Nat'l Athletic Sport v. Westfield Insur Co

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________

No. 07-3762
N ATIONAL A THLETIC S PORTSWEAR, INCORPORATED ,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.

W ESTFIELD INSURANCE C OMPANY,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Indiana, Fort Wayne Division.
No. 06 C 354—Theresa L. Springmann, Judge.
____________
A RGUED M AY 30, 2008—D ECIDED JUNE 10, 2008
____________

Before B AUER, R IPPLE and W OOD , Circuit Judges.
B AUER, Circuit Judge. In October of 2006, National
Athletic Sportswear Company (“NAS”) filed a com-
plaint against Westfield Insurance Company in Indiana
state court, alleging that Westfield breached an insur-
ance contract by refusing to pay NAS’s losses resulting
from a burglary of its premises. Additionally, NAS com-
plained that Westfield’s efforts to settle the claim were
in bad faith. Westfield removed the case to federal court,
and filed an answer, as well as a counterclaim seeking a
declaratory judgment that NAS failed to comply with
2 No. 07-3762

the terms of the Examination Under Oath (“EUO”) provi-
sion in the policy, because NAS refused to submit to
Westfield’s request for a second EUO. Subsequently,
Westfield moved for summary judgment. The district
court granted the motion, concluding that it was not
unreasonable for Westfield to require a second EUO,
therefore NAS breached the contract by failing to comply
with the terms and conditions of the policy, and that
Westfield did not breach its good faith duty.
NAS objects to the district court’s findings and further
argues that material issues of fact existed as to both
claims.1 Because the district court issued a thorough
and well-reasoned opinion and order that does not con-
tain any error, we adopt the district court’s opinion and
order dated November 5, 2007, as our own and A FFIRM the
judgment of the lower court on all counts. A copy of the
district court’s November 5, 2007 opinion and order is
attached and incorporated herein.

1
NAS requests that we certify to the Indiana Supreme Court
the question of whether a party breaches an EUO provision in
a policy when it insists on reasonable parameters to a second
EUO. We decline to do so.
 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA
FORT WAYNE DIVISION

NATIONAL ATHLETIC SPORTSWEAR, )
INC., )
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) CAUSE NO.: 1:06-CV-354-TS
)
WESTFIELD INSURANCE COMPANY, )
Defendant. )

OPINION AND ORDER

This insurance contract action is before the Court on Defendant’s Motion for Summary

Judgment (DE 14). The heart of this case, and the key to resolution of the parties’ accusations of

breach of contract, is the legal effect of a provision in the insurance contract requiring the

insured to participate in an Examination Under Oath (“EUO”) at the request of the insurance

company. Also at issue is the parties’ conduct throughout the claims process in the context of the

Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim and the Plaintiff’s claim that the Defendant breached the duty

of good faith.

BACKGROUND

On October 4, 2006, National Athletic Sportswear, Inc., the Plaintiff in this action, filed a

lawsuit against Westfield Insurance Company, the Defendant in this action, in Allen County

Superior Court. The Complaint has two counts. Count One is for breach of contract and accuses

the Defendant of breaching its contractual obligation by not paying the Plaintiff’s claimed losses,

amounting to $386,299.38. Count Two is for bad faith claim settlement practices, or what

Indiana law would call the breach of the duty of good faith. The allegations underlying this claim

are that the Defendant: failed to acknowledge the Plaintiff’s communications and act promptly
on them; failed to affirm or deny coverage of the claims in a reasonable amount of time after the

Plaintiff submitted proof of loss statements; did not attempt in good faith to effectuate prompt,

fair, and equitable settlement of the Plaintiff’s claim; compelled the Plaintiff to file suit to

recover money due under the insurance policy by offering substantially less than the amount the

Plaintiff is entitled to; required an employee of the Plaintiff to submit to an EUO for eight hours

and then requested more time to continue the EUO; ignored information from its own expert

about the value of the Plaintiff’s claim; and, harassed the Plaintiff’s employees with numerous

requests for documents and statements under oath and then, after the Plaintiff complied, failed to

acknowledge or respond to the Plaintiff’s claim in a prompt manner. This claim of bad faith

seeks punitive damages.

The Defendant removed the case to this Court on November 1, 2006, under 28 U.S.C. §

1441(a). On January 10, 2007, the Defendant filed an Answer to the Complaint (DE 12) raising

several defenses. On the same date, the Defendant filed a Counterclaim (DE 12) alleging the

Plaintiff failed to comply with terms of the contract, including the EUO provision. The

Counterclaim sought declaratory judgment that the Plaintiff’s recovery under the contract was

limited or barred. On February 10, 2007, the Defendant filed a Motion for Summary Judgment

(DE 14) on the Plaintiff’s two claims. The Motion has two main arguments: first, that the

Defendant was relieved of its duty to pay the Plaintiff because the Plaintiff violated the insurance

contract by not submitting to the second EUO, or the rest of the EUO; and second, that the

Defendant did not act in bad faith as a matter of law because it merely exercised its contractual

rights under the policy. The Motion did not seek summary judgment on the Defendant’s

Counterclaim. The Plaintiff filed a Response on March 15, 2007 (DE 17). The Defendant filed a

2
Reply (DE 21) on April 2, 2007.

JURISDICTION AND LEGAL STANDARD

The Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this diversity action under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1332(a), (c)(1).1

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure mandate that motions for summary judgment be

granted “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,

together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and

that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). “In

other words, the record must reveal that no reasonable jury could find for the nonmoving party.”

