NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted December 16, 2010*
Decided December 16, 2010
Before
JOHN L. COFFEY, Circuit Judge
JOEL M. FLAUM, Circuit Judge
ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge
No. 09‐2275
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appeal from the United States District
Plaintiff‐Appellee, Court for the Southern District of Illinois.
v. No. 3:08CR30185‐001‐GPM
LAWRENCE O. DANIELS, G. Patrick Murphy,
Defendant‐Appellant. Judge.
O R D E R
Following a sting operation, Lawrence Daniels was charged with possessing guns
and selling drugs in violation of federal law. Daniels was convicted by a jury on all counts,
and he now challenges his convictions and sentence. We affirm.
The drug‐distribution charges (counts 1‐3) arose from a sting operation conducted by
the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms with the help of Yauncey Burrell, a
confidential informant. At trial, the government relied primarily on Burrell’s testimony
*
After examining the briefs and the record, we have concluded that oral argument is
unnecessary. Thus, the appeal is submitted on the briefs and the record. See FED. R. APP. P.
34(a)(2)(C).
No. 09‐2275 Page 2
regarding three controlled buys he conducted under investigators’ supervision. The first
controlled buy took place at a residence rented by Daniels’s wife on Jefferson Street in East
St. Louis, Illinois. Burrell testified that he waited in the living room while Daniels cooked
the crack and bagged it. Burrell then purchased the crack from Daniels using $200 in pre‐
marked ATF funds. Burrell also recounted details of the second and third transactions,
which were quick hand‐offs carried out through the window of Daniels’s car.
An ATF agent testified that the controlled buys were conducted in accordance with
agency protocol. Agents had Burrell place recorded calls to Daniels to arrange the
meetings; agents searched Burrell before each transaction to confirm that he did not possess
any drugs; and agents furnished Burrell with cash and equipped him with a recording
device before sending him on his way. From a safe distance, the agents monitored the
transactions and eventually recovered from Burrell a substance that lab tests confirmed was
crack. The government also introduced audio recordings and photographs of the
exchanges. Because the camera was concealed, however, the images revealed less than the
agents had hoped for and never captured drugs or money changing hands. Most extensive
were the images from the first transaction at the residence on Jefferson, which showed
Daniels seated near a pile of cash, making use of what the government identified as utensils
for cooking crack cocaine: a glass bowl, a Pyrex dish, and a spoon containing a white
substance that appears to be cocaine paste. Among the images from the second controlled
buy were the license plate of Daniels’s car and the profile of a man resembling Daniels who
was gripping a roll of cash. The third video captured a profile of Daniels’s face and an
image of him holding the cash.
The remaining drug charges (counts four and five) arose from the execution of a
search warrant at the residence on Jefferson. A search‐team member testified that the
agents entered using keys taken from Daniels during his arrest. Those keys opened a
bedroom safe in which officers recovered 33.5 grams of crack cocaine (count four) and 142.7
grams of cocaine hydrochloride (count five). The safe also contained two $50 bills whose
serial numbers matched those of bills provided to Burrell by the ATF. From the living room
the search team found a digital scale and a box of sandwich bags, and elsewhere in the
residence they found items that appeared to belong to Daniels, including a shirt bearing his
last name, and stacks of mail addressed to him at the Jefferson residence.
Agents also recovered two firearms, one from the bedroom night stand and a second
from a living‐room sofa, lodged between the cushions. A firearms expert testified that the
weapons were made in another state and had traveled in interstate commerce. As
additional evidence of possession, the government offered Burrell’s testimony that he saw
Daniels carrying a black automatic handgun on the street shortly after the first controlled
buy.
No. 09‐2275 Page 3
A jury found Daniels guilty of three counts of distributing crack cocaine, one count
of possession with intent to distribute crack cocaine, and one count of possession with intent
to distribute cocaine hydrochloride. 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). The jury also convicted Daniels
of one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and one count
of possessing a firearm during a drug trafficking crime, id. § 924(c)(1)(a). The district court
sentenced him to a total of 430 months’ imprisonment.
On appeal, Daniels begins by challenging the sufficiency of the evidence offered to
support his distribution convictions. With each conviction, he asserts, the video recordings
do not show an exchange of drugs for money, and the remaining evidence does not permit a
reasonable inference that an exchange took place.
The strength of the evidence supporting the distribution convictions makes a
sufficiency challenge without merit. To sustain the convictions, the government had to
prove that Daniels knowingly and intentionally distributed a quantity of crack cocaine, and
did so knowing it was a controlled substance. 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); United States v. Graham,
315 F.3d 777, 781 (7th Cir. 2003). The government met its burden in this case when it
introduced the testimony of Burrell, the confidential informant, who told the jury that he
purchased crack from Daniels on three occasions. Daniels tries to impeach Burrell’s
credibility on the ground that he was paid in exchange for participating in the controlled
buys and has a history of drug use. But this does not advance Daniels’s cause; it was the
jury’s province to determine whether those factors undermined Burrell’s credibility, and we
will not set aside a credibility determination unless the testimony of the witness is
incredible as a matter of law, see United States v. Carraway, 612 F.3d 642, 645 (7th Cir. 2010);
United States v. Hayes, 236 F.3d 891, 896 (7th Cir. 2007), which is not the case here. At any
rate, the government did not rests its case on Burrell’s testimony alone; prosecutors
corroborated his statements with testimony from investigators as well as with photographs
and audio recordings from the controlled buys.
Daniels next challenges on sufficiency grounds his convictions for possession with
intent to distribute crack and cocaine hydrochloride (counts four and five respectively).
