIS
As Judge Springmann’s opinion indicates, Keri has failed
to establish his prima facie case. See McDonnell Douglas
Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-04 (1973); Herron v.
DaimlerChrysler Corp., 388 F.3d 293, 299-302 (7th Cir.
2004). For starters, there was a lack of evidence that Keri
was meeting the legitimate expectations of his employer.
See Herron, 388 F.3d at 299 (citation omitted). There was
ample evidence of widespread complaints from both stu-
dents and supervisors. In fact, at least one investigation
was performed by IPFW that found evidence supporting the
allegations against Keri. Keri attempts to show these were
simply a pretext for his lack of reappointment, but he
introduces no evidence other than some race-related
comments made by Utesch.2 But even that is insufficient, as
Utesch was a relatively low-level decisionmaker, and it was
the Chancellor who made the ultimate decision, based on
the opinions of three different individuals after further
investigation.
The second hurdle Keri faced is his lack of evidence of
similarly situated employees who were treated more
favorably. See id; Snipes v. Ill. Dep’t of Corrs., 291 F.3d 460,
2
The district court merged the pretext issue with the prima facie
inquiry because the arguments overlapped.
4 No. 05-4400
463 (7th Cir. 2002). While Keri points to 17 current and
former members of the faculty as similarly situated, many
of them were tenured professors. Due to their tenure, they
were subject to a separate and entirely different means of
oversight, making them dissimilarly situated. In other
words, there was no evidence they were subject to the same
standards for promotion and tenure as Keri, nor was there
any evidence the tenured professors were supervised by the
same individuals. As for the remaining employees, there
was simply too little evidence regarding their respective
situations. For example, there was no evidence whatsoever
that the remaining employees were supervised by Utesch or
had ever stood accused of the same or similar conduct as
Keri’s. Finally, Keri failed to explain when and how the
non-tenured employees were treated more favorably than
he.
III. CONCLUSION
In rendering her opinion, Judge Springmann thoroughly
and carefully analyzed all the issues raised in this appeal.
Accordingly, we AFFIRM and adopt the excellent opinion of
the district court. A copy of the district court’s order is
attached.
case 1:04-cv-00224-TLS-RBC document 67 filed 11/09/2005 page 1 of 44
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA
FORT WAYNE DIVISION
GABE KERI, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) CASE NO.: 1:04-CV-224-TS
)
BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF PURDUE )
UNIVERSITY, et al., )
)
Defendant. )
OPINION AND ORDER
On June 10, 2004, the Plaintiff, Dr. Gabe Keri, sued in this Court his former employer,
Indiana Purdue Fort Wayne University (IPFW), and Does 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The Plaintiff, a black man
and a native of Ghana, claims that IPFW discriminated against him on the basis of his race and
national origin when it did not reappoint him as a teacher for the 2004–2005 academic year. He also
believes that the university’s decision not to reappoint him was further motivated by its desire to
retaliate against him for voicing concerns that he was being mistreated by his supervisor and that
the university engaged in discriminatory practices. In addition, the Plaintiff claims that the
Defendant conspired to smear his reputation by falsely alleging that he sexually harassed some of
his students and used ineffective teaching methodologies. Finally, the Plaintiff asserts that the
Defendant is liable under the Indiana Tort Claims Act for intentional infliction of emotional distress,
negligent infliction of emotional distress, negligent supervision, and common law wrongful
termination.
On September 9, 2004, the Plaintiff moved the Court to amend the caption of the case to
reflect that he was suing the Board of Trustees of Purdue University, not IPFW. The Court granted
case 1:04-cv-00224-TLS-RBC document 67 filed 11/09/2005 page 2 of 44
the motion on September 10, 2004.
On April 7, 2005, Defendant Board of Trustees of Purdue University moved for summary
judgment. On May 28, the Plaintiff filed a Response, and on June 10, the Defendant filed its Reply.
On that same day, the Defendant moved to strike parts of the Plaintiff’s Response. On June 22, the
Plaintiff responded to the Defendant’s motion to strike, and on June 28, the Defendant filed its Reply
in support of the motion to strike.
On July 22, 2005, the Defendant filed a Motion to Bifurcate Damages Issues to which the
Plaintiff did not respond.
DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT1
A. Summary Judgment Standard
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure mandate that motions for summary judgment be
granted “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together
with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the
moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). “In other words,
the record must reveal that no reasonable jury could find for the nonmoving party.” Dempsey v.
Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 16 F.3d 832, 836 (7th Cir. 1994) (citations and quotation
marks omitted). Rule 56(c) further requires the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for
discovery, against a party “who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an
element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.”
1
As will be explained below, Does 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are no longer proper parties in this suit. See infra at 24.
Accordingly, only one Defendant, the Board of Trustees of Purdue University, remains in this case, to which the
Court will refer as the “Defendant.”
2
case 1:04-cv-00224-TLS-RBC document 67 filed 11/09/2005 page 3 of 44
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).
A party seeking summary judgment bears the initial responsibility of informing a court of
the basis for its motion and identifying those portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, which it believes
demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. The moving
party may discharge its “initial responsibility” by simply “‘showing’—that is, pointing out to the
district court—that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party’s case.” Id. at
325. When the non-moving party would have the burden of proof at trial, the moving party is not
required to support its motion with affidavits or other similar materials negating the opponent’s
claim. Id. at 323, 325; Green v. Whiteco Indus., Inc., 17 F.3d 199, 201 n.3 (7th Cir. 1994);
Fitzpatrick v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago, 916 F.2d 1254, 1256 (7th Cir. 1990). However, the
moving party may, if it chooses, support its motion for summary judgment with affidavits or other
materials and thereby shift to the non-moving party the burden of showing that an issue of material
fact exists. Kaszuk v. Bakery & Confectionery Union & Indus. Int’l Pension Fund, 791 F.2d 548,
558 (7th Cir. 1986); Bowers v. DeVito, 686 F.2d 616, 617 (7th Cir. 1982); Faulkner v. Baldwin
Piano & Organ Co., 561 F.2d 677, 683 (7th Cir. 1977).
Once a properly supported motion for summary judgment is made, the non-moving party
cannot resist the motion and withstand summary judgment by merely resting on its pleadings. Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(e); Donovan v. City of Milwaukee, 17 F.3d 944, 947 (7th Cir. 1994). Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 56(e) establishes that “the adverse party’s response, by affidavits or as otherwise
provided in this rule, must set forth specific facts to establish that there is a genuine issue for trial.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 248–50 (1986). Thus, to
3
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demonstrate a genuine issue of fact, the non-moving party must do more than raise some
metaphysical doubt as to the material facts; the non-moving party must come forward with specific
facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio
Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986); Juarez v. Ameritech Mobile Communications, Inc., 957 F.2d 317,
322 (7th Cir. 1992). Conclusory allegations and self-serving affidavits, if not supported by the
record, will not preclude summary judgment. Haywood v. N. Am. Van Lines, Inc., 121 F.3d 1066,
1071 (7th Cir. 1997).
In viewing the facts presented on a motion for summary judgment, a court must construe all
facts in a light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all legitimate inferences and
resolve all doubts in favor of that party. NLFC, Inc. v. Devcom Mid-Am., Inc., 45 F.3d 231, 234 (7th
Cir. 1995); Doe v. R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co., 42 F.3d 439, 443 (7th Cir. 1994); Beraha v. Baxter
Health Care Corp., 956 F.2d 1436, 1440 (7th Cir. 1992). A court’s role is not to evaluate the weight
of the evidence, to judge the credibility of witnesses, or to determine the truth of the matter, but
instead to determine whether there is a genuine issue of triable fact. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249–50;
Doe, 42 F.3d at 443.
B. Defendant’s Motion to Strike
The Defendant moves to strike portions of the Plaintiff’s Response, claiming that it contains
statements that are hearsay, irrelevant, or beyond the knowledge of the witnesses. The Defendant
challenges the following statements:
1. Dr. Campbell-Watley complained bitterly about student evaluations that most
students have not had black faculty and they can be brutal. (Pl.’s Facts 6; Libii Dep.
41).
2. Campbell-Watley was promoted but she did not like it here long enough to stay.
4
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(Pl.’s Facts 6; Libii Dep. 43).
3. Campbell-Watley was happy to move to the University of North Carolina-Charlotte,
because as “she put it, ‘there were other people like me there and I feel more
comfortable.’” (Pl.’s Facts 6; Hickey Dep. 13-14).
4. Campbell-Watley is the second native-born African-American that has been tenured
at IPFW in forty (40) years. (Pl.’s Facts 7; Libii Dep. 43).
5. Libii’s recollection is that “Dr. Utesch was berating black folks in meetings. I
remember Dr. Keri mentioning this many, many times.” (Pl.’s Facts 15, 16; Libii
Dep. 46).
6. Despite his experiences, Libii had never filed a complaint at a university. (Pl.’s Facts
17; Libii Dep. 48).
7. Keri was about to be dismissed on bogus charges. (Pl.’s Facts 17; Libii Dep. 48–49).
8. Carter left because she was unhappy with the climate. (Pl.’s Facts 20; Hickey
Dep.12).
9. Hickey testified that in her opinion, IPFW has a long way to go in being able to
retain minority faculty. (Pl.’s Facts 20; Hickey Dep. 42).
10. She further testified that the climate for diversity is not good. (Pl.’s Facts 20; Hickey
Dep. 42).
11. Libii has had the painful experience of seeing African-American or people of African
descent come and go with pain. (Pl.’s Facts 20; Libii Dep. 36–37).
12. They come with families, some of them break down and their marriages fall apart.
(Pl.’s Facts 20–21; Libii Dep. 37).
13. They come with hope and leave with despair. (Pl.’s Facts 21; Libii Dep. 37).
14. A couple of SOE—Gregory and Beverly Bell—came and left disenchanted really
angry with the University. (Pl.’s Facts 21; Libii Dep. 37).
15. Dr. Sam White, in the School of Engineering, came and left disenchanted. (Pl.’s
Facts 21; Libii Dep. 37).
16. Dr. Solomon Waco came from Ethiopia in the Department of Sociology. He was
raving about how he was treated. (Pl.’s Facts 21; Libii Dep. 37–38).