Dempsey v. Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 16 F.3d 832, 836 (7th Cir. 1994) (quotations

and citations omitted). Rule 56(c) further requires the entry of summary judgment, after adequate

time for discovery, against a party “who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the

1
At first blush, it might appear that diversity jurisdiction is lacking in this case. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1)
states that:
a corporation shall be deemed to be a citizen of any State by which it has been incorporated and of the
State where it has its principal place of business, except that in any direct action against the insurer of a
policy or contract of liability insurance, whether incorporated or unincorporated, to which action the
insured is not joined as a party-defendant, such insurer shall be deemed a citizen of the State of which
the insured is a citizen, as well as of any State by which the insurer has been incorporated and of the State
where it has its principal place of business[.]
28 U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1) (emphasis added). The altered text can add a third type of citizenship to defendant insurers:
citizenship in the state where the insured is a citizen. In this case, the Plaintiff is a citizen of Indiana, while the
Defendant has its incorporation and its principal place of business citizenship in Ohio. One might construe the
altered text quoted above as saying that the Defendant also has citizenship in Indiana, where the Plaintiff-insured is a
citizen. This of course would defeat diversity jurisdiction and require remand to the state court.
Courts generally have declined to take that approach, which would keep many insurance cases out of the
federal courts. See Andrew M. Campbell, Construction and Application of 28 U.S.C.A. § 1332(c)(1), Establishing
Citizenship of Insurer in Diversity Action Against Such Insurer Where Insured Is Not Joined as Party Defendant,
119 A.L.R. Fed. 135 (1994). The Seventh Circuit has stated the provision is “a special rule for insurers in ‘direct
actions’–that is, cases in which a person with a claim against the insured sues the insurer directly.” Indiana Gas Co.
v. Home Ins. Co., 141 F.3d 314, 317 (7th Cir. 1998). This is a case of the insured suing the insurer and thus is not a
direct action, so the Court does have subject matter jurisdiction via diversity.

3
existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the

burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).

In viewing the facts presented on a motion for summary judgment, a court must construe

all facts in a light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all legitimate inferences and

resolve all doubts in favor of that party. NLFC, Inc. v. Devcom Mid-Am., Inc., 45 F.3d 231, 234

(7th Cir. 1995); Doe v. R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co., 42 F.3d 439, 443 (7th Cir. 1994); Beraha v.

Baxter Health Care Corp., 956 F.2d 1436, 1440 (7th Cir. 1992). A court’s role is not to evaluate

the weight of the evidence, to judge the credibility of witnesses, or to determine the truth of the

matter, but instead to determine whether there is a genuine issue of triable fact. Anderson, 477

U.S. at 249–50; Doe, 42 F.3d at 443.

In deciding to what insurance coverage, if any, the Plaintiff is entitled, the Court must

apply Indiana law for contract interpretation. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Keca, 368 F.3d 793, 796 (7th

Cir. 2004) (“A federal court sitting in diversity has the obligation to apply the law of the state as

it believes the highest court of the state would apply it if presented with the issue.”). “Generally,

the interpretation of an insurance policy presents a question of law and is thus appropriate for

summary judgment.” Morris v. Econ. Fire & Cas. Co., 848 N.E.2d 663, 665–66 (Ind. 2006)

(citing Colonial Penn Ins. Co. v. Guzorek, 690 N.E.2d 664, 667 (Ind.1997)). An insurance

contract “is subject to the same rules of interpretation as are other contracts.” Id. at 666 (citing

USA Life One Ins. Co. of Ind. v. Nuckolls, 682 N.E.2d 534, 537–38 (Ind.1997)). “If the language

in the insurance policy is clear and unambiguous, then it should be given its plain and ordinary

meaning, but if the language is ambiguous, the insurance contract should be strictly construed

against the insurance company.” Id.

4
 MATERIAL FACTS

Construing all facts in a light most favorable to the Plaintiff, and drawing all legitimate

inferences in favor of the Plaintiff, the following facts are assumed true for the purposes of

summary judgment.

A. Chronology of Events

The Plaintiff, National Athletic Sportswear, Inc., (“NAS”), is an Indiana corporation with

its principal place of business in Allen County. It is engaged in the business of making designs

and embroidering them onto apparel for universities, colleges, stores, and manufacturers of

clothing. On August 11 or 12, 2005, someone broke into the Plaintiff’s premises through the rear

door and stole computer equipment and other items, including a computerized embroidery

designs library.

The Plaintiff had an insurance contract, effective from February 19, 2005, to February 19,

2006, with the Defendant, Westfield Insurance Company (“Westfield”), an Ohio corporation that

is doing business in Indiana and has its principal place of business in Ohio. The Defendant

provided $777,500 in coverage for losses to the Plaintiff’s “Business Personal Property” under

the contract’s “Businessowners Special Property Coverage Form.” The insurance also provided

coverage for other areas, such as building damage and business liability. Importantly for this

case, the insurance contract also contained a provision that required the insured to submit to an

examination under oath (“EUO”) by the Defendant regarding a claim. The provision is on page

14 under E. Property Loss Conditions, 3. Duties In The Event of Loss or Damage, b. It states:

We may examine any insured under oath, while not in the presence of any other insured
and at such times as may be reasonably required, about any matter relating to this

5
 insurance or the claim, including an insured’s books and records.

(DE 16-3, 3; Def. Desig. of Mat. Evid., Ex A-2, 3.) Under E.4., Legal Action Against Us, the

contract states: “No one may bring a legal action against us under this insurance unless: a. There

has been full compliance with all of the terms of this insurance[.]” (DE 16-3, 4; Def. Desig. of

Mat. Evid., Ex. A-2, 4.)

The Plaintiff reported the theft and loss of property to Defendant on a timely basis, filing

several “sworn statements in proof of loss.” A statement of loss from the Plaintiff, dated

September 12, 2005, stated the Plaintiff’s loss was $128,698.92. The most expensive item

submitted for loss was the “Embroidery Designs library,” valued by the Plaintiff at $95,970.00

on an attachment to the statement of loss. A letter from the Defendant dated September 27, 2005,

stated that it was paying the Plaintiff $28,916.43 for business personal property. The letter stated

that the Defendant had already paid $69,500.00 for business personal property loss. The letter

also noted there was disagreement between the Plaintiff and Defendant over the value “of the

design cost,” presumably a reference to the embroidery design library. The Defendant’s letter

requested that the Plaintiff provide more information and documents about the library and for a

claim for loss of business income. Another of the Plaintiff’s statements of proof of loss, dated

October 24, 2005, listed its loss at $223,258.90, with the figure for the embroidery design library

at $200,166.75. Plaintiff submitted another proof of loss, dated November 25, 2005, for

$332.207.37. That figure comes from the $223,258.70 submitted a month before plus

$108,948.67 for loss of income for August and September 2005. A letter from the Defendant to

the Plaintiff, dated February 17, 2006, stated that the Defendant was paying the Plaintiff $32,149

for loss of business income. The letter also noted the Defendant paid what it believed was the

6
proper value for the Plaintiff’s business personal property claim and it was “rejecting the proof

of loss submitted regarding this claim. We await any replacement cost documentation to support

your replacement cost holdback claim.” (DE 18-2, 25; Pl. Desig. of Evid. in Opp. to Def. Mot.

for Summ. J., Ex. 6, 1).

