NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted July 25, 2007*
Decided August 3, 2007
Before
Hon. WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge
Hon. RICHARD D. CUDAHY, Circuit Judge
Hon. MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge
Nos. 06-3522 & 06-3896
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appeals from the United States District
Plaintiff-Appellee, Court for the Northern District of Illinois,
Cross-Appellant, Eastern Division.
v. No. 04-CR-950-1
DEBORAH AHMAD BEY, Wayne R. Andersen,
Defendant-Appellant, Judge.
Cross-Appellee.
ORDER
Deborah Ahmad Bey was convicted after a jury trial on seven counts of
making false statements in a bankruptcy proceeding. See 18 U.S.C. § 152(3).
Although the guidelines imprisonment range was 33 to 41 months, the district court
sentenced her to only three months. Ahmad Bey challenges her convictions on
appeal, and the government cross-appeals, arguing that the three-month sentence
*
After an examination of the briefs and the record, we have concluded that
oral argument is unnecessary. Thus, the appeal is submitted on the briefs and the
record. See Fed. R. Ap.. P. 34(a)(2).
Nos. 06-3522 & 06-3896 Page 2
of imprisonment is unreasonably short. We affirm the convictions, but remand for
resentencing.
Ahmad Bey, a registered nurse and former Chicago police officer, filed for
bankruptcy in 1999 and again in 2003, attaching verified financial schedules to
each petition. Those filings were not truthful; Ahmad Bey failed to disclose that she
ran a company that rented low- and moderate-income housing in Chicago, and she
also understated her income, her assets in an assortment of bank accounts, and the
proceeds from the sale of property. These deceptions went undetected during the
bankruptcy proceedings, and although the bankruptcy court dismissed Ahmad Bey’s
1999 petition because the court disapproved of her reorganization plan, Ahmad Bey
obtained a discharge of debts totaling nearly $132,500 during her 2003 case.
Ahmad Bey was later indicted when her false statements came to light. She
represented herself at trial. Although the district court agreed with the probation
officer’s calculation of the imprisonment range, the court imposed just three
months’ imprisonment, three years of supervised release, $132,486 in restitution,
and $700 in special assessments.
On appeal Ahmad Bey first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
because, she says, the government did not establish that she intentionally falsified
the filings. In her view, the evidence shows only that her attorneys were at fault for
the inaccuracies because, she maintains, they did not ask her for updated
information before submitting the filings. In challenging the sufficiency of the
evidence, Ahmad Bey faces the “heavy burden” of demonstrating that, viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the government, no rational trier of fact
could have found the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. United
States v. Wortman, No. 06-4168, 2007 WL 1651088, at * 3 (7th Cir. June 8, 2007);
United States v. Hendrix, 482 F.3d 962, 966 (7th Cir. 2007). When reviewing the
sufficiency of the evidence, we will not second-guess a jury’s credibility
determination. United States v. Radziszewski, 474 F.3d 480, 485 (7th Cir. 2007).
Ahmad Bey has not identified insufficient evidence, but rather attacks only the
credibility of the government’s witnesses. The two lawyers who filed Ahmad Bey’s
bankruptcy petitions each testified that they ask their clients questions that would
have elicited the undisclosed information and that they verify the information with
their clients before submitting the filings to the bankruptcy court. Ahmad Bey
argues that the lawyers did not follow those procedures and that the lawyers’
testimony should be disregarded. She made the same argument at trial, but the
jury was not persuaded. We decline Ahmad Bey’s invitation to reassess the
credibility of the witnesses.
Nos. 06-3522 & 06-3896 Page 3
Ahmad Bey next argues that the district court should have suppressed
evidence acquired when federal agents questioned her. We understand her
argument (as did the district court) as contending that her statements were
obtained during an interrogation that required the investigators to first inform her
of her rights as required under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). But a
suspect is entitled to Miranda warnings only if that suspect is in custody so that
her movements are restrained to a degree associated with a formal arrest. United
States v. Abdulla, 294 F.3d 830, 834 (7th Cir. 2002). Ahmad Bey was not taken into
custody until after the interview, and therefore was not entitled to Miranda
warnings. Moreover, the government agreed not to submit to the jury any
statements that Ahmad Bey made at the interview and Ahmad Bey does not allege
that the government broke their agreement.