17. Dr. Geneva Herd in SPEA came and left. (Pl.’s Facts 21; Libii Dep. 38).
(Def.’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Strike 2–3.)
The Plaintiff argues that all challenged statements are proper for the Court’s consideration.
(1) Statements 6 and 11
The Defendant argues that statements 6 and 11 are irrelevant to the Plaintiff’s claims because
they belong to Dr. Josue Njock Libii who is associated with the Defendant’s School of Engineering,
Technology, and Computer Science, not the School of Education. The Plaintiff insists that the
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statements are relevant because both Dr. Libii and the Plaintiff are of African descent, taught at
IPFW, were subject to the same tenure and promotion standards, were subordinate to Dr. Susan
Hannah, the Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs of IPFW, and Michael Wartell, the Chancellor
of IPFW, and had doctoral degrees. The Plaintiff submits that Libii’s testimony that his own
opportunities at IPFW were stifled creates a mosaic of evidence that the Defendant intentionally
discriminated against the Plaintiff. In support of this position, the Plaintiff relies on Jordan v. City
of Gary, 396 F.3d 825, 832 (7th Cir. 2005).
The Plaintiff’s reliance on Jordan is misplaced. The portion of Jordan cited by the Plaintiff
explains a plaintiff’s burden under the direct evidence method to show employment discrimination.
See id. It tells nothing about what constitutes relevant evidence within the McDonnell Douglas
framework, under which the Plaintiff challenges the Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment.
Instead, the Plaintiff should have considered Federal Rule of Evidence 401, which defines relevant
evidence as “evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence
to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the
evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 401.
In light of this Rule, the similarities between Dr. Libii and the Plaintiff are too remote for
Statements 6 and 11 to have any relevance to the Plaintiff’s claims. The two men worked at different
schools of IPFW and had different immediate supervisors. In addition, Dr. Libii was tenured ten
years before the Plaintiff was hired by IPFW. Most of the Plaintiff’s dealings were with Dr. Utesch
whom Dr. Libii never even met. Moreover, any probative value of Libii’s statements is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, which is another reason for excluding these statements
from the record. See Fed. R. Evid. 403. Therefore, the Court will strike Statements 6 and 11 from
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the Plaintiff’s Response.
(2) Statements 1–4, 8, and 11–17
Statements 1–4, 8, and 12–17, asserted either by Dr. Libii or Dr. Gail Hickey, describe other
professors’ experiences at IPFW. For example, statements 1–4 speak of Dr. Campbell-Watley, one
of the two African-Americans tenured at IPFW, who complained bitterly that most students were
not taught by black faculty. Dr. Campbell-Watley “did not like it here long enough to stay” and was
happy to move to the University of North Carolina-Charlotte. Statement 8 tells of Carter, who was
unhappy with the school’s climate. Statements 12 and 13 describe the faculty members who came
to IPFW with families with hope but had to leave in despair. Some of their families broke down and
marriages fell apart. Statements 14–17 depict disenchanted and angry faculty members, who left the
university because of the way they were treated, presumably, by the university.
The Defendant argues that these statements are inadmissible and should not be considered
by the Court on summary judgment. The Plaintiff responds that the statements are admissible under
Federal Rules of Evidence 701 and 801(d)(2)(D) because they either express opinions of the
statement giver or are offered against the Defendant as statements by the Defendant’s agents or
servants concerning a matter within the scope of the agency or employment, made during the
existence of the relationship.
To fall within Rule 801(d)(2)(D) a statement must be about a matter “within the subject
matter of the agency.” Young v. James Green Mgt., Inc., 327 F.3d 616, 622 (7th Cir. 2003).
Furthermore, “in the context of employment discrimination cases, ‘the declarant must be involved
in the decisionmaking process affecting the employment action involved.’” Id. n.2 (citing Aliotta
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v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 315 F.3d 756, 762 (7th Cir.2003)).
Libii’s and Hickey’s statements fail to satisfy either requirement. First, they do not concern
the matter of their agencies as IPFW professors: they do not relate to teaching or some other
functions of their job. Rather, Dr. Libii and Dr. Hickey are describing their colleagues’ alleged
frustrations while working at IPFW. Second, neither Dr. Libii nor Dr. Hickey had any
decisionmaking authority regarding other faculty members’ employment.
What is more, Libii’s and Hickey’s assertions are not proper Rule 701 opinion statements,
which “most often take[] the form of a summary of first-hand sensory observations.” United States
v. Conn, 297 F.3d 548, 554 (7th Cir. 2002).
The prototypical example of the type of evidence contemplated by the adoption of
Rule 701 relates to the appearance of persons or things, identity, the manner of
conduct, competency of a person, degrees of light or darkness, sound, size, weight,
distance, and an endless number of items that cannot be described factually in words
apart from inferences . . . . Other examples of this type of quintessential Rule 701
testimony include identification of an individual, the speed of a vehicle, the mental
state or responsibility of another, whether another was healthy, the value of one’s
property.
Id. n.2 (citing Asplundh Mfg. Div. v. Benton Harbor Eng’g, 57 F.3d 1190, 1196–98 (3d Cir.1995)).
Dr. Libii and Dr. Hickey are offering not their sensory but mental observations, dispersed with
hearsay, and not relevant to the Plaintiff’s claim that the Defendant discriminated against him on the
basis of his race and national origin. Finally, the described problems of other faculty members are
too vague to be blamed on either the persons directly involved in this lawsuit or the Defendant in
general.
(3) Statements 5 and 7
The Defendant wants the Court to strike Libii’s Statement 5 that “Dr. Utesch was berating
8
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black folks at meetings,” because Dr. Libii himself had no personal knowledge of that. The Plaintiff
argues that the statement should not be stricken even as hearsay because it has circumstantial
guarantee of trustworthiness required by the Federal Rule of Evidence 807 (residual exception to
the hearsay rule).
The Seventh Circuit has directed the courts to narrowly construe the residual exception to
the hearsay rule. See Akrabawi v. Carnes Co., 152 F.3d 688, 697 (7th Cir. 1998) (“We begin by
noting this circuit’s emphasis on narrowly construing the residual provision to prevent it from
becoming the exception that swallows the hearsay rule.”). Five elements must be satisfied before
hearsay is admitted in evidence: “(1) circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness; (2) materiality;
(3) probative value; (4) the interests of justice; and (5) notice.” United States v. Hall, 165 F.3d 1095,
1110 (7th Cir. 1999). “Critical to the admission of a hearsay statement under 803(24) [now 807] is
a finding by the district court that the statement is trustworthy.”
The Court does not believe that all these elements have been satisfied. Libii’s statement that
Utesch berated black folk is entirely based on what the Plaintiff told him. Dr. Libii himself has never
met Utesch and has never attended a faculty meeting at the School of Education. Although Dr. Libii
is a disinterested party, the source of his knowledge is the Plaintiff himself. There is no evidence that
Dr. Libii learned of Dr. Utesch’s conduct during the faculty meetings from any other person. As
such, the statement lacks guarantees of trustworthiness so as to be admitted in evidence.
Accordingly, the Court will not consider Statement 5.
Likewise, Statement 7, that “[the Plaintiff] was about to be dismissed on bogus charges,” is
not based on Libii’s personal knowledge. The Plaintiff has not presented any material facts that
would show how he knew that the charges were bogus. Accordingly, the Court will not consider
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Statement 7 in its ruling on the Defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
(4) Statements 9 and 10
Statements 9 and 10 were taken out of the context of Hickey’s overall testimony. They
appear to indicate that Dr. Hickey believed that IPFW’s climate for diversity was not good and, as
a result, the university had a long way to go to retain minority faculty members. However, when
Hickey’s entire testimony is considered, it is obvious that she is troubled not so much with IPFW’s
policies as with the local community’s perception of minorities. She listed other reasons too as to
why she thought minority faculty members did not remain at IPFW:
It could be a variety of reasons having to do with the pay scale, which is, you
probably know, at the bottom of the state barrel and not growing. It could be that the
raises that we get for the most part aren’t reflective of the amount of work we do. It
could be the climate of Fort Wayne/Allen County is still unfortunately, in my mind
at least, not very open to diversity. In fact when I came here in 1988, I had to send
newspaper clippings, current newspaper clippings from 1988 and 1989, to my
colleagues in Tennessee and Georgia and Alabama who—everybody thinks the deep
south is prejudiced, is backward when it comes to racial relations. And my
colleagues there absolutely, positively did not believe my phone calls, my written
communications saying we were still dealing with desegregation here in the schools,
in Allen County/Fort Wayne Schools. They absolutely did not believe me. I had to
cut articles out of the paper and send them to the them before they would believe it.
So maybe it has to do something with the climate for diversity in this area. Which I
hope is changing.
(Hickey Dep. at 42–44)
The Court will not strike Statements 7 and 10, which are her opinions, but will consider them
in the context in which they were pronounced.
C. Material Facts
Resolving all genuine disputes and drawing all reasonable inferences in the Plaintiff’s favor,
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the facts assumed to be true for the purposes of ruling on the Defendant’s Motion for Summary
Judgment are as follows:
(1) IPFW’s Structure
Indiana University Purdue University at Fort Wayne (IPFW) is jointly owned by Indiana
University (IU) and Purdue University, and managed by Purdue pursuant to an agreement between
the universities. According to this agreement, Purdue is the responsible corporation with full power,
authority, and responsibility to manage and operate IPFW for the benefit of Purdue and IU. Purdue
is responsible for the business operations of IPFW, including fiscal management and control.
IPFW’s chancellor is appointed and employed by Purdue, with the approval of IU, and reports to
the Purdue president. Purdue appoints and employs all other administrative officers, faculty, and
staff members. Purdue establishes, charges, and collects all tuition and fees related to IPFW. The
Board Trustees of Purdue University is a corporate body created by the Indiana legislature.
IPFW’s School of Education consists of two departments: Department of Professional
Studies, guided by Dr. William Utesch, and the Department of Educational Studies, guided by Dr.
Kathleen Murphy. The School of Education is headed by Dean Roberta Wiener, who reports to Dr.