On April 21, 2006, the Defendant, through its attorney Bruce P. Clark, conducted an

EUO of Todd W. Snyder, owner and president of Plaintiff NAS. Snyder was represented by

attorney Michael D. Harmeyer at the EUO. The EUO lasted about seven or eight hours that day,

and its transcript runs to 361 lined pages, or 68 regular pages. The discussion covered documents

already provided by the Plaintiff to the Defendant and information concerning the value of stolen

items, including the embroidery design library. The last recorded comment was by Clark: “All

right. I think that’s enough for today. Thanks.” (DE 16-12, 23; Def. Desig. Of Mat. Evid. Ex. E-

4, 361:12-13.)

The Defendant did not immediately request more information or documents of the

Plaintiff after the EUO. On May 3, 2006, Harmeyer, counsel for the Plaintiff, sent a letter to the

Defendant’s counsel, Clark, demanding an appraisal of the loss the Plaintiff was claiming. Clark

responded with a letter, dated May 30, 2006, that listed documents “which were requested of Mr.

Snyder during the EUO[.]” (DE 18-2, 27; Pl. Desig. of Evid. in Opp. to Def. Mot. for Summ. J.,

Ex. 8, 1.) Most of the requested documents related to the embroidery design library. The letter

also stated that before the Defendant would engage in the appraisal process, it needed to finish

the EUO and obtain the requested documents.

During the summer months of 2006, relations between the Plaintiff and the Defendant

began to break down. According to Snyder, in July and August 2006, the Plaintiff provided more

7
than 1,000 pages of documents to the Defendant. (DE 18-2, 5; Pl. Desig. of Evid. in Opp. to Def.

Mot. for Summ. J., Snyder Aff., 5.) But a July 10, 2006, letter from Clark to Harmeyer indicated

the Defendant did not believe it was receiving the information it sought. The letter inquired

about the documents requested in Clark’s May 30, 2006, letter “as well as the continuation of

Todd Snyder’s Examination Under Oath (EUO).” (DE 16-8, 1; Def. Desig. Of Mat. Evid., Ex.

D., 1.) It went on to state that the EUO would be scheduled after the requested documents were

received, and that the appraisal process, requested by the Plaintiff, could not begin until the EUO

was finished.

At some point in this period, the Plaintiff retained new counsel, Mark W. Baeverstad,

who addressed the standing request for a second EUO in a letter dated August 31, 2006.

Baeverstad stated in his letter that Snyder (or the Plaintiff) had submitted 3,500 pages of

documents to the Defendant, spent eight hours undergoing the EUO, and spent eighty hours of

his time handling the Defendant’s requests. The letter also stated that a revised proof of loss

statement for $516,864.38 in business property loss, along with a loss of income claim for

$130,973.78, was being submitted. The letter further stated that the Plaintiff was willing to

accept a payment of $349,176.10. This letter was the first time that the Plaintiff objected to the

second EUO, stating that there should be “a limitation on the length and subject matter of any

additional questioning.” (DE 18-2, 32; Pl. Desig. of Evid. in Opp. to Def. Mot. for Summ. J., Ex.

9, 3.) The letter further stated: “[O]ne begins to question whether Westfield has acted in good

faith. If the line between good faith investigation and bad faith handling by the carrier has not

already been crossed, it is getting extremely close.” (DE 18-2, 32; Pl. Desig. of Evid. in Opp. to

Def. Mot. for Summ. J., Ex. 9, 3). Clark responded by letter, dated October 4, 2006, stating that

8
the insurance contract obligated Snyder to undergo the EUO, repeating the request for

documents, and rejecting any limits from the Plaintiff. The same letter also stated that the focus

of the next EUO would be on new material or material not covered in the first EUO, though it

reserved the possibility that other matters, including those discussed in the first EUO, might be

addressed too. (DE 18-2, 34; Pl. Desig. of Evid. in Opp. To Def. Mot. for Summ. J., Ex. 10., 2.)

Baeverstad, in a letter dated October 17, 2006, stated that the Plaintiff has instructed him to file

suit. Even after litigation began and during the case’s preliminary stage in late 2006, the parties

continued to fight over the EUO.

B. Agreement Regarding a Planned Second EUO

Of material relevance to this case, the parties do not dispute that the mutual

understanding upon ending the EUO on April 21, 2006, was that another EUO would be

scheduled with Snyder after additional documents were requested and provided. Snyder testified

in an affidavit: “During the course of the EUO, Mr. Clark requested additional documents from

NAS. Either during or after the EUO, he stated that he would promptly send a letter to NAS

following the EUO itemizing the additional documents that he would like to review.” (DE 18-2,

4; Pl. Desig. of Evid. in Opp. To Def. Mot. for Summ. J., Snyder Aff., 4, ¶ 24.) Snyder also

testified that: “At the conclusion of the EUO, I recall that Mr. Clark stated that he was completed

with his questioning of me other than any additional questions that he may have after reviewing

the additional documentation that he would be requesting.” (DE 18-2, 4; Pl. Desig. of Evid. in

Opp. To Def. Mot. for Summ. J., Snyder Aff., 4, ¶ 25.) Snyder also acknowledged that the

Defendant’s attorney, Clark, “requested that I appear for a second EUO.” (DE 18-2, 4; Pl. Desig.