Here too the government had to prove that Daniels knowingly and intentionally possessed
crack or cocaine hydrochloride, that he did so with the intent to deliver it, and that he did so
knowing it was a controlled substance. 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); United States v. Johnson, 592
F.3d 749, 758 (7th Cir. 2010). In challenging his convictions Daniels argues only that the
government failed to prove that the drugs found in the safe were in fact his. The
government’s theory at trial, which was supported by the evidence, was that Daniels
constructively possessed the drugs as reflected by his exercising control or dominion over
the premises in which the drugs were found, even if he did not have actual possession of
No. 09‐2275 Page 4
the drugs. See United States v. Lane, 591 F.3d 921, 926‐27 (7th Cir. 2010). Although
investigators searched Daniels and did not find drugs, they did find keys to the bedroom
safe in which the drugs were recovered. That Daniels had access to the safe supports an
inference that he could exercise control over its contents, see United States v. Anderson, 618
F.3d 873, 880 (8th Cir. 2010); United States v. Hinojosa, 349 F.3d 200, 204 (5th Cir. 2003);
United States v. Gallimore, 247 F.3d 134, 137 (4th Cir. 2001); see also United States v. Harris, 230
F.3d 1054, 1063 (7th Cir. 2000), and by showing that the safe contained pre‐marked currency
that Daniels received from Burrell during a controlled buy, the government established that
Daniels did exercise control over its contents.
Daniels next challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction for
possessing a firearm as a felon. Under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), the government must prove
that Daniels was a felon who possessed a firearm that traveled in interstate commerce. The
only issue is whether a rational jury could find that Daniels constructively possessed the
guns. (The parties stipulated at trial that Daniels had been convicted of a felony and there
was no dispute that the guns had traveled in interstate commerce.). Although mere
presence of contraband in a jointly occupied residence will not support a finding of
constructive possession, see United States v. Katz, 582 F.3d 749, 752 (7th Cir. 2009),
constructive possession in cases of joint occupancy may be inferred where the item was
found in an area over which the defendant exercised control, such as a bedroom or garage,
see United States v. Moses, 513 F.3d 727, 734 (7th Cir. 2008); United States v. Thomas, 321 F.3d
627, 636 (7th Cir. 2003); Untied States v. Alanis, 265 F.3d 576, 592 (7th Cir. 2001). Here, one
gun was found in the bedroom night stand, near other items belonging to Daniels, and near
the safe containing cocaine and ATF cash. A second gun was found between the cushions
in the living‐room sofa, within arm’s reach of where Daniels sat with Burrell during the first
controlled buy. A jury could infer from this evidence that Daniels both knew of the guns
and could control the areas in which the guns were found. See United States v. Walls, 225
F.3d 858, 867 (7th Cir. 2000) (shared bedroom). As further support that Daniels
constructively possessed the weapon, the government offered Burrell’s testimony that he
saw Daniels on the street carrying a firearm that fit the description of the black automatic
handgun found in the sofa. See United States v. Hampton, 585 F.3d 1033, 1041‐42 (7th Cir.
2009) (testimony that defendant was holding gun before entering vehicle supported finding
that defendant constructively possessed gun found in vehicle).
Daniels next challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the conviction of
possessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime. These facts, however,
present a relatively straightforward application of § 924(c)(1)(a): a drug dealer who keeps a
gun nearby for protection—either of himself or his stash—uses the weapon “in furtherance”
of the drug crime. See United States v. Mitten, 592 F.3d 767, 777 (7th Cir. 2010); United States
v. Vaughn, 585 F.3d 1024, 1029 (7th Cir. 2009). The government proved that Daniels sold
No. 09‐2275 Page 5
drugs out of his wife’s living room, which is precisely where investigators found the loaded
gun—between the cushions of the sofa, within arms’ reach of the scale and sandwich bags.
We turn next to Daniels’s contention that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to
move for dismissal based on the Speedy Trial Act. See 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1). The record
does not reflect any violation of the act, but even if it did, a claim of ineffective assistance is
best saved for collateral review so that a more complete record may be made. See United
States v. Harris, 394 F.3d 543, 557 (7th Cir. 2005).
Daniels also argues that the government unlawfully punished him for exercising his
Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial by vindictively waiting until the eve of trial to file an
information with the court to establish his prior convictions. Daniels, however, must show
that the prosecutor was motivated by animus, see United States v. Segal, 495 F.3d 826, 832‐833
(7th Cir. 2007), and there is nothing inherently vindictive about waiting until the start of
trial to file an information, a normal exercise of prosecutorial discretion, see United States v.
DeMichael, 692 F.2d 1059, 1062 (7th Cir. 1982).
We can quickly dispose of Daniels’s sentencing arguments. First, a challenge to the
propriety of a consecutive sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) is foreclosed by the Supreme
Court’s recent decision in Abbott v. United States, 2010 WL 4569898 at *5 (U.S. Nov. 15, 2010).
Next, Daniels challenges on equal‐protection grounds the different statutory minimums for
powder and crack cocaine under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), but we have repeatedly rejected
similar constitutional challenges. See United States v. Taylor, 522 F.3d 731, 736 (7th Cir. 2008);
United States v. Trice, 484 F.3d 470, 476 (7th Cir. 2007); United States v. Baker, 78 F.3d 1241,
1248 (7th Cir. 1996). Finally, Daniels contends that he qualifies for relief under the Fair
Sentencing Act, but this law has been held not to apply retroactively, and thus does not bear
on Daniels’s sentence. See United States v. Bell, 2010 WL 4103700 at *10‐11 (7th Cir. Oct. 20,
2010).
AFFIRMED.