Susan Hannah, the Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs of IPFW. Dr. Hannah, in turn, is
accountable to Michael Wartell, the Chancellor of IPFW.
(2) Plaintiff’s Hire
The Plaintiff is a black man and a native of Ghana. He lived there until the age of nineteen.
In 2000, the Plaintiff was attending a meeting of the Indiana Counselor Educators and Supervisors,
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where he met Dr. James Burg of IPFW’s School of Education. During a conversation, Dr. Burg
advised the Plaintiff that the School of Education was looking to hire a counseling coordinator.
The Plaintiff applied for the position, but while he was away in Africa, Dr. Utesch left a
telephone message for him, indicating that he was not being considered for the position. After
returning from Africa, the Plaintiff went to IPFW to speak with Dr. Utesch. However, Dr. Utesch
was not available, and the Plaintiff spoke with Dr. Burg, who told him that the search committee was
considering a list of other applicants.
The search committee, however, failed to find an appropriate person for the position. As a
result, Dr. Utesch suggested to the committee that it reconsider the Plaintiff because he had heard
good things about him and found him to be articulate and passionate about school counseling. The
committee agreed with Dr. Utesch, who then called the Plaintiff to advise him that he was once
again being considered for the position. The Plaintiff had a series of interviews, which resulted in
his appointment as a tenure track Assistant Professor of Education for the 2000–2001 academic year.
The Plaintiff’s hire was initially requested by Dean Wiener, and after a positive recommendation
from Dr. Hannah, the request was approved by Chancellor Wartell. Dr. Utesch strongly supported
the hiring decision.
During the time the Plaintiff was employed at IPFW, the School of Education had about
twenty faculty members. One other person, beside the Plaintiff—Dr. Gloria Campbell-Watley— was
of African descent.
(3) Plaintiff’s Performance
As a faculty member on tenure track, the Plaintiff was subject to once-a-year evaluation by
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the university. The evaluations focused on three areas: teaching, research, and service. Satisfactory
performance in all three areas assured a tenure candidate’s reappointment for the following academic
year.
The Plaintiff would first be evaluated by his immediate supervisor, Dr. Utesch. After Dr.
Utesch’s evaluation, he would be independently reviewed by the Dean of the School of Education,
Dr. Wiener. Dean Wiener then would make her own recommendation regarding the reappointment,
and both Dr. Utesch’s and Dean Wiener’s recommendations would be forwarded to Dr. Hannah, the
Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs. Dr. Hannah then would make her recommendation regarding
the reappointment, and would forward it and Dr. Utesch’s and Dr. Wiener’s recommendations, along
with the materials submitted by the Plaintiff, to Chancellor Wartell, who would make the final
decision about reappointment. This process would have continued until August 2007, when the
Plaintiff would have become eligible for tenure.
(a) Plaintiff’s First Evaluation
The Plaintiff was first evaluated on January 5, 2001, about six months after he began
working at IPFW. Dr. Utesch found that the Plaintiff was a competent instructor and a prolific
writer, and was impressed with the Plaintiff’s research. Among other things, Dr. Utesch noted:
Solicited and unsolicited comments attested to [the Plaintiff’s] competence and
passion as an instructor. I recommend that [the Plaintiff] continue to make
adjustments as he orients himself to the program. I am impressed with his dedication
to course preparation and his genuine support and encouragement of students. I
suggest that [the Plaintiff] provide a variety of evidence to document effectiveness
as an instructor.
(Pl.’s Ex. 8 at PU-0346.) Dr. Utesch recommended the Plaintiff’s reappointment for the 2001–2002
academic year.
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Dean Wiener also evaluated the Plaintiff’s performance in January 2001 and found him to
be a fine and dedicated teacher. She commented favorably on his research and service, and, on
January 11, 2001, recommended his reappointment. Six days later, Dr. Hannah recommended
reappointment to Chancellor Wartell, who agreed with her decision.
(b) Plaintiff’s Second Evaluation and Academic Year 2001–2002 Performance
The Plaintiff was next evaluated eight months later, in September 2001. Again, both Dr.
Utesch and Dean Wiener found that he was making satisfactory progress in each of the three
evaluative areas, and each recommended reappointment. Both Dr. Hannah and Chancellor Wartell
approved the recommendations and, in May 2002, the Plaintiff was reappointed for the 2002–2003
academic year.
Before the evaluations were completed, several faculty members observed the Plaintiff in
the classroom and were impressed with his teaching. For example, after observing the Plaintiff teach,
Dr. Hickey wrote him: “please allow me to thank you for the opportunity to observe an inspiring and
effective teacher at work!” (Pl.’s Ex. 11.) Another faculty member, Associate Professor of Education
David R. Skeleton expressed his satisfaction with the Plaintiff’s teaching in these words: “conduct
of the class session displayed excellent preparation on the part of the instructor. [The Plaintiff] is
to be commended for instructional techniques utilized in his preparation.” (Pl.’s Ex. 12.) Another
teacher, Professor Jerry Garret, who also observed the Plaintiff in the classroom wrote:
My professional opinion is that I observed one of the most outstanding lessons I have
ever observed in my 22 years in education. Not enough teachers are commended for
the outstanding job that they do. For me, you are definitely a professor to be
commended for the excellent job teaching that I observed in your class today.
(Pl.’s Ex. 15.)
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But despite this admiration from the observers of his classes, the Plaintiff also received
complaints about his conduct. Beginning in November 2001, Dr. Utesch began getting student
complaints about the Plaintiff’s inappropriate classroom behavior. Dr. Utesch informed the Plaintiff
about the students’ complaints and encouraged him to address them with the students directly. Dr.
Utesch believed that the situation would improve with time.
(c) Plaintiff’s Third Evaluation and Academic Year 2002–2003 Performance
The Plaintiff was again evaluated for reappointment at the beginning of March 2002. Dr.
Utesch noted that the Plaintiff has responded to student concerns and has sought three outside
observers for his classroom teaching. Recognizing that the Plaintiff continued to respond to student
feedback and sought to improve his teaching, on March 25, Dr. Utesch recommended the Plaintiff
for reappointment. In his recommendation, Dr. Utesch stated that he was “impressed with his
dedication to student learning and responsiveness to student and peer feedback.” (Pl.’s Ex. 17.)
Dean Wiener also recommended reappointment on March 22, noting that the Plaintiff
received “high student evaluations except for one class this past year.” Both Dr. Hannan and
Chancellor Wartell agreed with the recommendations, and on April 10, 2002, the Plaintiff was
reappointed for the 2003–2004 academic year.
However, student complaints against the Plaintiff continued during the 2002–2003 academic
year. In March 2003, S.S.,2 a graduate student employee at IPFW, approached Dr. Utesch and
reported that the Plaintiff had made inappropriate comments to her during her interview for a clinic
manager’s position. She reported that, in the summer of 2001, the Plaintiff had told her that she
2
The parties agreed to use initials to protect the privacy of student complainants.
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should wear tighter pants and that she did not have big enough “boobs” because she was white. Also
in March 2003, a second graduate student employee, V.H., reported to Dr. Utesch that during his
classes the Plaintiff bashed homosexuals and Catholics. Dr. Utesch believed V.H. because her
complaints were consistent with those from other students in other classes taught by the Plaintiff.
Dr. Utesch asked S.S. and V.H. to discuss their allegations with Dean Wiener.
(d) Plaintiff’s Final Evaluation and Non-reappointment
From November 2001 through March 2003, Dr. Utesch received six student complaints about
the Plaintiff. Two of them were anonymous. All of them accused the Plaintiff of inappropriate
behavior. On the basis of these complaints, and especially on the basis of S.S.’s and V.H.’s
complaints, Dr. Utesch decided not to recommend the Plaintiff for reappointment for the 2004–2005
academic year. On March 31, 2003, he wrote concerning the Plaintiff’s conduct:
On-going student complaints have become more serious over the past year. I have
had several meetings with [the Plaintiff] to attempt to resolve concerns about his
teaching effectiveness and his professionalism. There appear to be no changes.
Students continue to be subjected to discussion of inappropriate topics irrelevant to
the content of the course within the classroom. He has criticized other faculty and
students in public settings. His lectures are often unorganized and ineffective. He has
consistently failed to fulfill his responsibilities for supervising students in the clinic
setting. The School of Education’s protocol for the formal evaluation of faculty by
students has been violated because [the Plaintiff] did not leave the room while
students were completing evaluations. Female students report inappropriate
comments about their appearance. The trust and respect of students has been
diminished by misuse of power. I conclude that his teaching performance is
unsatisfactory.
(Hannah Dep. at Ex. 15)
Dr. Utesch also noted that the Plaintiff remained productive in research and service.3
3
Dr. Utesch also received a report from the School of Education’s Peer Review Committee that commended
the Plaintiff “for his willingness to blend the Research in Counseling course with the Research in Elementary
Education course,” “for his high level of research productivity,” and “for his high level of involvement in
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Nevertheless, he concluded that, “because satisfactory teaching performance is essential for progress
toward promotion and tenure and based upon all sources of evidence made available to me regarding
[the Plaintiff’s] performance, I cannot recommend his reappointment.” Id.
Dean Wiener thought otherwise about the Plaintiff’s prospects for the future. About a month
before Dr. Utesch’s negative recommendation, in February 2003, Dean Wiener recommended the
Plaintiff for reappointment, although with some hesitation:
. . . In the area of teaching there are issues which his chair has discussed with him on
various occasions. The problems have been shared with me by both [the Plaintiff]
and Dr. Utesch (who is both Chair of Professional Studies and Program Director of
Counselor Education) and although I have tried to counsel and make suggestions to
both, at this time there seems to be an impasse.
...
I understand from both Dr. Utesch and [the Plaintiff] that there have been several
complaints from students in the Counseling program with regard to [the Plaintiff’s]
teaching style. Dr. Utesch has kept records of his talks with [the Plaintiff], along with
the behaviors he suggests need to be changed. [The Plaintiff] has indicated his
willingness to change to meet student needs and asks, “What could I (can I) do
differently?” Both he and his Chair appear frustrated—but Dr. Utesch has delineated
what the issues are and what he anticipates will be corrected in terms of
faculty/student interactions during this spring and summer. I think this will be
difficult to resolve although both [the Plaintiff] and Dr. Utesch are very eager for a
congenial solution. Human Resources and Affirmative Action officers have been
notified of this problem.