9
of Evid. in Opp. To Def. Mot. for Summ. J., Snyder Aff., 5, ¶ 30.) The Plaintiff’s attorney at the

time, Harmeyer, testified in an affidavit that Clark needed to review more documents and then

would have more questions for Snyder:

There were a number of documents and categories of documents which Mr. Clark
had identified throughout the several hours which would need to still be produced which
he had not yet obtained. And at the time of conclusion, he expressed a need to essentially
pickup where he left off once the additional records were produced.

(DE 16-13, 4; Def. Desig. of Mat. Evid., Ex. F, Harmeyer Dep., 3:2–8.) Harmeyer further

testified that Clark “did express almost in an apologetic tone that we would need to come back

once the additional records were produced. . . . [H]e led me to the impression that he wanted to

first see the records, which would then tell him what follow-up, if any, needed to occur.” (DE

16-13, 5; Def. Desig. of Mat. Evid., Ex. F, Harmeyer Dep., 4:13–21.) Additionally, Harmeyer

testified: “The whole point of rescheduling was to explore, to examine, the new records which

would be produced forthwith.” (DE 16-13, 6; Def. Desig. of Mat. Evid., Ex. F, Harmeyer Dep.,

5:13–15.) Even the August 31, 2006, letter from Baeverstad, Plaintiff’s new counsel, to Clark

acknowledged and did not dispute that a second EUO was contemplated: “It is my understanding

that you have already spent eight (8) hours questioning Mr. Snyder under oath and have

intentions to reschedule his examination under oath for additional days.” (DE 18-2, 32; Pl.

Desig. of Evid. in Opp. To Def. Mot. for Summ. J., Ex. 9, 3.) The record is clear that the Plaintiff

was aware of the need and plan to conduct a second EUO after it provided additional documents

to the Defendant.

Even though both parties agreed on holding a second EUO, the Plaintiff later objected to

it and refused to participate. The Plaintiff’s owner, Snyder, disputed that he refused to undergo

another EUO. “Further, I have never refused to appear for a second EUO.” (DE 18-2, 7; Pl.

10
Desig. of Evid. in Opp. to Def. Mot. for Summ. J., Snyder Aff., 7.) However, the next sentence

in his affidavit makes clear that his participation in the second EUO was indeed conditional, and

that he would not agree to the EUO unless those conditions were met: “I only request that

reasonable limitations on the scope and length of the second EUO be agreed upon by the parties

or ordered by the Court.” (DE 18-2, 7; Pl. Desig. of Evid. in Opp. to Def. Mot. for Summ. J.,

Snyder Aff., 7.) Baeverstad’s August 31, 2006, letter, quoted supra, also made clear that Snyder

would not undergo the second EUO unless the Defendant met certain conditions. Snyder stated

in his affidavit that after thirty days went by with no response to the Plaintiff’s requested limits

on the EUO, “I instructed Mr. Baeverstad to initiate this litigation.” (DE 18-2, 6; Pl. Desig. of

Evid. in Opp. to Def. Mot. for Summ. J., Snyder Aff., 6.)

ANALYSIS

The crux of this case is which party, if any, is in breach of the insurance contract. The

Plaintiff in the complaint accuses the Defendant of breaching the contract by, inter alia, not

paying the Plaintiff’s insurance claim for losses resulting from the break-in. The Defendant in its

counterclaim accuses the Plaintiff of materially breaching the contract by failing to comply with

terms and conditions in the policy, mainly and most importantly the EUO requirement. Each

party states that the other party’s breach of contract entitles it to judgment from the Court. The

Plaintiff’s claim of bad faith dealing against the Defendant is a separate but related issue and will

be examined below. This bad faith claim includes allegations of failing to acknowledge and act

promptly upon communications from the Plaintiff; failing to either affirm or deny coverage of

claims on a timely basis; “not attempting in good faith to effectuate prompt, fair[,] and equitable

11
settlement” of the Plaintiff’s claim; “compelling” the Plaintiff to file suit to recover what it is

owed under the policy; requiring Snyder to undergo the EUO for eight hours and then requesting

another EUO; ignoring information from the Defendant’s own expert about the Plaintiff’s claim;

and “harassing” the Plaintiff’s employees with requests for documents and statements under

oath. (Pl. Compl, 3; DE 1, 3).

A. Breach of Contract

1. Legal Standard

The breach of contract issue here, a dispute over contract requirements, particularly

EUOs, is similar to what occurred in the recent Indiana Supreme Court case, Morris v. Economy

Fire and Casualty Co., 848 N.E.2d 663 (Ind. 2006). In that case, the insureds sued the insurance

company for breach of contract and failure to deal in good faith after the two sides could not

agree on the claim and whether to proceed with an EUO of the insured. Morris, 848 N.E.2d at

665. The court made clear that the contract provision requiring the insureds to submit to an EUO

was “an entirely separate condition that explicitly requires the policyholder to perform specific

duties.” Id. at 666. The court also specifically noted that the conditional requirement to submit to

an EUO is not a “cooperation clause” and thus “prejudice [to the insurance company] is not a

necessary consideration in determining the enforceability of other insurance policy provisions.”

Id.

The court in Morris found that the plaintiffs-insureds “breached the contract as a matter

of law when they refused to provide an examination under oath” to the defendant insurance

company. Id. at 666-67. The court discounted that the plaintiffs would have submitted to an EUO

12
if they had been provided copies of previous statements to the insurance company. Participating

in the EUO and submitting requested documents “was a contractual obligation.” Id. at 667.

“Compliance was not optional or subject to a trial court determination of reasonableness.” Id.

The contract’s reasonableness requirement, the court said, “describes how often the insurer can

make requests, not the nature and extent of the information or statement sought.” Id. The court

declined to delve into whether other actions of the insurance company were unreasonable in light

of the plaintiffs-insureds’ refusal to submit to even one EUO. Id.

