NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Argued April 3, 2007
Decided June 7, 2007
Before
Hon. DANIEL A. MANION, Circuit Judge
Hon. TERENCE T. EVANS, Circuit Judge
Hon. ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge
No. 06-3079
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appeal from the United States District
Plaintiff-Appellee, Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin.
v. No. 05 CR 253
TRACY PETERS, William C. Griesbach,
Defendant-Appellant. Judge.
ORDER
Tracy A. Peters was indicted for second degree murder. A jury found him
guilty at the conclusion of a 3-day trial and Judge William C. Griesbach sentenced
him to a term of 324 months in prison. Peters appeals, arguing that Judge
Griesbach abused his discretion by restricting the cross-examination concerning a
key witness’s mental health history and by refusing to admit into evidence the
witness’s prior convictions. We start with the facts.
In the early morning hours of September 17, 2005, Peters stabbed Sean
Grignon to death during a brawl in a residential area of the Menominee Indian
Reservation known as Middle Village. Many people converged on a trailer owned by
Maniyan Brisk on the night of September 16. Everyone had been drinking heavily.
No. 06-3079 2
A minor dispute between family members about a borrowed car and broken
windshield mushroomed into a full-fledged melee, involving insults, attacks with
“40s” (40-ounce bottles of beer), and physical beatings. The fight had its own ebb
and flow as the night went on, and there were several breaks in the action. Once
the dust settled, Grignon was found on the next-door neighbor’s porch, dead of a
single stab wound to the heart. When the police arrived, Peters announced he’d
stabbed Grignon, but he insisted that he acted in self-defense.
Let’s meet the cast of characters that found themselves at Maniyan’s trailer
that night. Maniyan, Doreen Diaz, Manuel Cortez, Aurelio Flores, and Maniyan’s
young child drove to the reservation from Milwaukee on the morning of September
16. All the adults drank during the trip. Maniyan and Diaz are sisters and
Menominee tribal descendants who live in Milwaukee, but Maniyan also owns a
trailer in Middle Village that she bought from Peters a few years earlier. Their
mother, Valerie Brisk, and their grandmother Delia Brisk, live together in Keshena,
another town on the reservation.1 Diaz and Flores were dating at the time, and
Flores and Cortez were friends and former coworkers.
The group spent some time at Valerie’s place drinking beer before taking her
with them to Maniyan’s trailer. They arrived in the afternoon and continued
drinking. Maniyan fell asleep about an hour later, and when she awoke late that
evening, she realized that Diaz, Flores, and Valerie had taken her car. Diaz
borrowed it to drive an intoxicated and unruly Valerie home.
Meanwhile, Peters was walking on the highway near Keshena, hoping to find
someplace with a VCR so he could watch a movie he had with him. He went to his
mother’s house and knocked on the door but no one answered, so he started heading
home. As he walked past Valerie’s place he heard Destinee Lyons call out to him.
Lyons and Peters were friends who had known each other most of their lives. She
asked him if he would come with her to buy beer. Shortly thereafter, Diaz, Flores,
and Valerie pulled up in Maniyan’s car.
They all sat around drinking until Valerie damaged Maniyan’s windshield
with a rock. Diaz and Valerie started fighting, which prompted her, Flores, Lyons,
and Peters to leave Valerie at her house and head for Maniyan’s. Lyons and Peters
set themselves up inside the trailer to watch the movie while the sisters fought
1
Maniyan Brisk, Valerie Brisk, Maniyan’s mother, and Delia Brisk, Maniyan’s
grandmother, will be referred to by their first names to avoid confusion.
No. 06-3079 3
about the damage to Maniyan’s car. The argument spilled outside to the porch and
front yard.
That same night, Grignon was hanging out and drinking 40s at an apartment
in Middle Village not far from Maniyan’s trailer. He and two companions, Richard
Boivin and Marshall Tourtillot, left the apartment carrying their beer bottles and
began walking the streets, coincidently heading towards Maniyan’s place. The
three companions overheard Maniyan fighting with her sister and, attracted by the
commotion, came into the yard. Cortez and Flores were with Maniyan and Diaz on
the porch. Maniyan did not recognize Grignon, Boivin, or Tourtillot and wanted
them off her property. But the young men refused to leave, and one of them started
shouting insults.
At this point, the witnesses’ accounts diverge as to how the fight started and
played out. The government called just shy of 30 witnesses during its case-in-chief.