In spite of the above, I recommend [the Plaintiff’s] reappointment. This is due to his
record of productive research and publications and his eagerness and verbal
commitments to work on changing teaching style to better meet the needs of the
program and the students.
(Id.)
Because the Dean and the Department Chair disagreed about the Plaintiff’s future with the
university, Dr. Hannah made the ultimate decision regarding his reappointment. She met with both
professional organizations.” (Pf.’s Ex. 18). Peer Review Committee’s reports, such as this one, had no force of
recommendation but, if presented, they were considered by the department’s chair and the dean during the overall
evaluation of a teacher. (See Utesch Dep. at 81–82.)
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Dean Wiener and Dr. Utesch to discuss their recommendations and reviewed all available
documents. Dr. Hannah also made sure that Dr. Utesch consulted with Judy Dilorio, IPFW’s
Affirmative Action Officer, and James Ferguson, IPFW’s Human Resources Services Director, to
insure that all procedures were followed. On April 3, Dr. Hannah recommended to not reappoint the
Plaintiff:
I do not support reappointment of [the Plaintiff] because of unsatisfactory
performance in teaching. The recommendation for non-reappointment from the chair
and the equivocal nature of the dean’s review raise very serious questions about his
teaching competence. His two previous reviews identified some concerns but were
hopeful of improvement. Student complaints of ineffective teaching and a lack of
professionalism, however, have increased over this past year despite verbal and
written warnings and efforts at assistance. His research and productivity do not
compensate for unsatisfactory teaching. I therefore recommend that his appointment
at IPFW terminate at the end of 2003–04.
(Id.) Chancellor Wartell concurred with her recommendation and, that same day, the Plaintiff was
informed of the university’s decision.
On May 15, in response to the Plaintiff’s request, Dr. Hannah wrote a letter further detailing
the reasons for his non-reappointment. Among other things, she summarized the Plaintiff’s faults:
...
My recommendation is based on an evaluation of ineffective teaching by the Acting
Chair, Dr. Bill Utesch and serious questions raised by Dean Roberta Wiener. . . .
Students complain that you berate students publicly, complimenting some and
criticizing others to the point of humiliation in class. . . . Students also reported that
you have revealed personal biases about sexual orientation that limit your ability to
deal with these issues in the counseling setting. . . .
Unprofessional behavior. Students report that you break confidentiality by sharing
personal information about some students with others. Students also find the way you
handle sexual information and topics in the classroom offensive. One student
reported that you made sexually inappropriate comments about her appearance and
about what is necessary to be successful. You have made female students
uncomfortable by insisting that they close your office door over their objections. In
some classes students report that you told them you could identify handwriting and
therefore they felt constrained in making negative comments on course evaluations.
One student reported that you have confronted students who have complained in
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manner that was considered retaliatory. These behaviors have produced a “chilling
effect” that appears to have made learning difficult to the point of at least one student
stating that she plans to leave the program. I am especially concerned about the
complaints of students who report that you have not been either present or attentive
during the times you were responsible for supervising students in a clinic situation.
Inconsistent Reports. At the same time that some students have brought very serious
claims of ineffectiveness and unprofessional behavior, others have provided glowing
testimonies about your work. They report that you have gone out of your way to help
them find jobs and prepare for interviews. They find you very professional both in
and out of the classroom. They report that they find your classes challenging and
excellent preparation for practice. They criticize students who complain as not being
willing to perform up to your standards. A number of those who defend you argue
that you present a clash of expectations to IPFW students to which some have
reacted negatively. Faculty peers who have reviewed your classes also have differing
views of your effectiveness in the classroom. Interpreting these inconsistencies is
difficult, but the number of student complaints over such a long period convinces me
that this is not the case of one or two disgruntled students who can be dismissed as
unfair or of one course that did not go well. It is reassuring to know that some
students and peers find your work positive, but in so doing highlights the point that
other do not.
. . . In successful cases, the faculty member takes the constructive criticism to heart
and works hard to change behavior in order to become more effective. To me and to
others you seem initially to be willing to respond to the concerns but then become
defensive and attempt to argue them away rather than taking responsibility for
making improvements. I see no consistent effort to make sure that despite the advice
given to you by your peers, your chair, and your dean, your behavior has actually
changed in such a way that students would perceive a more professional learning
environment.
(Hannah Dep., Ex. 15.)
(e) IPFW’s Investigation of Formal Complaints Against the Plaintiff
On May 12, 2003, S.S. and V.H. each filed a formal complaint against the Plaintiff, claiming
that he harassed and discriminated against them in both the classroom and in their work as graduate
assistants. Elaine Blakemore was assigned by Chancellor Wartell to investigate the complaints in
accordance with IPFW’s procedures. She interviewed the complainants and the Plaintiff, as well as
Dr. Utesch and two other faculty members in the Department of Education Studies. She also
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interviewed thirteen current and former students from the Counselor Education program representing
four different academic cohorts.
Blakemore issued a detailed report with extensive findings on both students’ complaints. In
the report she acknowledged that, because of the gravity of allegations, the investigation was
difficult for her personally. She noted that, during the investigation, the Plaintiff was cordial and
professional, and that he was bewildered by the charges. (Pl.’s Ex. 25 at 1.) She also stated that she
found both complainants credible and genuinely anguished about their experiences. (Id.) Blakemore
commended S.S. and V.H. for their courage to come forward with their complaints:
Finally, I would like to express my utmost respect toward [S.S. and V.H.] for their
courage coming forward with their complaints. I spoke to several other students who
believed that they had been harmed by [the Plaintiff], but were afraid to speak, lest
their future careers be harmed. I spoke to former students who said that they had
wanted to report their concerns about his behavior once they left the university, but
they never had, and that they felt distressed and guilty that they had not. Hence the
university should applaud those who are willing to come forward with a serious
complaint at possible risk to themselves, particularly when they are taking the risk
partly for the good of others.
(Id. at 2–3.)
Blakemore interviewed numerous students and asked them general questions about the
School of Education and the Plaintiff. Blakemore noted that some of the students were very
supportive of the Plaintiff and had no complaints at all; others corroborated the complainants:
Some expressed shock and dismay about how disrespectfully they thought that other
students treated him in the classroom. On balance, though, the majority of students
to whom I spoke provided examples of experiences that were consistent with
[V.H.’s]’ and [S.S.’s] complaints. Since I did not speak to every student who had
ever taken a class from [the Plaintiff], I cannot possibly know what percentage of
students over the few years . . . found his behavior inappropriate. I can say, however,
that many of the students and former students to whom I spoke found several aspects
of his behavior inappropriate, and that their accounts were startlingly consistent.
(Id. at 2.)
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Blakemore concluded her report by finding that the Plaintiff violated the university’s policies
as to the one complainant, but not as to the other:
Using the standard of the “preponderance of the evidence” required by the Purdue
University procedures, I find that [the Plaintiff] has violated the Purdue University
antiharassment policy outlined in Executive Memorandum C-33. With respect to the
specific complaints, I find that Ms. [V.H.] has experienced a hostile educational
environment, and that she is the victim of harassment. In her complaint she indicated
that she had been the victim of discrimination, but I do not find that to be the case.
Other students were similarly treated, and I do not know on what grounds she could
have experienced discrimination.
Largely because her complaints were not reported in the appropriate time frame, I
cannot find that Ms. [S.S.] has also been specifically harassed under the Purdue
policy. However, like other students in the Counselor Education Program, she has
certainly been subjected to hostile educational environment.
(Id. at 9–10.)
In light of her findings, Blakemore recommended that the Plaintiff “be immediately removed
from his teaching and practicum supervision responsibilities, and from supervisor contact with
students in the School of Education at IPFW.” (Id. at 10.) However, she believed that the university
should honor his 2003–2004 academic year contract, and that he should be allowed to continue his
research so long as he has was veiled from interaction with students. (Id.)
Blakemore presented her report to the University’s Committee on Equity, which concurred
with Blakemore’s conclusions. On August 4, 2003, Chancellor Wartell notified the Plaintiff that, for
the 2003–2004 academic year, he would be assigned to a position entirely dedicated to research, but
that he would not be permitted to use his university office.
On August 2, 2003, the Plaintiff filed a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission, claiming that the Defendant discriminated against him on the basis of race
and national origin.
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(f) The Plaintiff’s Complaints
From 2001 until 2003, Dr. Utesch held only two faculty meetings in which the Plaintiff was
present. (Pl.’s Dep. 167–68.) At those meetings, in which Dr. Burg was also present, Dr. Utesch
talked negatively about certain minority students. (Id. at 162.) At one meeting, he suggested that a
student who wrote very poorly should not be in the School of Education just because she was black.
Another time, Dr. Utesch told the Plaintiff that he was an American Indian but that he did not go
around “tooting [his] horn to get special treatment.” (Id. at 165.) This particular conversation came
about as Dr. Utesch was discussing some minority students who thought they deserved to be in the
School of Education but whose performance was inferior. (See id. at 164–65.) In addition, Dr.
Utesch once told the Plaintiff that the Plaintiff was a naturalized United States citizen, not an
African-American. (Dilorio Dep. 17.) The Plaintiff complained to Dean Wiener regarding these
comments from Dr. Utesch. He also sent an email to Dilorio restating those complaints and
describing another time when “Utesch asserted that minority students, particularly females, are
uncomfortable to deal with because they are quick to invoke the notion of a lawsuit.” (Id. at 15–17.)
DiLorio met with Dr. Utesch to discuss the Plaintiff’s complaints but she believed that the matters
asserted in the email did not assert actionable allegations.