The Seventh Circuit, in Employers Mutual Casualty Co. v. Skoutaris, 453 F.3d 915 (7th

Cir. 2005), applied this rule in a case similar to Morris and the current action. “In the context of

a breach of an EUO clause, therefore, the Supreme Court of Indiana has established that an

insurance company need only show a material breach to prevail.” Skoutaris, 453 F.3d at 924. In

Skoutaris, the insured refused to submit to an EUO regarding the claim he filed for his

restaurant, which had been destroyed by fire. Id. “The contract does not allow Skoutaris to

ignore his express duties because he felt that he had done enough. . . . Skoutaris’s intransigence

constituted a willful and intentional breach of the EUO clause,” and the district court’s ruling for

the insurance company’s summary judgment motion was correct. Id. at 925.

The Indiana Court of Appeals applied the Morris approach in Knowledge A–Z, Inc. v.

Sentry Insurance, 857 N.E.2d 411 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), a case factually similar to Morris,

Skoutaris, and this case. After the insured filed a claim for stolen property, the insured’s owner

did not make himself available for an EUO and thus breached the contract, making summary

judgment for the defendant insurance company appropriate. Id. at 422. It did not matter that the

insured would have stipulated that his previous interview was under oath. Id.

13
2. Application to “Reasonableness” Claims

The present action also boils down to a dispute over compliance, or lack thereof, with the

EUO clause in the insurance contract. The contract clearly states that the insured must submit to

an EUO if requested by the insurance company. The parties conducted one day-long EUO. Both

parties left that EUO with the expectation that another EUO would resume once the Defendant

requested, and the Plaintiff provided, additional documents relating to the Plaintiff’s claims. The

Plaintiff later objected to the second EUO and refused to participate because he became

frustrated and concerned the Defendant was harassing him. The Plaintiff claimed then, and

argues now, that a condition of its participation in a second EUO is that it be reasonable.

As a general matter, it should also be noted that Morris and Skoutaris make clear that the

insureds cannot put conditions on their existing contractual duties. The court in Morris stated

that the insureds’ demand that they receive copies of the previous statements before submitting

to an EUO was unfounded. “[T]he contract does not provide that an insured can impose this

prerequisite upon the insurer before complying with agreed duties.” Morris, 848 N.E.2d at 666,

quoted in Skoutaris, 453 F.3d at 925. This casts doubt on the legal basis for the Plaintiff’s owner,

Snyder, to condition his participation in the second EUO upon an explanation of the scope,

subject matter, or length of that EUO or that the EUO be reasonable.

More specifically in regard to this case, demanding that an EUO have “reasonable

limitations” lacks legal support. The Indiana Supreme Court rejected such an argument in

Morris, where the insurance contract at issue had similar language to the contract here. The

quoted phrase in that case was “[A]s often as we reasonably required.” Id. at 667 (alteration in

original). “This reference . . . describes how often the insurer can make requests, not the nature

14
and extend of the information or statement sought.” Id. The court also noted that the insureds “do

not contend that the frequence of [the insurance company’s] requests were unreasonable.” Id.

The operative language of the contract in this case is: “We may examine any insured

under oath . . . as may be reasonably required.” (DE 16-3, 3; Def. Desig. of Mat. Evid., Ex A-2,

3.). The Plaintiff argues that such language means that “[a]ny request for additional [EUOs] must

be reasonable.” (DE 17, 2; Pl. Memo. of Law in Opp. to Summ. J, 2.) The Plaintiff’s arguments

for “reasonableness” in reference to the EUO refer to both the subject matter or scope of the

EUOs as well as the frequency or number of EUOs: “No rehashing of the same topics discussed

in the seven-hour EUO ought to be conducted and some agreement on the length of the sworn

statement should be reached.” (DE 17, 7; Pl. Memo. of Law in Opp. to Sum. J. at 7.) Because the

Plaintiff here did undergo one EUO – unlike in Morris, Skoutaris, and Knowledge A–Z where the

insureds never submitted to any EUO – the issue of the frequency or length of the EUO must be

addressed. However, as explained below, the fact that the Plaintiff submitted to one EUO, or the

start of the EUO, before refusing to participate in the second, or in the continuation of the EUO,

is a distinction without a legal difference. The Plaintiff at some points in its legal argument

combines the issues of reasonable scope or subject matter on the one hand, and reasonable time,

length, or frequency on the other hand, and at other points the Plaintiff treats them separately.

The Court will address each reasonableness objection in turn.

(a) Reasonableness as to Scope or Subject Matter of the EUO

The Plaintiff argues that there is a reasonableness limit on the subject matter or scope of a

second EUO. The Plaintiff’s position is that:

15
 a reasonableness limitation be placed on any further questioning of Mr. Snyder. Mr.
Clark ought not to be allowed to rehash the same subject matter that was thoroughly
covered in the first EUO. The subject matter ought to be limited to the new documents
that were produced by NAS after the initial EUO.

(DE 17, 7; Pl. Memo. of Law in Opp. to Sum. J. at 11.) This argument amounts to a claim that

the contract has a reasonableness requirement on what kind of matters the insurance company

may ask about. However, the contract provision at issue states that the examination may be taken

“about any matter relating to this insurance or the claim.” (DE 16-3, 3; Def. Desig. of Mat. Evid.,

Ex A-2, 3) (emphasis added). Of course, if the Defendant began inquiring into issues completely

unrelated to the insurance or the claim, that would be a different matter. But no such allegation is

made here.

In Morris, the Indiana Supreme Court said the similar contract provision:

describes how often the insurer can make requests, not the nature and extent of the
information or statement sought. The policy contract does not itself impose an explicit
general “reasonableness” requirement on the insurer regarding what documentation the
insurer might demand of the insured or in what context the insurer might ask for an
examination under oath.

Morris, 848 N.E.2d at 667. The word “reasonably” in the contract here, like “reasonablesness” in

the contract in Morris, refers to how often the insurer may require the insured to undergo an

EUO, not the subject matter or topic of an EUO.