We can quickly dispose of Ahmad Bey’s remaining arguments. She argues
that the district court should not have rejected her claim of privilege and allowed
the government to call as witnesses the attorneys she hired to file her bankruptcy
petitions. But information provided to an attorney in anticipation of a bankruptcy
filing is not intended to be held in confidence and therefore is not privileged. United
States v. White, 970 F.2d 328, 334 (7th Cir. 1992); United States v. White, 950 F.2d
426, 430 (7th Cir. 1991); see also United States v. Frederick, 182 F.3d 496, 500 (7th
Cir. 1999) (holding that information furnished to preparer of tax return is not
privileged). Ahmad Bey also argues that the government knowingly presented false
evidence to the grand jury to obtain her indictment. She has no evidence of
misconduct, but even if she did, the jury’s guilty verdicts render harmless any
possible errors before the grand jury. United States v. Mechanik, 475 U.S. 66, 941-
42 (1986); United States v. Morgan, 384 F.3d 439, 443 (7th Cir. 2005). Finally,
Ahmad Bey contends that the criminal charges were barred by the doctrine of claim
preclusion because the bankruptcy court already discharged her debts in a prior
proceeding. But the claims raised in the bankruptcy proceedings were not identical
to those raised in the criminal case and, therefore, the discharge does not preclude a
subsequent criminal prosecution. United States v. Kunzman, 125 F.3d 1363, 1366
(7th Cir. 1997); United States v. Tatum, 943 F.2d 370, 382 (4th Cir. 1991).
Turning to the cross appeal, the government argues that the three-month
sentence imposed by the district court is unreasonably low. In assessing a
challenge to the sentence imposed by a district court, we ask whether the sentence
is supported by adequate reasons and is substantively reasonable. United States v.
Repking, 467 F.3d 1091, 1094 (7th Cir. 2006); United States v. Wallace, 548 F.3d
606, 609 (7th Cir. 2006). When the sentence imposed deviates from the guidelines
range, the explanation provided by the court must be proportional to the deviation.
Wallace, 458 F.3d at 613. The sentencing court may not rely on a disagreement
with congressional policy reflected in the sentencing guidelines. United States v.
Nos. 06-3522 & 06-3896 Page 4
Goldberg, No. 07-1393, 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 15232, at **14-15 (7th Cir. June 27,
2007); United States v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 754, 755 (7th Cir. 2006).
Here, the district court, in part, based its sentencing determination on a
disagreement with the sentencing guidelines. The court stated that it disagrees
with the application of U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(8)(B), which requires a two-level upward
adjustment if an offense covered by § 2B1.1 involves bankruptcy fraud. In the
court’s view, the adjustment is not warranted because fraudulent conduct “is the
essence of” a violation of § 152(3). So it is, but § 2B1.1 covers a vast array of fraud
and property crimes, see U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 intro. cmt. (listing statutes to which
§ 2B1.1 applies), and the point of subsection (b)(8)(B) is to tailor the offense level to
one crime within that array, bankruptcy fraud. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 bkgd. cmt
(noting that “most fraud statutes cover a broad range of conduct with extreme
variations in severity,” and therefore § 2B1.1 is designed to account for
characteristics of specific offense). Rather than disagreeing with a congressional
policy, the sentencing court must impose a sentence based on characteristics found
in the particular case. See Goldberg, No. 07-1393, 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 15232, at
*14-15; Wallace, 458 F.3d at 611.
The district court also determined that the guidelines sentence seemed
disproportionally high compared to other cases that the court had seen. While a
sentencing court may consider under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6) whether a sentence
would create an unwarranted disparity among similar defendants, “a sentencing
difference is not a forbidden ‘disparity’ if it is justified by legitimate considerations.”
United States v. Boscarino, 437 F.3d 634, 638 (7th Cir. 2006) (emphasis in original).
A difference between sentences that results only because of differences in proper
guidelines calculations is not unwarranted under § 3553(a)(6). United States v.
Duncan, 479 F.3d 924, 929 (7th Cir. 2007); Boscarino, 437 F.3d at 638. Here the
district court did not indicate how the disparity it noted between sentences in prior
unrelated cases was “unwarranted,” or whether those other cases involved
“defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct.”
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6); see Duncan, 479 F.3d at 929.
The district court, indeed, noted a number of factors on which it relied in
deciding to impose a sentence far below the guidelines range, but as we have
explained, some of those factors were inappropriate. The court’s reliance on these
inappropriate factors led it to impose an unreasonably low sentence. Therefore,
Ahmad Bey’s convictions are AFFIRMED, but the sentences are VACATED, and the
case is REMANDED for resentencing.