Several of them testified that Grignon was acting, at least for part of the fight, as a
peacemaker. Maniyan testified that she was not sure how the fight started, but she
was sure that Grignon (whom she had never met before) tried to calm his other two
friends down. She said that as Grignon was trying to stop the fight, Cortez struck
him, causing him to join the fray. Cortez did not see Grignon, Boivin, or Tourtillot
with a knife.2 Although he and Flores did take knives from Maniyan’s kitchen for
self-defense, they did not stab anyone, and neither of them saw anyone get stabbed
during the incident.
Diaz testified that four males3 she did not recognize came walking down the
street, one of them struck Flores in the head with a beer bottle, and a fight erupted.
She testified that she never considered someone would get a knife and stab
someone, and she did not see Peters stab Grignon.
According to Boivin, a fight broke out between his group and Flores, Cortez,
Peters, Diaz, and Maniyan. Boivin testified that his friend Grignon was involved in
the brawl and that there were “40s flying everywhere.” Tourtillot agreed that
Grignon participated, but first tried to calm his friends down by telling them to
2
Cortez and Flores could not be located before trial, so their statements were read into
the record.
3
Diaz and some other witnesses referred to four attackers. This may be because a fourth
young man, Stephen Crow, returned with Tourtillot and Boivin to Maniyan’s trailer after they
learned of Grignon’s stabbing.
No. 06-3079 4
behave. In the middle of the fight, Grignon “just took off running” to a neighbor’s
home.
Peters did not testify at trial, but his statements to law enforcement were
introduced. Peters recalled that he and Lyons stayed inside Maniyan’s trailer while
the spat between the sisters got louder and the young men arrived.
Lyons urged Peters to go outside but he refused, since it wasn’t his fight. She
called him a “chicken” for not getting involved and persuaded him to come out to the
porch.
Then Lyons pushed him off the front porch into the melee, where he was
badly beaten (he recalled, for one thing, being struck in the throat with a club).
Peters claimed clubs and beer bottles were used during the fight and that nine
armed boys and four girls eventually arrived to join the fray. According to him, no
one acted as a peacemaker. Peters was unable (or unwilling) to explain his
altercation with Grignon, how he ended up with a knife in his hands, or why he
stabbed Grignon (beyond the conclusory statement that it was self-defense).
In fact, only one person testified to seeing Peters stab Grignon, and that was
Destinee Lyons. According to her, she and Grignon, tired of trying to get their
friends to stop fighting, walked to the sidewalk, away from the fight, and started
sharing a beer. Lyons was facing away from the trailer and Grignon was facing
towards it.
As the pair talked, Peters suddenly came from behind Lyons and lunged at
Grignon’s chest. Grignon dropped the beer bottle, breaking it on the sidewalk, and
ran toward the next-door neighbor’s porch. Lyons did not immediately know what
happened. She pushed Peters and said "what the f*** are you doing?" Lyons then
saw that he had a knife.
She ran after Grignon and found him bloody and motionless on the neighbor’s
porch. She realized he had been stabbed and unsuccessfully tried to get someone to
call 911. Lyons ultimately left Middle Village with Maniyan to call the police from
Delia’s home (none of the land lines or cell phones on the property were working).
During her first call to the police, Lyons denied seeing the stabbing in order to
protect Peters. She later called back to turn Peters in.4
4
Peters also phoned 911 and requested that police come to the trailer but did not request
an ambulance or admit to the stabbing.
No. 06-3079 5
Menominee Tribal Police Officers Tasha Dixon and Richard Irving arrived at
Maniyan’s trailer at approximately 2:38 a.m. Irving began to secure the scene when
Peters walked up and admitted to the stabbing. Officers took Peters to the station,
photographed his injuries (bruises and cuts) and collected his clothing. His jean
shorts had blood and cut marks inside the front right pocket.
Grignon was transported to the Shawano Medical Center and pronounced
dead without ever regaining consciousness. An autopsy later showed that he bled to
death from a single stab wound from a knife blade that entered his chest, traveled
completely through his heart, lacerated his aorta, and lodged in his spine. The total
wound depth was about 6 inches. Law enforcement later found a blood-stained
knife with a 6-inch blade in Maniyan’s kitchen. It was stipulated at trial that blood
stains on the blade of the knife and inside Peters’ shorts were a match for Grignon’s
DNA.
Now to the issues on appeal. Peters argues that Judge Griesbach erred when
he restricted the cross-examination of Lyons’ mental health history and refused to
admit her prior convictions. We review evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion.
The error must have a substantial effect on the defendant’s rights to warrant
reversal. Federal Rule of Evidence 103; United States v. Smith, 230 F.3d 300, 307
(7th Cir. 2000); United States v. Kuzlik, 468 F.3d 972, 974 (7th Cir. 2006).