The Plaintiff’s legal authority for a claim that the EUO’s subject matter or scope be

reasonable or limited is confined to three district court cases cited in its Memorandum of Law in

Opposition to Summary Judgment: Kamin v. Central States Fire Ins. Co., 22 F.R.D. 220

(E.D.N.Y. 1958); Joe’s Market Fish, Inc. v. Scottsdale Ins. Co., No. 97-C-2313, 1998 WL

851504, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19140 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 3, 1998); and, Jones v. State Farm & Cas.

Co., 129 F.R.D. 170 (N.D. Ind. 1990). These cases are of little help to the Plaintiff. First, they all

16
concern discovery disputes, which are governed by the Rules of Civil Procedure. As has been

pointed out, the dispute in this case, over EUOs, is a contractual matter. See Morris, 848 N.E.2d

at 667 (rejecting the applicability of discovery rules). Second, the first two cases stand for the

proposition that a previous EUO of a person does not preclude a party from deposing that person

later. That holding supports the Defendant’s position if it is of any applicability at all.

Jones has more conceivable applicability, and the Plaintiff puts stock in the holding. That

case involved the plaintiff-insured’s motion to quash the deposition the defendant-insurer sought

to conduct on the grounds that the insured had already given a recorded statement and an EUO

about his claim. Jones, 129 F.R.D. 170, 170. The magistrate allowed the deposition to go

forward but limited its scope or subject matter: “[T]here is no logical reason why that deposition

should duplicate the material covered by the examination under oath or the statement taken by

the claims adjustor. Therefore, the deposition must be limited to those areas not covered in the

previous two statements.” Id. at 171. The Plaintiff adopts this view as its stance in this case, but

this holding, like the other two cases, is inapplicable. The parties in this action are not fighting

over discovery and depositions; they are debating the legal obligations and significance of the

EUO provision in the insurance contract during the pre-litigation period of this case. That makes

it an entirely separate issue governed by different legal authority, namely, Indiana contract law

as spelled out in the Morris case. Also, as previously mentioned, the Plaintiff has not pointed to

information that indicates the Defendant planned or intended to inquire into the same

information and documents that were discussed in the first EUO. Last, Jones and the other cases

have no binding authority on this Court; they are only persuasive authority. Therefore, the

Plaintiff’s citation to these cases is unavailing for its position.

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 Even if it were true under the legal authority governing this case that a reasonableness

principle applies to the subject matter, topic, or scope of the EUO, there are no material facts to

support a claim a second EUO would be unreasonable in this context. There is no factual

indication that the Defendant’s purpose in holding the second EUO was meant to harass the

Plaintiff. In fact, the record indicates that the Defendant’s purpose in conducting a second EUO

was to inquire into documents that were either requested of and received from the Plaintiff after

the first EUO or not discussed during the first EUO. The record also is clear that this was the

understanding of both Plaintiff and Defendant at the end of the first EUO. The Defendant

indicated in Clark’s October 4, 2006, letter that its focus would be on new material or material

not covered in the first EUO, though it reserved the possibility that other matters, including those

discussed in the first EUO, might be addressed too. The mere possibility that matters discussed

in the first EUO might be addressed again in a second EUO cannot create a basis for claiming

the second EUO is presumptively unreasonable. The Plaintiff’s evidence does not include any

allegation that the Defendant during the second EUO intended or planned to cover the same

information as the first EUO, only that the Plaintiff feared this. The Plaintiff’s belief that the

EUO was meant to harass, a belief not articulated until August 2006, does not create a triable

issue of fact for a jury to determine. The Plaintiff only accuses the Defendant of refusing to set

reasonableness limits on the scope or subject matter. While it might be courteous of the

Defendant to do so, it was not required by contract or law, as enunciated in Morris and applied in

Skoutaris and Knowledge A-Z. In sum, the Court cannot agree with the Plaintiff’s argument that

in this case the scope or subject matter of the EUO must be “reasonable,” as set by a court or

agreed upon by the parties.

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 (b) Reasonableness as to Time, Length, or Frequency of the EUO

The Plaintiff also argues that the insurance “policy contains a limitation as to how often

Westfield may require Mr. Snyder to sit for” EUOs. (DE 17, 2; Pl. Memo. of Law in Opp. to

Summ. J. 2) (emphasis removed). This is a different argument than what the courts addressed in

Morris, Skoutaris, or Knowledge A–Z. The contract in this case states that insureds must undergo

an EUO “at such times as may be reasonably required.” (DE 16-3, 3; Def. Desig. of Mat. Evid.,

Ex A-2, Contract, 3.) As noted earlier, this means the number or frequency of EUOs must be

reasonable. See Morris, 848 N.E.2d at 667 (“[R]easonableness . . . describes how often the

insurer can make requests.).

The Plaintiff in this case, however, does not state exactly what that reasonableness limit

is or how often the Defendant may require an EUO other than claiming that “Mr. Snyder should

not be required to sit for a second EUO unless some reasonable understanding can be reached

with Westfield as to the length and scope of the second EUO/deposition.” (DE 17, 2–3; Pl.

Memo. of Law in Opp. to Summ. J. 2–3.) But this mixes the prior argument regarding the scope

or subject matter of the EUO with the issue of a reasonable frequency or number of EUOs.

Because the Plaintiff made the argument about the frequency or length of the EUO after

undergoing a seven or eight hour EUO, the Court will construe the Plaintiff’s argument to be

that, at least here, more than one EUO of seven or eight hours is unreasonable. This is based on,

in particular, the Plaintiff’s statement that after providing thousands of pages of documents,

spending many hours handling information requests, and consenting to Defendant’s “eight (8)

hours questioning Mr. Snyder under oath,” the Plaintiff “will not agree to your proposal to

further question Mr. Snyder under oath.” (DE 18-2, 32; Pl. Desig. of Evid. in Opp. to Def. Mot.

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for Summ. J., Ex. 9, 3).

As authority for the claim that it is unreasonable to hold an EUO after seven or eight

hours, Plaintiff cites the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Plaintiff also rests its argument on

references to Defendant’s many requests for documents, suggesting that the cumulative amount

of information sought from the Plaintiff became unreasonable.