The Plaintiff identified seventeen current and former IPFW employees that he claims were
similarly situated and treated more favorably than he: Gloria Campbell-Watley (Pl.’s Dep. 183),
Phyllis Agnes (Id. at 186), Jim Burg (Id.), William Utesch (Id. at 187), Mark Myers (Id.), Janice
Schraeder (Id. at 188), Sheena Choi (Id.), Jerry Garrett (Id. at 282), John Cochren (Id.), Nancy
Cauthron (Id. at 283), Joel Nichols (Id. at 284), Beverly Park (Id. at 284–85), Patricia Sellers (Id.
at 286), Terri Swim (Id. at 287), Kathleen Murphey (Id. at 288), Jeffrey Nowak (Id. at 289), and Gail
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Hickey (Id. at 305). The Plaintiff admits that Utesch, Cochren, Cothern, Nichols, Murphey, and
Hickey were already tenured when he began working at IPFW. The Plaintiff is not aware if charges
from students, similar to his own, were leveled against any of the above listed persons.
Around December 2, 1999, and May 22, 1997, some students complained against professors
G.H. and S.C. for poor teaching. These professors are still faculty members at IPFW’s School of
Education.4
With his response to the Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, the Plaintiff submitted
affidavits from ten former students praising him as a dedicated and qualified teacher and a person
of integrity.
D. Does 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
Along with the Board of Trustees of Purdue University, the Plaintiff sued Does 1, 2, 3, 4, and
5 for violations of 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1985(3), and 1986. In its motion for summary judgment, the
Defendant challenges the Plaintiff’s claims against these Does as no longer proper at this stage of
the litigation. The Defendant relies on Doe v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Wisconsin, 112 F.3d 869,
872 (7th Cir. 1997), which noted that “[t]he use of fictitious names is disfavored, and the judge has
4
Also, in his Statement of Genuine Issues and Material Facts, the Plaintiff states that “when Utesch came up
for promotion, the Campus Committee voted 6-0 against the tenure of Utesch. In spite the negative votes, Utesch
was granted tenure.” Id. at 21. The Plaintiff cites page 43 of Utesch’s deposition in support of this assertion. The
Court has reviewed this page but is unable to determine whether the committee was recommending against Dr.
Utesch’s tenure or whether it was giving a general negative opinion on Dr. Utesch in its capacity as the peer review
committee.
Moreover, the Plaintiff asserts that Professor S.C. was accused of plagiarism and refers the Court to
Confidential Exhibit 16. This exhibit contains a letter from an English professor at IPFW, who reviewed a draft of
S.C’s research article. In the letter, the English professor is expressing her frustration about S.C.’s continual failure
to attribute the sources upon which she based her article. This letter is not a formal accusation of plagiarism.
Moreover, it is unknown whether S.C. ever submitted the article for publication and whether she corrected the
attribution problems. Without this information, and especially without any evidence that the university’s
administration knew that S.C. published a plagiarized article, the Court finds the Plaintiff’s characterization of S.C.
as a “plagiarist” overbroad.
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an independent duty to determine whether exceptional circumstances justify such a departure from
the normal method of proceeding in federal courts.” Further, the Defendant argues that now it would
be too late to substitute Does 1 through 5 because any claims against other parties are barred by the
two-year statute of limitations.
The Plaintiff has not responded to the Defendant’s contentions and seems to have conceded
that he cannot proceed against Does 1 through 5. Accordingly, the Plaintiff’s claims against Does
1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are denied as a matter of law.
E. Plaintiff’s 42 U.S.C §§ 1981, 1985(3), and 1986 Claims
(1) Defendant’s Immunity
The Defendant argues that the Plaintiff’s 42 U.S.C §§ 1981, 1985(3), and 1986 claims are
barred because, as an arm of the state, it is entitled to sovereign immunity under the Eleventh
Amendment. The Plaintiff responds that the Defendant is not a State agency and thus is not immune
from suit under §§ 1981, 1985(3), and 1986. He submits that finding of immunity is a fact sensitive
inquiry and that the Defendant has not established IPFW’s general legal status. Finally, the Plaintiff
suggests that the Defendant is not protected by immunity because, among other things, it was sued
for injunctive relief.
“The jurisdictional bar of the Eleventh Amendment protects the state and its agencies; it does
not shield political subdivisions.” Kashani v. Purdue Univ., 813 F.2d 843, 845 (7th Cir. 1987).
Whether a state university is like a state agency or like a political subdivision depends on the
specific facts of the case. The courts especially consider the extent of the university’s financial
autonomy from the state: “the extend of state funding, the state’s oversight and control of the
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university’s fiscal affairs, the university’s ability independently to raise funds, whether the state
taxes the university, and whether a judgment against the university would result in the state
increasing its appropriations to the university.” Id. The Seventh Circuit has previously held that
“Purdue is entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity.” Id. at 846.
IPFW is not its own entity but a regional campus of Purdue and IU. It is completely
controlled by Purdue, which has full power, authority, and responsibility to manage and operate
IPFW for the benefit of Purdue and IU. Purdue is responsible for IPFW’s business operations,
including its fiscal management and control. IPFW’s chancellor is appointed and employed by
Purdue (with the approval of IU) and reports to the Purdue president. Purdue appoints and employs
all administrative officers, faculty, and staff members. Finally, Purdue charges and collects all
tuition and fees related to IPFW.
As this case itself exemplifies, a suit against IPFW is really a suit against Purdue. (See Pl.’s
Mot. Amend Caption, September 9, 2004, Docket Entry 16 (stating that, in accordance with Ind.
Code 20-12-36-4, the proper defendant in this case is the Board of Trustees of Purdue University,
not IPFW)). Yet, as noted above, Purdue is immune from damages under the Eleventh Amendment.
Kashani, 813 F.2d at 845. Therefore, the Plaintiff’s claims for damages under §§ 1981, 1985(3), and
1986 are barred.
However, Purdue is not immune from suit for injunctive relief, which the Plaintiff has
requested in his Complaint. Kashani, 813 F.2d at 848 (“[A] suit for prospective injunctive relief is
not deemed a suit against the state and thus is not barred by the Eleventh Amendment.”). Therefore,
the Court must examine whether the Plaintiff is entitled to injunctive relief under 42 U.S.C. §§
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1985(3) and 1986.5
(2) Plaintiff’s Claims for Injunctive Relief under §§ 1985(3) and 1986
The Plaintiff claims that the Defendant conspired with S.S. and V.H to deprive him of equal
protection of the law as provided by the Fourteenth Amendment, in violation of 42 U.S.C. §§
1985(3) and 1986. The Defendant argues that no conspiracy was possible in this case because all
the actors belong to the same corporation, and a corporation cannot conspire with itself.
Section 1985(3), although not a source of substantive rights, is a remedial statute that
prohibits conspiracies to deprive a person of rights guaranteed by the Constitution or federal laws:
[i]f two or more persons in any State or Territory conspire . . . for the purpose of
depriving, either directly or indirectly, any person or class of persons of the equal
protection of the laws, or of equal privileges and immunities under the laws . . . the
party so injured or deprived may have an action for the recovery of damages . . . .
42 U.S.C. § 1985(3). The courts have identified four elements necessary to make out a valid case
under § 1985(3):
(1) a conspiracy; (2) a purpose of depriving, either directly or indirectly, any person
or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws, or of equal privileges and
immunities under the laws; (3) an act in furtherance of the conspiracy; and (4) an
injury to his person or property or a deprivation of any right or privilege of a citizen
of the United States.
Quinones v. Szorc, 771 F.2d 289, 291 n.1 (7th Cir.1985) (citing United Bhd. of Carpenters & Joiners
of Am. v. Scott, 463 U.S. 825, 828–29 (1983)).
In this case, the Plaintiff is unable to satisfy the first element, that is, to show that the
5
Since the Plaintiff has also alleged Title VII claims, which are not barred by the Eleventh Amendment, see
Nanda v. Bd. of Trustees of Univ. of Ill., 303 F.3d 817, 831 (7th Cir. 2002) (“[W]e hold that the 1972 Act validly
abrogated the States’ Eleventh Amendment immunity with respect to Title VII disparate treatment claims.”), the
Court will not separately consider the Plaintiff’s claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1981, as both Title VII and § 1981 employ
the same analysis. See Alexander v. Wis. Dep’t of Health & Family Servs., 263 F.3d 673, 682 (7th Cir. 2001).
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Defendant conspired with others to deprive him of equal protection of the law. To be a conspirator,
the Defendant would have to have a co-conspirator or co-conspirators with whom to conspire. In a
corporate conspiracy, co-conspirators must be outside of the corporation. See Travis v. Gary Cmty.
Mental Health Ctr., Inc., 921 F.2d 108, 110 (7th Cir. 1990) (“[I]ntra-corporate discussions lie
outside [§] 1985(3)’s domain.”). Yet, all persons accused of conspiring against the
Plaintiff—Chancellor Wartell, Dr. Hannah, Dr. Utesch, as well as S.S. and V.H—worked for the
Defendant at the time of the alleged conspiracy.
In passing, the Plaintiff states that Travis’s intra-corporate conspiracy doctrine would not
apply here, because the Defendant’s employees have been motivated solely by personal bias. Cf.
Hartman v. Bd. of Trs. of Cmty. Coll. Dist. 508, 4 F.3d 465, 470 (7th Cir. 1993) (noting that intra-
corporate conspiracy doctrine does not apply where persons are motivated solely by personal bias).
The Plaintiff does not expound on the facts that would establish that the Defendant’s employees’
choice not to reappoint him was motivated solely on the grounds of their personal racial animus
against him. He does state, although without any specific evidence, that V.H. was inspired to injure
him by strong dislike for him because she received a “B” in his class rather than an “A.” But in any
case, a dislike of a teacher because of a bad grade is not equivalent to a personal racial bias. As to
the remaining persons, the Plaintiff has failed to establish that they were motivated solely by their
racial animus so that the Defendant’s interests in maintaining quality education program played no
interest at all in their decisions. See id. (where the plaintiff has not shown that the accused
employees’ actions were not at all motivated by the defendant’s interests in its education success,
the court cannot conclude that the employees’ acted solely out of personal bias against the plaintiff,
and thus outside of the scope of their employment). Accordingly, the Court cannot find that any
alleged agreement among the Defendant’s employees to harm the Plaintiff constituted a conspiracy
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within the meaning of § 1985(3).