As for Peters’ first complaint, Judge Griesbach correctly excluded the
evidence. At trial, Peters was able to elicit quite a bit of information about Lyons’
mental health problems. For example, Peters’ counsel asked Lyons if she was
drinking alcohol at the time of the stabbing; she said she was. Counsel then asked
if she was on medication at the time of the stabbing; Lyons replied that she was not.
Next, he delved into her mental health history:
Q Have you ever told anyone that you have heard voices in
your head or have hallucinated?
A Yes a long time ago after I lost my son.
Q All right. So did you have trouble with hearing voices,
correct?
A Yes.
Q All right. And those were controlled with medication,
correct?
A Yes.
Q And you also were hallucinating, correct?
A Yes.
Q And you were also advised not to drink, correct.
No. 06-3079 6
A Yes.
Q All right.
A While on medication. And I went through my treatment
at Winnebago 10 months, Brown County three times, and
I'm done.
Q But you’re not done drinking?
A No.
Q Okay. That’s the important thing, that you’re not done
drinking, correct?
Mr. Funnell: Objection. Asked and
answered.
The Court: The objection is sustained. It’s
argumentative.
Q So you were in the Winnebago mental health facility for
ten months, you said?
Mr. Funnell: Judge, could I have a sidebar, please?
The Court: Yes.
The judge asked what else Peters intended to cover. Referring to the hospital stays,
Peters’ counsel responded: “The reports that I believe she’s familiar with and will
acknowledge are reports that were generated indicating that she has a
schizoaffective disorder, that she has manipulative behaviors, she describes voices
originating inside and outside of her head, and her hallucinating experiences.” He
conceded, "Not really much more than we've had already--very, very little more.
When she said she was in those places, I thought I'd just follow up on it. I'm pretty
satisfied that the jury understands. I mean, very little more." The government
objected unless Peters was able to link further questions to Lyons’ ability to
perceive and describe the stabbing.
Obviously, the opportunity to challenge the credibility of a key witness on
cross-examination is vital to a defendant’s case. Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S.
150, 154 (1972). But the scope of that cross-examination is not unlimited. Fed. R.
Evid. 401.
Peters cites several cases from other circuits to support the argument that
Judge Griesbach should have allowed additional testimony about Lyons’ mental
health. These cases simply stand for the unremarkable proposition that a jury
should know about any mental health issues that would compromise a witness’s
ability to perceive and recall events at the time the crime occurred. See, e.g.,
United States v. Partin, 493 F.2d 750, 762 (5th Cir. 1974) (“It is just as reasonable
that a jury be informed of a witness’s mental incapacity at a time about which he
proposes to testify as it would be for the jury to know that he then suffered an
No. 06-3079 7
impairment of sight or hearing.”) (emphasis added); United States v. Butt, 955 F.2d
77, 82 (1st Cir. 1992). And Judge Griesbach made it quite clear he did not intend to
exclude that kind of evidence (emphasis added):
In fact, we have enough on mental health. If there’s
something that-- I’m satisfied what the jury has already
heard is more than adequate. We are not going to go into
her diagnosis or that sort of thing. If there’s something
that actually links any mental illness to her observations
in this particular case on this event on the 17th or
something like that, that would be something different.
But to go back three, four years to someone's mental
history and then use it in this fashion I think is
inappropriate.
....
I want to make it clear that there is no and should be no
dispute that if there’s evidence that this witness has a
chronic condition which interferes with her ability to
perceive, to accurately recall events, to have contact with
reality, that’s fair game for impeachment or challenging
credibility.
On the other hand, bringing up a mental health record
saying you were institutionalized or you were committed
for a period of time without any relation to ability to
perceive and relating of that seems to me unfair and
prejudicial. And if there is evidence that the defense has
that directly relates to this witness’s ability to accurately
perceive and report, my ruling is not intended to prevent
delving into that area.
And, Mr. Burke, is there such evidence?
Peters’ counsel responded that he had “as much out of that line of cross-
examination that I might need.” He said that he “may go back and look at it again
given the Court’s invitation if I have anything specific, but right now I don’t. And I
No. 06-3079 8
don’t intend to go there.”5 Despite this previous posture, Peters now argues that
Judge Griesbach’s failure to permit questions about reports that Lyons had been
diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder and manipulative behavior, that she heard
voices and hallucinated, and that she was an alcoholic significantly harmed his
case. We address each in turn.