Plaintiff’s reliance on the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure comes from its incorporation

and quotation of Baeverstad’s August 31, 2006, letter to Clark. That letter states that “the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure limit depositions to seven (7) hours.” (DE 18-2, 32; Pl. Desig.

of Evid. in Opp. to Def. Mot. for Summ. J., Ex. 9, 3) (quoted in DE 17, 4; Pl. Memo. of Law in

Opp. to Summ. J., 4.) Plaintiff presumably is referring to Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(d)(2), which states:

Unless otherwise authorized by the court or stipulated by the parties, a deposition
is limited to one day of seven hours. The court must allow additional time consistent with
Rule 26(b)(2) if needed for a fair examination of the deponent or if the deponent or
another person, or other circumstance, impedes or delays the examination.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(d)(2). First and most importantly, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are not

authoritative or dispositive regarding the contractual obligations at issue here. No party has cited

any portion of the contract incorporating the Rules as the guidelines for interpretation or

disputes, including how often EUOs “may be reasonably required.” (DE 16-3, 3; Def. Desig. of

Mat. Evid., Ex A-2, Contract, 3.) The Federal Rules in this context are at best only persuasive or

analogous. See Morris, 848 N.E.2d at 667 (submitting to an EUO “was a contractual obligation,

not a discovery request. . . . Compliance was not optional or subject to a trial court determination

of reasonableness.”). Second, Rule 30(d)(2) itself does not cap depositions categorically at seven

hours. Instead, it states that the court may authorize more time “for a fair examination.” Fed. R.

Civ. P. 30(d)(2). Hence, even if the rule was authoritative, its wording alone would not support a

20
claim that it is always unreasonable to conduct an EUO after the first EUO was eight hours.

Plaintiff also couches its claim in the context of Defendant’s many requests for

documents and information. The implication is that after the Plaintiff provided thousands of

pages of documents, spent many hours dealing with Defendant’s document requests, and

submitted to the first EUO, it was unreasonable to make Plaintiff submit to another EUO. While

it is clear that the Plaintiff provided a great amount of cooperation with the Defendant’s requests,

one problem with this argument is that the Plaintiff left the first EUO with the understanding that

the Defendant would request, and the Plaintiff would provide, more documents, and that another

EUO would be held to discuss them. The second EUO was not a surprise or an unreasonable

ambush. But the Plaintiff’s argument creates the impression that the request for the second EUO

was unexpected. However, the testimony of the Plaintiff’s owner indicates that he grew

frustrated with the pace of the claim process and then objected to the second EUO. As noted

before, The Defendant’s failure to respond as the Plaintiff desired or to specifically delineate the

focus of the second EUO might have been courteous and productive, but for better or worse, the

law does not require those qualities, at least in this context.

A reasonable jury could not find that holding a second EUO, or continuing the first EUO,

is unreasonable in this case. In other words, requiring the EUO in this case, in light of all the

circumstances and events, was reasonable as a matter of law. Much more would be needed in

this case to make this a triable issue of fact. Perhaps if repeated EUOs were conducted many

times, it could become clear that the frequency of EUOs was becoming unreasonable and was

meant to harass, as the Plaintiff had suggested in this case. This ruling does not lead to the

“logical conclusion” that the Defendant “could take an infinite number of [EUOs] lasting days,

21
weeks or months on end without any limitation.” (DE 18-2, 26; Pl. Desig. of Evid. in Opp. to

Def. Mot. for Summ. J., Ex. 11, 1) (quoted in DE 17, 5; Pl. Memo. of Law in Opp. to Summ. J.

5.) It is also possible that the second EUO could have become unreasonable, but it never

occurred. The first EUO – and the prospect of having to sit through a second EUO – may have

been trying for the Plaintiff and not particularly enjoyable, but that does not amount to

unreasonableness. No material facts are presented for such a showing of unreasonableness or

harassment here. Insofar as the Plaintiff claims that it is unreasonable and in violation of the

contract policy to hold a second EUO after the first one was seven or eight hours, or that it is

unreasonable to continue an EUO for more than eight hours on another date, the Plaintiff’s claim

fails.

In conclusion, it was not unreasonable as a matter of law – in terms of either scope or

subject matter on the one hand, or length, frequency, or time on the other hand – to require a

second or continued EUO of the Plaintiff. Because the Plaintiff refused to submit to the

requested EUO as required by the contract, this Court has no choice but to find that the Plaintiff

breached that provision and thus the contract. Morris, 848 N.E.2d at 667.

B. Bad Faith

The Plaintiff’s other claim against the Defendant is for bad faith in handling Plaintiff’s

insurance claim. The Plaintiff lists seven categories of allegations: failing to acknowledge and

act promptly upon communications from the Plaintiff; failing to either affirm or deny coverage

of claims on a timely basis; “not attempting in good faith to effectuate prompt, fair[,] and

22
equitable settlement” of the Plaintiff’s claim; “compelling” the Plaintiff to file suit to recover

what it is owed under the policy; requiring Snyder to undergo the EUO for eight hours and then

requesting another EUO; ignoring information from the Defendant’s own expert about the

Plaintiff’s claim; and “harassing” Plaintiff’s employees with requests for documents and

statements under oath. (Pl. Compl, 3; DE 1).

The Plaintiff also argues that the Defendant’s conduct is “unfounded” and that this raises

an issue of fact for a jury to consider regarding whether: the Defendant’s refusal to pay the claim

is unfounded; the delay in payment is unfounded; and, the Defendant has exercised unfounded

advantage to pressure the Plaintiff into settlement. The Plaintiff also argues that the Defendant

has misrepresented the EUO provision, conduct suggesting it has acted in bad faith.

1. Legal Standard

Insurers have a duty to deal with the insured in good faith, and a violation of that duty is

a tort giving rise to a cause of action. Erie Ins. Co. v. Hickman, 622 N.E.2d 515, 519 (Ind. 1999).