Since the Plaintiff is unable to establish the first element under § 1985(3), the Court need not
proceed any further.6 Similarly the Court does not have to address § the 1986 claim, which to be
actionable, requires a violation under § 1985:
Every person who, having knowledge that any of the wrongs conspired to be done,
and mentioned in section 1985 of this title, are about to be committed, and having
power to prevent or aid in preventing the commission of the same, neglects or refuses
so to do, if such wrongful act be committed, shall be liable to the party injured, or his
legal representatives, for all damages caused by such wrongful act, which such
person by reasonable diligence could have prevented. . . .
42 U.S.C. § 1986.
F. Title VII Claim
The Plaintiff sued the Defendant for discrimination on account of race and national origin
under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended,7 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et. seq., which
prohibits such discrimination: “It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer— (1)
. . . to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to
his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race,
. . . or national origin.” 42 U.S.C.A. § 2000e-2. The Plaintiff concedes that he has no direct evidence
of discrimination but argues that he can overcome the Defendant’s motion for summary judgment
through the indirect, burden-shifting McDonnell Douglas framework.
6
Nor could the Plaintiff establish that the Defendant deprived him of equal protections of law (the second
requirement of the test). As explained below, the Plaintiff’s claim that he was not-reappointed because of
discriminatory reasons fails as a matter of law.
7
Initially, the Plaintiff also accused the Defendant of retaliation against him for exercising his rights under
Title VII. The Defendant moved the Court to dismiss the claim as one that exceeds the scope of the Plaintiff’s EEOC
charge. The Plaintiff has not responded to the Defendant’s arguments and appears to have conceded this claim.
Accordingly, the Court will award summary judgment in favor of the Defendant on the Plaintiff’s Title VII
retaliation claim.
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The Defendant insists that the Plaintiff can neither establish a prima facie case under
McDonnell Douglas nor show that the Defendant’s stated nondiscriminatory reason for his
suspension and eventual termination—that the Plaintiff engaged in improper conduct— was merely
a pretext for discrimination.
(1) McDonnel Douglas Test
The Plaintiff has chosen the McDonnell Douglas indirect method to show that the
Defendant’s decision to not renew a teaching offer was motivated by a prohibited animus. Under
this approach, he must first establish a prima facie case of race and national origin discrimination.
To do that, he “must demonstrate that: “(1) he belongs to a protected class; (2) his performance met
his employer’s legitimate expectations; (3) he suffered an adverse employment action; and (4)
similarly situated others not in his protected class received more favorable treatment.” Brummett v.
Sinclair Broad. Group, Inc., 414 F.3d 686, 692 (7th Cir. 2005).
If she succeeds in establishing the prima facie case of race or national origin discrimination,
the burden of production shifts to the defendant to offer a permissible, noninvidious
reason for the alleged discrimination. If the defendant meets this production burden,
the plaintiff may then rebut that evidence by showing that the employer’ reasons are
a pretext for discrimination or that the decision was tainted by impermissible,
race-based motives. “The ultimate burden of persuading the trier of fact that the
defendant intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff remains at all times with
the plaintiff.”
Johnson v. Cambridge Indus., Inc., 325 F.3d 892, 897 (7th Cir. 2003) (citations omitted). “Pretext
is more than a mistake on the part of the employer; it is a phony excuse.” Hudson v. Chicago Transit
Auth., 375 F.3d 552, 561 (7th Cir. 2004). If pretext is demonstrated, the case must go to trial. See
Olsen v. Marshall & Ilsley Corp., 267 F.3d 597, 601 (7th Cir. 2001).
The Plaintiff has established without difficulty the first and third prongs of the prima facie
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case: he is an African-American from Ghana and he has not been reappointed for the 2004–2005
academic year. However, the second and fourth elements—whether similarly situated others not in
his protected class received more favorable treatment that he did and whether his performance met
the Defendant’s legitimate expectations—require careful analysis, especially, since they are closely
intertwined with the pretext analysis. The Court will consider them together with the Plaintiff’s
claim that the Defendant’s reasons for firing him were pretextual. See Olsen v. Marshall & Ilsley
Corp., 267 F.3d 597, 600 (7th Cir. 2001) (where prima facie analysis would overlap substantially
with the question of pretext, the court may address the two together).
(a) Similarly Situated Employees
Returning to the prima facie case, the Plaintiff may not prevail against the Defendant’s
motion for summary judgment because he has failed to designate evidence of similarly situated
comparators who were treated more favorably than he was. To establish that employees not in the
protected class were treated more favorably, the Plaintiff must show that those employees were
similarly situated with respect to “performance, qualifications and conduct,” Snipes v. Ill. Dep’t of
Corrs., 291 F.3d 460, 463 (7th Cir. 2002), and that “the relevant aspects of [their] employment
situation were nearly identical to [the] alleged comparator[s].” Nunnery v. Elgin, Joliet & E. Ry., 48
F. Supp. 2d 1122, 1131 (N.D. Ind. 1999) (citations and quotation marks omitted). “Such a showing
normally entails establishing that ‘the two employees dealt with the same supervisor, were subject
to the same standards, and had engaged in similar conduct without such differentiating or mitigating
circumstances as would distinguish their conduct or the employer’s treatment of them.’” Snipes, 291
F.3d at 463 (quoting Radue v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 219 F.3d 612, 617–18 (7th Cir. 2000)); see
also Grayson v. O’Neill, 308 F.3d 808, 819 (7th Cir. 2002) (to meet his burden the plaintiff must
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demonstrate that there is someone directly comparable to him in all material respects). In addition,
the Plaintiff must establish that the similarly situated employees were treated more favorably at the
time of the alleged discrimination against him. Jordan v. City of Gary, 396 F.3d 825, 834 (7th Cir.
2005).
During his deposition, the Plaintiff identified seventeen current and former IPFW employees
that he claims were similarly situated to him but were treated more favorably than he. However, the
similarities of which the Plaintiff speaks relate only to his ability to teach, write, and research. The
Plaintiff has not shown similarities as to the status of these individuals or any detrimental conduct,
similar to his own, that they were accused of. For example, the Plaintiff believes that the tenured
faculty members—Utesch, Cochren, Cothern, Nichols, Murphey, Hickey—are directly comparable
to him, but that, unlike him, they were allowed to advance in their academic careers. The Plaintiff
is mistaken in three respects: First, at the time of the alleged discrimination against the Plaintiff, the
tenured faculty members, by the virtue of their tenure, were not directly comparable to the Plaintiff
in all material respects. The Plaintiff was not a tenured professor and was subject to different
standards than the tenured ones. Second, the advancement of these tenured members did not take
place at the same time that the Plaintiff was not reappointed. Finally, the Plaintiff has not presented
evidence that the tenured professors were accused of engaging in inappropriate conduct with
students.
As to the remaining eleven employees, the Plaintiff provides no specifics, aside from the fact
that Dr. Hickey believed that the Plaintiff’s research was comparable to Burg’s, Agnes’s, and
Choi’s. The Plaintiff asks the Court to disregard the students’ allegations against him as frivolous
and compare him to others only as to his academic abilities. The Court has no right to pick and
choose what it wants to compare; rather it is the Plaintiff’s burden to show that he and the proffered
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comparators are similar in all material respects. This he has failed to do. Furthermore, the subject
matter of the complaint, that a teacher abused his position of authority, is grave, not frivolous.
The Plaintiff also claims that one of the comparators was accused of plagiarism, but, as noted
above, fails to provide any evidence of that. (See supra at 23 n.4.) Finally, the Plaintiff has failed
to explain when and how the remaining eleven employees were treated more favorably than he.
(b) Pretext
The Defendant maintains that the Plaintiff was not reappointed for the 2004–2005 academic
year because he was not meeting its legitimate expectations: Dr. Hannah reviewed both Dean
Wiener’s recommendation for reappointment and Dr. Utesch’s recommendation for non-
reappointment, and decided that the accusations about the Defendant’s inappropriate behavior
outweighed the positive aspects of his employment.8
In response, the Plaintiff offers a two-paragraph rebuttal insisting that the Defendant’s stated
reasons have no basis in fact. He maintains that the allegations against him were unverifiable and
unsubstantiated, and that the Court can infer from the falsity of the Defendant’s explanation that it
is dissembling its discriminatory purpose. The Court disagrees.
The Plaintiff has failed to present enough evidence to cast the shadow of pretext on the
Defendant’s explanation why he was not reappointed. It is not sufficient for the Plaintiff to show that
some or all of the students’ allegations about the Plaintiff’s inappropriate behavior were made up
by those students. It is also insufficient for the Plaintiff to show that previous recommendations from
Dr. Utesch praised his abilities and zeal for teaching, and that some faculty members, as well as
8
This assertion also goes to the Defendant’s claim that the Plaintiff was not performing his job
satisfactorily.
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many students, perceived him as an excellent teacher. Cf. Peele v. Country Mut. Ins. Co., 288 F.3d
319, 329 (7th Cir. 2002) (“In most cases, when a district court evaluates the question of whether an
employee was meeting an employer’s legitimate employment expectations, the issue is not the
employee’s past performance but ‘whether the employee was performing well at the time of [his]
termination.’” (citation omitted)); Dey v. Colt Const. & Development Co., 28 F.3d 1446, 1460 (7th
Cir. 1994) (“Our cases also give little weight to statements by supervisors or co-workers that
generally corroborate a plaintiff's own perception of satisfactory job performance.”). Rather, he must
show that Dr. Hannah, the person who made the ultimate decision not to reappoint the Plaintiff, or
Dr. Utesch who passed the complaints on to her, made up the students’ allegations, did not truly
believe them, or found them insignificant. In a word, the Plaintiff must establish that Dr. Hannah’s
and Dr. Utesch’s reasons for the Plaintiff’s non-reappointment were merely made up to cover up
their discriminatory reasons.