Further evidence about the hospital reports was properly excluded. United
States v. Sutton, 337 F.3d 792, 798 (7th Cir. 2003). Lyons testified about “voices
and hallucinations” on cross-examination. As for being an alcoholic, the judge
allowed Peters to ask Lyons what she drank on the day of the stabbing and whether
that affected her perception. But he appropriately drew the line at alcohol
dependency because it amounted to character evidence under Federal Rule of
Evidence 404(a). United States v. Neely, 980 F.2d 1074, 1081 (7th Cir. 1992);
United States v. Robinson, 956 F.2d 1388, 1398 (7th Cir. 1992).
Peters also had material about which to impeach Lyons. She lied to the
dispatcher about not witnessing the stabbing in her first 911 call; she was "buzzed"
by her alcohol consumption; there were differences between her version of events
and those of other witnesses (the most glaring being, of course, that she was the
only one who witnessed the stabbing); and her mental health history included
hallucinations, hearing voices, medication, and the need for three inpatient
treatment sessions. All of this gave the jury more than enough information upon
which to consider Lyons’ credibility as a witness.
But Peters also complains that the judge improperly excluded Lyons’ prior
convictions under Rule 609, which states:
(a) General rule.--For the purpose of attacking the
character for truthfulness of a witness,
(1) evidence that a witness other than an accused
has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted, subject to
Rule 403, if the crime was punishable by death or
imprisonment in excess of one year . . . and evidence that
an accused has been convicted of such a crime shall be
admitted if the court determines that the probative value
5
These statements also call into question whether Peters satisfied Federal Rule of
Evidence 103's requirement that a party make an adequate proffer of evidence in the trial court in
order to claim the exclusion of that evidence caused harm.
No. 06-3079 9
of admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect
to the accused[.]
Prior to the start of the trial, Peters won a significant victory when Judge
Griesbach ruled that the government would not be allowed to introduce his criminal
record for impeachment purposes if he took the stand in his own defense. As it
turned out, however, Peters elected not to testify so the ruling did him no good. But
Judge Griesbach also, in an effort to afford equal treatment to the government,
prohibited Peters from going into Lyons’ criminal record on cross-examination. This
was, we think, an error. Because Lyons was a key witness in this case, an inquiry
on cross-examination into her criminal record should have been fair game. The
effort to be even-handed and treat Lyons the same way Peters was treated on the
issue of a prior record was misguided.
Except for crimes involving dishonesty or false statements (Rule 609(a)(2)), a
district court must engage in a balancing test when deciding whether to admit prior
convictions. The standards for witnesses and defendants are not identical
(although each requires that convictions carry a sentence of more than one year and
be less than ten years old). To admit a defendant’s conviction, its probative value
must outweigh its prejudicial effect. Rule 609; United States v. Fawley, 137 F.3d
458, 473 (7th Cir. 1998). For a witness, a prior conviction comes in if its probative
value is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Rules 403
and 609.
In other words, it’s easier for parties to impeach witnesses with prior
convictions than defendants. Rule 609(a)(1); Fawley, at 473. This makes sense. A
jury hearing about a defendant’s prior conviction is more likely to misuse it as
character evidence. Fed. R. Evid. 609 advisory committee notes; Fawley, at 473.
However, the error here was harmless. As we have already explained, Lyons
had a lot of warts as a witness. And although she was an important part of the
government’s case, other evidence strongly indicated that Peters did not act in self-
defense.
The stabbing itself suggests malice aforethought--a willful or intentional act
taken with a wanton and callous disregard for human life. United States v.
Hillsberg, 812 F.2d 328, 332 (7th Cir. 1987). Grignon was killed by one deep stab
wound that traveled through his heart and lodged in his spine. The blade of the
knife traveled 6 inches into his chest. He suffered no superficial cuts or slashes as
if someone he was attacking was trying to defend himself.
No. 06-3079 10
There was no evidence that other men in the thick of the melee stabbed
anyone. Grignon was younger, slender, and there was much testimony that he was
a “peacemaker,” at least initially--even from friends of Peters who had not met
Grignon before that night (for example, Maniyan Brisk). Peters’ minor injuries
(various bruises and cuts) discredited his claim that lethal self-defense was
necessary. In fact, Peters’ neck--where he claimed he was hit in the throat with a
club--showed no bruising at all. Peters chose not to take the stand in his own
defense, and so the jury heard nothing about how he got a knife or why he used it to
stab Grignon only once, through the heart. Given this state of affairs, we cannot
conclude that keeping Lyons’ criminal record out of evidence was prejudicial error.
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.