This duty “includes the obligation to refrain from (1) making an unfounded refusal to pay policy

proceeds; (2) causing an unfounded delay in making payment; (3) deceiving the insured; and (4)

exercising any unfair advantage to pressure an insured into a settlement of his claim.” Id. This

cause of action “does not arise every time an insurance claim is erroneously denied. For

example, a good faith dispute about the amount of a valid claim or whether the insured has a

valid claim at all will not supply the grounds for a recovery in tort.” Id. at 520.

One way “to prove bad faith . . . [is to] establish that the insurer had knowledge that there

was no legitimate basis for denying liability,” Monroe Guar. Ins. Co. v. Magwerks Corp., 829

23
N.E.2d 968, 976 (Ind. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Freidline v. Shelby Ins.

Co., 774 N.E.2d 37, 40 (Ind. 2002)), or if there is “no rational, principled basis for doing so.”

Erie, 622 N.E.2d at 520. “As a general proposition, [a] finding of bad faith requires evidence of a

state of mind reflecting dishonest purpose, moral obliquity, furtive design, or ill will.”

Magwerks, 829 N.E.2d at 977 (internal quotations omitted) (alternation in original). In Freidline,

the Indiana Supreme Court ruled that the insurance company had breached its contract by failing

to defend its insured from a lawsuit, but it had not committed the tort of bad faith because there

was “a rational basis” for the insurance company’s actions and it used a “good faith legal

argument.” Freidline, 774 N.E.2d at 40, 42. In Magwerks, the Indiana Supreme Court affirmed a

jury finding of bad faith that was based on evidence that the insurance company had known or

acknowledged the insured’s roof had collapsed, an event that was explicitly covered by the

insurance policy, but nevertheless denied the insured’s claim. Magwerks, 829 N.E.2d at 971,

975–77.

The Seventh Circuit in Skoutaris applied Indiana law to the plaintiff’s bad faith claim and

found that the insurance company had not breached its duty of good faith because it evaluated

the claim based on the information it had and it sought more information through the EUO.

Skoutaris, 453 F.3d at 925–26. The court characterized the insurance company’s repeated offers

to conduct an EUO of the insured as “almost a year of good faith attempts” that were rebuffed by

the insured. Id. at 926.

2. Application

The Defendant on numerous occasions requested that the Plaintiff, through its owner,

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Snyder, undergo a second EUO. The second EUO was not a surprise, but rather was in accord

with the understanding of both parties at the completion of the first EUO because of the need to

get more information. The Plaintiff at first turned over requested information and did not

immediately object to the second EUO when the Defendant raised the issue. It was not until

August 2006 that the Plaintiff changed its mind about conducting the EUO. The Defendant

repeatedly warned the Plaintiff of its obligation to comply with the EUO provision in the

contract, but the Plaintiff refused to participate in the EUO unless there was an agreement about

“reasonableness.” The sequence was similar to what happened in Skoutaris, where the court

found that the insurer did not breach the duty of good faith: “Over several months, Hamilton

Mutual continually asked for documents necessary for an EUO, as well as the EUO itself, and

warned of the likely consequences of Skoutaris’ litigation strategy.” Skoutaris, 453 F.3d at 926.

There is nothing about the sequence of events in this case that gives rise to an indication of

harassment, dishonest purpose, ill will, unfounded delay, or bad faith. The Defendant simply

insisted on proceeding according to plan, that is, to hold another EUO.

Also, the Defendant did not deny all liability and refuse outright to make any payments.

Rather, it made several payments to the Plaintiff based on the Plaintiff’s claims under the

insurance policy. The dispute centered on the value of the embroidery design library and the loss

of business income, the issues that the Defendant was seeking more information about. The

Defendant’s questions about the value of the design library and requests for information about

that and other matters before making more payments had a rational, factual basis and cannot be

said to be in bad faith. See Erie Ins. Co. v Hickman, 622 N.E.2d 515, 520 (Ind. 1999). The

Defendant’s disagreement with the Plaintiff concerning the value of the claims, payment of the

25
claims, and the duties arising under the EUO provision cannot constitute bad faith dealings.

“That insurance companies may, in good faith, dispute claims has long been the rule in Indiana.”

Erie, 622 N.E.2d at 520. If an insurance company can breach its contract yet still not commit bad

faith, Freidline, supra, it is all but impossible for an insurance company to commit bad faith

when it is the insured, the Plaintiff here, that has breached the contract via the EUO provision.

Other factual allegations supporting the bad faith unfounded delay claim that the Court

must address are the allegations that the Defendant did not return the Plaintiff’s phone calls and

ignored the Plaintiff’s letters and e-mails, and that the Defendant delayed response for several

months after the Plaintiff submitted documents. Assuming these are true for purposes of

summary judgment, this conduct by the Defendant does not rise to the level of bad faith. Being

slow or unresponsive is not the equivalent of “dishonest purpose, moral obliquity, furtive design,

or ill will.” Monroe Guar. Ins. Co. v. Magwerks Corp., 829 N.E.2d 968, 977 (Ind. 2005); see

also Erie, 622 N.E.2d at 520 (“[T]he lack of diligent investigation alone is not sufficient to

support an award [for bad faith].”). Again, the fact that the Defendant paid the Plaintiff for some

claims, or part of some claims, belies the allegation that the Defendant’s behavior was a “furtive

design” to lead to an unfounded delay in payment. Magwerks, 829 N.E.2d at 977.

The Plaintiff has raised no triable issue of fact for a jury to decide if the Defendant’s

conduct in handling the claim, conducting an EUO, and requesting information and another EUO

was in bad faith. Accordingly, the Defendant’s motion for summary judgment on the claim of

bad faith is granted.

CONCLUSION

26
 For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS the Defendant’s Motion for Summary

Judgment (DE 14). The matter is set for a telephone conference on November 13, 2007, at 12

PM regarding the disposition of the Defendant’s pending counterclaim.

SO ORDERED on November 5, 2007

s/ Theresa L. Springmann
THERESA L. SPRINGMANN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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30 No. 07-3762

USCA-02-C-0072—6-10-08