Yet, the evidence points to the contrary. Even Dean Wiener’s recommendation for
reappointment was not without some hesitation. She recognized some of the Plaintiff’s flaws but
believed that his research skills, publications, and his verbal commitment for improvement
outweighed them. She was also confident that the Plaintiff was going to correct his interactions with
the students during the coming months. Dr. Utesch, on the other hand, noted that the student
complaints had become more serious over the past year, compromising all positive aspects of the
Plaintiff’s work: “female students report inappropriate comments about their appearance,” and “[t]he
trust and respect of students has been diminished by misuse of power.” (Hannah Dep., Ex. 15.)
Dr. Hannan, faced with contradicting recommendations from her subordinates, met with
Dean Wiener and Dr. Utesch to discuss their recommendations and reviewed all available
documents. She even made sure that Dr. Utesch consulted with Judy Dilorio, IPFW’s Affirmative
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Action Officer and James Ferguson, IPFW’s Human Resources Services Director, to insure that all
procedures were followed. Then, after considering both sides, she decided against the Plaintiff’s
reappointment, citing the students’ complaints of ineffective teaching and a lack of professionalism,
“which have increased over this past year despite verbal and written warnings and efforts at
assistance.” Id.
After the Plaintiff asked Dr. Hannah for a more detailed explanation for her reasons not to
reappoint him, she sent him a letter. In the letter, she reiterated her earlier comments and further
expanded on her rationale. She noted some of his unprofessional behavior in and out of class and
his stated biases against homosexuals. Dr. Hannah also noted the positive reports about the Plaintiff,
but did not think that they compensated for the Plaintiff’s faults.
The Plaintiff challenges his non-reappointment only by calling into question the reliability
of the students’ complaints and by referring to his previous positive evaluations. The Plaintiff, who
bears the burden to show pretext, does not provide the Court with a reason to believe that Dr.
Hannah or Dr. Utesch simply made up the stories of the students’ complaints, by themselves or in
collaboration with the students. He refers to Dr. Utesch ’s conversation with S.S. and V.H. at the
racquet club as indication of conspiracy, but he is unable to supply any basis for this claim.9 Further,
he states that V.H. hated the Plaintiff because she received a “B” in his class: “[she] set out a plot
to malign him. Utesch and S.S. got on board and set out a course that has resulted in the utter
destruction of [the Plaintiff’s] career in academia.” (Pl.’s Resp. at 9). Again, the Plaintiff does not
single out any part of the record to support these allegations. Finally, the Plaintiff points to
Blakemore’s report as a document that exonerates him of S.S.’s and V.H.’s allegations. However,
9
S.S.’s testified during her deposition that she approached Dr. Utesch with a friend because she was “very
upset about it and it was scary to bring—to say what he said.” (S.S.’s Dep. at 16).
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such assertion is a stretch.
In her report, Blakemore did note that some students she interviewed were very supportive
of the Plaintiff and had no complaints against him at all. Yet, there were also those who corroborated
the complainants’ allegations. She wrote: “On balance . . . the majority of students to whom I spoke
provided examples of experiences that were consistent with [S.S.’s] and [V.H.’s] complaints. . . .
I can say . . . that many of the students and former students to whom I spoke found several aspects
of his behavior inappropriate, and that their accounts were startlingly consistent.” (Pf.’s Ex. 25 at
2.) Blakemore also stated that she
would like to express her utmost respect toward [S.S. and V.H.] for their courage
coming forward with their complaints. I spoke to several other students who believed
that they had been harmed by [the Plaintiff], but were afraid to speak, lest their future
careers be harmed. I spoke to former students who said that they had wanted to
report their concerns about his behavior once they left the university, but they never
had, and that they felt distressed and guilty that they had not. Hence the university
should applaud those who are willing to come forward with a serious complaint at
possible risk to themselves, particularly when they are taking the risk partly for the
good of others.
(Id. at 3.)
Regarding S.S.’s complaints, Blakemore concluded that, although they were brought too late
procedurally, they confirmed a pattern of hostile educational environment the Plaintiff created:
Because many events reported by [S.S.] took place outside the 120-day limit, and
although plausible, the telephone calls cannot be verified, I find it very difficult to
conclude that [S.S.] was specifically the victim of harassment. However, most of her
reported experiences are very consistent with those of others, and can be seen as part
of a pattern which leads me to conclude that [the Plaintiff] has created a hostile
educational environment for students in the Counselor Education Program at IPFW.
(Id.)
Regarding V.H.’s complaints, Blakemore determined that four out of the ten accusations
were consistent with the overall responses from the persons interviewed: (1) excessive discussion
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of sexuality in class; (2) discussing performance of other students by name, generally in derogatory
fashion; (3) denigrating students’ performance publicly; and (4) fear of the Plaintiff, and what he
might to do to harm the students academically or professionally. (Id. at 9.) This lead Blakemore to
find that the Plaintiff “has violated the Purdue University antiharassment policy,” (Id.) and to
recommend that the Plaintiff “be immediately removed from his teaching and practicum supervision
responsibilities, and from any supervisory contact with students in the School of Education at
IPFW.” (Id. at 10.)
Since the Plaintiff is unable to demonstrate that Dr. Hannah and Dr. Utesch manufactured
claims against him, he has not rebutted the Defendant’s stated reasons for his termination.
Furthermore, Dr. Utesch’s remarks about minorities do not prove pretext. As the Defendant points
out, Dr. Utesch’s remarks were not sweeping general statements about minorities. Rather, the
statements were about specific applicants or a group of applicants who wrote poorly or whose
performance was otherwise inferior. Dr. Utesch complained about these individuals and stated his
belief that they should not be admitted to the School of Education just because they were minorities.
As such, even if considered in the light most favorable to the Plaintiff, the statements do not support
an inference that Dr. Utesch or Dr. Hannah made their recommendations to not reappoint the
Plaintiff for any improper reason. Similarly, Dr. Utesch’s undated statement that “minority students,
particularly females, are uncomfortable to deal with because they are quick to invoke the notions
of a lawsuit” is too obscure to demonstrate pretext in the Defendant’s stated reason for the Plaintiff’s
non-reappointment. Cf. Kadas v. MCI Systemhouse Corp., 255 F.3d 359, 361 (7th Cir. 2001) (a
supervisor’s undated statement about older employees, “Bob, you know how hard it is to sell these
guys and they just don’t look like they work as hard,” was too obscure to express prejudice on the
basis of age).
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What is more, even if questionable, Dr. Utesch’s statements must be considered in light of
his recommendation to the search committee to consider the Plaintiff for a teaching position at the
School of Education. When Dr. Utesch recommended the Plaintiff to the committee, as the
Department Chair, he knew that the Plaintiff would be working toward a tenure with the school. He
could have bypassed him then but did not. Since he was instrumental in both hiring and firing the
Plaintiff, an inference against discrimination on his part, even if limited, exists. See E.E.O.C. v. Our
Lady of Resurrection Med. Ctr., 77 F.3d 145, 152 (7th Cir.1996) (“The same hirer/firer inference
has strong presumptive value.”); but cf Johnson v. Zema Sys. Corp., 170 F.3d 734, 745 (7th Cir.
1999) (noting that the same-actor inference is unlikely to be dispositive in very many cases because
the hiring and firing supervisor “might be unaware of his own stereotypical views of
African-Americans at the time of hiring).
Importantly, the Plaintiff has not produced any evidence suggesting Dr. Hannah’s racial
animus. After meeting with both Dean Wiener and Dr. Utesch and after reviewing available
documentation, she exercised the final decision making authority not to reappoint the Plaintiff. She
also made sure that Dr. Utesch consulted with Dilorio, IPFW’s Affirmative Action Officer, to insure
that proper procedures were followed. Dr. Hannah did not believe that the Plaintiff’s research and
productivity compensated for his flaws, and the Plaintiff has not been able to shown anything that
would contradict that.
The Court will not second guess Dr. Hannah’s legitimate business reason and will not
assume the role of a super personnel department. See Ajayi v. Aramark Bus. Servs., Inc., 336 F.3d
520, 532 (7th Cir. 2003) (“Above all, we are mindful that courts do not sit as super personnel
departments, second-guessing an employer’s facially legitimate business decisions.”). The evidence
before the Court does not suggest a pretext for discrimination. Accordingly, the Plaintiff cannot
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prevail on his Title VII claim.
G. State Law Claims
Along with the federal claims, the Plaintiff has alleged four causes of action under the
Indiana Tort Claims Act (ITCA): intentional infliction of emotional distress, negligent infliction of
emotional distress, negligent supervision, and wrongful termination. The Defendant argues that such
claims are improper because the Plaintiff did not provide a timely tort claims notice as required by
the Act. The Plaintiff disagrees and maintains that he “substantially complied” with the ITCA.
Each of the Plaintiff’s four claims is subject to ITCA’s procedural and substantive
requirements. See Bienz v. Bloom, 674 N.E.2d 998, 1003 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996) ([O]ur supreme court
has held that the Act applies to all torts.”). Compliance with the ITCA is a prerequisite to pursuing
a tort claim against a state university, such as the Defendant, regardless of whether suit is filed in
state or federal court. One of ITCA’s requirements is to give notice of tort claims to the defendant’s
government body, in this case the Defendant itself, within 180 days after the alleged losses occur.
See Ind. Code § 34-13-3-8(a); § 34-6-2-110(7); see also Kelly v. City of Michigan City, 300 F. Supp.
2d 682, 689 (N.D. Ind. 2004) (granting summary judgment against plaintiff who failed to file tort
claims notice within 180 days of the alleged violation).10 “The purpose of the notice is to provide
an opportunity for [the defendant] to investigate, determine liability and prepare a defense to the tort
claim.” Orem v. Ivy Tech State College, 711 N.E.2d 864, 869 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). According to the
10
It is important to note that “the notice of claims under Ind. Code 34-13-3-8 regarding a political
subdivision or municipal corporation is not affected by its status as a state agency for purposes of Eleventh
Amendment immunity. This is illustrious in cases where universities and colleges are arms of the state for purposes
of Eleventh Amendment immunity but for purposes of notice are considered political subdivisions or municipal
corporations.” Kelley v. City of Michigan City, 300 F. Supp. 2d 682, 689 (N.D. Ind. 2004) (citing Schoeberlein v.
Purdue Univ., 544 N.E.2d 283 (Ill. 1989); and Van Valkenburg v. Warner, 602 N.E.2d 1046 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992)).
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explicit language of the ITCA, a plaintiff’s state claims accrue when the alleged losses occur. Ind.
Code § 34-13-3-8(a).“Whether a party has complied with the notice requirements of the Act is a
question of law to be determined by the court.” Orem, 711 N.E.2d at 869.
In this case, the Plaintiff received a notice of non-reappointment from Chancellor Wartell
on April 3, 2003. The notice stated that the Plaintiff’s employment with the Defendant would expire
on May 12, 2004. The Plaintiff then requested that Dr. Hannah provide a detailed explanation as to
why he was not reappointed. Dr. Hannah responded to his request on May 15, 2003. Next, the
Plaintiff initiated a grievance process and participated in Chancellor Wartell’s investigation into the
students’ complaints against him. The investigation concluded on June 30, 2003, and, in August
2003, the Plaintiff was instructed to conduct his research outside the university campus. On May 12,
2004, the Plaintiff’s employment with IPFW ended. On October 5, 2004, the Plaintiff sent a notice
to the Defendant’s governing body regarding his tort claims under ITCA.
The Plaintiff asserts that his losses as a result of the Defendant’s tortious acts did not occur
until May 12, 2004, when he was terminated from the school. Accordingly, he argues that the torts
claim notice was timely so long as it was sent before November 9, 2004, that is, within 180 days
after May 12, 2004. Such assertion is inconsistent with two of the Plaintiff’s four claims: intentional
infliction of emotional distress and negligent infliction of emotional distress. The Plaintiff cannot
sincerely maintain that his losses, as a result of the Defendant’s alleged intentional and negligent
infliction of emotion distress, did not occur until May 12, 2004. His own testimony demonstrates
that he was upset as soon as he was accused of sexually harassing his students and informed that his
contract would not be renewed. This happened on April 3, 2003, and the matter was finally settled
around August 2003. The Plaintiff’s claims regarding the infliction of emotional distress do not
concern the loss of income, which he did not suffer until May 12, 2004, but the loss of emotional
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stability, which allegedly began a year earlier. Therefore, the Plaintiff’s October 5, 2004, tort notice
regarding those two claims was late.
In contrast, the notice regarding the Plaintiff’s negligent supervision and wrongful
termination claims was timely. Under these claim, one of the Plaintiff’s losses—the loss of
employment—occurred on May 12, 2004. Therefore, a notice regarding these claims filed on
October 5, 2004, fell within 180 days of the Plaintiff’s alleged losses, as required by the ITCA.
Nevertheless, the Plaintiff may not proceed to trial on these claims because they fail on their merits.
The first two claims, even if they were not procedurally barred, would have also failed on their
merits, as the Court will now explain.
(1) Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
In Count V of the Complaint, the Plaintiff states that the Defendant’s decision to not
reappoint him was “in wanton disregard of the rights and feelings of Plaintiff and constitutes
despicable conduct.” (Pf.’s Comp. at 14.) The Defendant moved for summary judgment on this
claim, arguing that the Plaintiff has not demonstrated that the Defendant engaged in extreme and
outrageous conduct. The Plaintiff insists that the totality of the circumstances in this case reveals
the contrary.
In Indiana, to maintain a cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress, a
plaintiff must show that the defendant intentionally or recklessly engaged in extreme and outrageous
behavior and caused severe emotional distress to the plaintiff.” Cullison v. Medley, 570 N.E.2d 27,
31 (Ind. 1991) (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46)). Conduct is extreme and outrageous
only where the conduct has been so outrageous in character, and so extreme in
degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as
atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community. Generally, the case is one
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in which the recitation of the facts to an average member of the community would
arouse his resentment against the actor, and lead him to exclaim, “Outrageous!”
Powdertech, Inc. v. Joganic, 776 N.E.2d 1251, 1264 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (citations omitted).
The Plaintiff has not presented any evidence that he indeed suffered severe emotional distress
as a result of his non-reappointment or the accusations brought against him. He vaguely refers to his
outburst during a deposition, which, according to him, demonstrates the trauma he suffered. Besides
that uncited reference, he presents no facts that would allow the Court to conclude that he has
endured significant emotional pain.
But more importantly, the Defendant’s decision to not reappoint him was not extreme or
outrageous. As explained above, the Plaintiff was accused of inappropriate behavior with his
students and of unsatisfactory teaching, which resulted in eventual termination of his employment.
IPFW initiated an investigation and interviewed numerous people. The investigator concluded that
the students’ allegations against the Plaintiff were credible and that the Plaintiff violated the
university’s antiharassment policy. In light of these facts, the Defendant’s decision to prohibit the
Plaintiff from attaining a tenure is not the kind of action that makes one cry, “Outrage!” Cf. Joganic,
776 N.E.2d 1251, 1264 (Ind. App. 2002) (Here, [the plaintiff’s] claim of intentional infliction of
emotional distress fails as a matter of law because [the defendant’s] act of firing him pursuant to its
disciplinary policy does not constitute extreme and outrageous conduct.”).
(2) Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
In Count VI of the Complaint, the Plaintiff claims that the Defendant negligently inflicted
emotional distress upon him when it terminated him as a result of false sexual harassment
accusations. He claims that he sustained the kind of emotional trauma that is normally expected to
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occur in a reasonable person who has been discharged under the same circumstances. The Defendant
insists that the Plaintiff has not presented any evidence of the purported emotional trauma.
To recover under the theory of negligent infliction of emotional distress, “a plaintiff must
satisfy the ‘impact rule.’” Joganic, 776 N.E.2d at 1263. Before 1991, under the impact rule, a
plaintiff had to show that the impact caused him physical injury. However, Indiana Supreme Court,
in Shuamber v. Henderson, 579 N.E.2d 452 (Ind.1991), reduced the physical injury requirement to
“emotional trauma which is serious in nature and of a kind and extent normally expected to occur
in a reasonable person.” Id. at 456. “The modified impact rule maintains the requirement that the
plaintiff demonstrate that he or she suffered a direct physical impact. However, now, the impact need
not cause a physical injury to the plaintiff and the emotional trauma suffered by the plaintiff need
not result from a physical injury caused by the impact.” Joganic, 776 N.E.2d at 1263. “[T]he direct
impact is properly understood as being ‘physical’ in nature. Id. (citing Ross v. Cheema, 716 N.E.2d
435, 437 (Ind.1999)).
The Plaintiff has failed to evince that he sustained a direct physical impact during his
termination from the university or, as explained in the previous section, that he suffered a serious
emotional trauma. Accordingly, his claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress must fail.
(3) Negligent Supervision
In Count VII of the Complaint, the Plaintiff claims that the Defendant “negligently failed to
train its supervisors and administrative personnel regarding nondiscriminatory practices as required
by the laws of the State of Indiana and the United States.” (Pf.’s Comp. at 15.) In its motion for
summary judgment, the Defendant argues that, as a governmental entity it is statutorily immune
from claims for negligent hiring and supervision because such claims fall within the discretionary
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function of governmental entities. The Plaintiff responds that the Defendant’s decision not to
reappoint him is not protected by statutory immunity because it did not constitute a policy
consideration.
In this latter argument, the Plaintiff reveals some confusion as against whom he brings his
negligent supervision claim. His claim is against the Defendant for negligent supervision, that is,
for its failure to properly train its supervisors regarding fair employment practices, not against Dr.
Utesch, Dr. Hannah, and Chancellor Wartell for negligently terminating him. Therefore, in
evaluating the Plaintiff’s claim, the Court will consider the Defendant’s responsibility to properly
train its supervisors, not their actual conduct.
Although governmental agencies may be liable under the Indiana Tort Claims Act, no such
liability exists for “the performance of any discretionary function.” Ind. Code § 34-13-3-3(7).
However, the Court need not decide whether the immunity applies to the Defendant, for even if it
does not, the Plaintiff has not presented any facts that would raise a triable issue of fact as to his
negligent supervision claim. The Plaintiff neglects to point out what the Defendant did or did not
do that constituted negligent supervision of Dr. Utesch, Dr. Hannah, and Chancellor Wartell.
Without evidence of the Defendant’s underlying offense, all considerations of immunity are moot.
At the summary judgment junction, the Plaintiff may not rely only on the bare assertions of his
pleadings. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e); Donovan v. City of Milwaukee, 17 F.3d 944, 947 (7th Cir.
1994) (once a properly supported motion for summary judgment is made, the non-moving party
cannot resist the motion and withstand summary judgment by merely resting on its pleadings;
instead, “the adverse party’s response, by affidavits or as otherwise provided in this rule, must set
forth specific facts to establish that there is a genuine issue for trial”). Accordingly, regardless of
whether statutory immunity applies to the Defendant, the Plaintiff’s negligent supervision claim
43
case 1:04-cv-00224-TLS-RBC document 67 filed 11/09/2005 page 44 of 44
must fail.
(4) Wrongful Termination
In Count VIII of the Complaint, the Plaintiff alleged that he was wrongfully terminated when
he voiced his concerns about racial disparity in the university’s admissions to the Counselor
Education Program. The Defendant moved for summary judgment on this claim, and the Plaintiff
has not disputed its contentions. Accordingly, the Court will enter summary judgement for the
Defendant regarding the Plaintiff’s wrongful termination claim. See Culver v. Gorman & Co., 416
F.3d 540, 550 (7th Cir. 2005) (finding that unsupported and undeveloped arguments and claims are
waived).
CONCLUSION
As explained in this Opinion and Order, the Court GRANTS in PART and DENIES in PART
the Defendant’s Motion to Strike [DE 44]. In addition, the Court GRANTS the Defendant’s Motion
for Summary Judgment [DE 33].
Finally, the Defendant’s Motion to Bifurcate Damages Issues [DE 54] and Plaintiff’s Motion
to Clarify Court’s Preliminary Ruling [DE 64] are rendered MOOT.
SO ORDERED on November 9, 2005.
s/ Theresa L. Springmann
THERESA L. SPRINGMANN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
44
No. 05-4400 49
A true Copy:
Teste:
________________________________
Clerk of the United States Court of
Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
USCA-02-C-0072—8-14-06